61. Tanzania. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 Natural gas from deposits around songo songo Island, off the S central coast, Tanzania is a member of the Southern African Development Community. http://www.bartleby.com/65/ta/Tanzania.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia See also: Tanzania Factbook PREVIOUS NEXT CONTENTS ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Tanzania (t n KEY ) , officially United Republic of Tanzania, republic (1995 est. pop. 28,701,000), 364,898 sq mi (945,087 sq km), E Africa, formed in 1964 by the union of the republics of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. For a description of the island of Zanzibar, and its history until 1964, see

62. East African Coastal Historical Towns. Asiatic Or African? Coupland further observed that, indigenous inhabitants of the region were relegatedto Why were the African roots of Swahili people suppressed by the http://www.urban-research.net/consultants.jkimaryo.2000paper1.html

EAST AFRICAN COASTAL HISTORICAL TOWNS Asiatic or African? Jacob L. Kimaryo* A Paper Presented to the Conference: U-landsforskning 2000, January 13-15, 2000, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden (This web version of the paper does not contain graphics and footnotes. To obtain a full version, please contact the author) Abstract per se around the 11th century through the medium of Islam. This cultural and linguistic transformation is believed to have originated in Shungwaya alias Shirazi in the northern coast of Kenya from where it spread southwards to the rest of the East African coast. To conclude, the review shows that although some non-Africans particularly Arabs and Persians were absorbed into Swahili population over the different historical epochs of the East African coast, historic Swahili people remained decidedly African in ancestry and culture. Introduction Asiatic Perspective: Swahili as Predominantly Asiatic Proponents of this view, e.g. Coupland (1956), Hollingsworth (1951), Kickman (1963, 1974), Chittick (1965, 1984), etc., see the historical Swahili as consisting of people of Arabic and Persian origin and from intermarriages between the Asians and African women.

63. 2004: International Year For The Commemoration Of The Struggle Against Slavery A In africa, the Island of Gorée (Senegal), the Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and SongoMnara as well as Stone Town of Zanzibar (United Republic of Tanzania), http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=23887&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.

UNESCO.ORG The Organization Education Natural Sciences ... Sitemap var static_ko="23887"; var static_section="201"; var static_langue="en"; Home Focus Talking to Michèle Jean UNESCO in Action ... Print this page UNESCO Action Areas Education Natural Sciences Culture Communication 2004: International Year for the Commemoration of the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition Proclaimed International Year for the Commemoration of the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition by the General Assembly of the United Nations, 2004 marks the bicentenary of the first independent black state, Haiti, symbol of uprising and resistance by slaves. “By institutionalizing memory, resisting the onset of oblivion, recalling the memory of a tragedy that for long years remained hidden or unrecognized, and by assigning it its proper place in the human conscience, we respond to our duty to remember,” said the Director-General of UNESCO, Koïchiro Matsuura, in his message for the occasion. The year, devoted to a tragedy recognized as a “crime against humanity” in 2001 at the Durban World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, has helped humanity accomplish its duty of remembrance as well as promote the fight against all forms of slavery and racism in the world today. In the framework of the Year, UNESCO prepared a series of activities in cooperation with Member States, National Commissions, governmental and non-governmental organizations, UNESCO Clubs, the international scientific community, Nobel Prize winners, and UNESCO’s Artists for Peace and Goodwill Ambassadors.

64. Symbols Of Hope: Monuments As Symbols Of Remembrance And Peace In The Process Of In many African cultures it is a norm that people visit the graves of the deadto communicate Hezekias Maseko, Jacob songo. John Maseko, Sarah Teffo http://www.csvr.org.za/papers/papkgal1.htm

Symbols of Hope Monuments as symbols of remembrance and peace in the process of reconciliation by Lazarus Kgalema Research report written for the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, October 1999. Lazarus Kgalema is a former Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. Introduction Methodology This report relies mainly on information from interviews conducted with stake holders and community leaders involved in constructing monuments. Fifteen interviews were conducted between October 1998 and May 1999. The leaders interviewed during the research were leaders of local political parties who participated in the committees of the monuments, and non-political community leaders who also took part in the processes. Members of local government were also interviewed to survey how they contributed in the projects. Due to resource constraints, the research focused on urban townships in the Gauteng Province. Despite not being national the variations within these townships alone provided for a range of case studies of different types of monuments and different community contexts. The Thokoza monument was evaluated in greater depth than the other projects, as it was unique in its scope, the level of community participation and it encapsulated key dynamics.

65. Ninemsn Encarta - Tanzania africa african Literature more Facts and Figures The population alsoincludes people of Indian, Pakistani, and Goan origin, http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562305_2/Tanzania.html

ninemsn Home Hotmail Search Shopping ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Africa African Literature more... Facts and Figures Quick information and statistics for Tanzania Encarta Search Search Encarta about Tanzania Advertisement Page 2 of 9 Tanzania Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 11 items Article Outline Introduction Land and Resources Population Economy ... History C Natural Resources Diamonds and gold are currently the most important of the minerals being exploited in Tanzania. Large deposits of coal and iron ore exist in the southern region, but mining operates on a small scale only. There are plans to exploit natural gas deposits found in the Songo Songo island area, south-east of Dar es Salaam. Forestland constitutes one of the most substantial natural resources of the country. Forests cover 43.9 per cent (2000) of Tanzania, mainly in the south and west-central areas. Among the many hardwoods found are mahogany and camphorwood. D Plants and Animals Tanzania’s wildlife includes almost all the large African mammals, notably: antelope, zebra, elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, giraffe, lion, leopard, cheetah, and monkey. The country has a number of game reserves and national parks, including the famous Serengeti National Park , the Ruaha National Park, the Selous Game Reserve , and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area , located in the broad crater of an extinct volcano and providing a unique wildlife habitat.

66. ArcePage It was not difficult for the African people brought to the Caribbean to More modern variations are the songo and the salsa, the latter inspired by the http://communityartsadvocates.org/arcepage.html

Afro-Caribbean Workshop Community Arts Advocates Stephen H. Baird, Executive Director PO Box 300112, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130-0030 Telephone: 617-522-3407 Email: info@communityartsadvocates.org Web site: http://www.communityartsadvocates.org Program Description: Workshops includes slides, maps and percussion instruments from the Caribbean. Audience involvement is keystone to workshops and performances given by Jorge with participants joining in on drums, rhythm instruments, stories and dances. Roster member of Mass. Cultural Council, New England Foundation for the Arts, Ch. 636 Educational Models CEDOS, ARK 17, Boston Public Schools. Mission "Weaving Horizons: knowing, embracing and respecting other cultures in our Caribbean, our continent and in our world. This is the mission and the message of Afro-Caribbean Workshop which highlights the importance of this presentation at this crucial moment in our history." Program Fees: NOTE: NOTE: Jorge Arce has moved back to Puerto Rico. He travels to the Boston area several times each year and is available for engagements. Jorge Arce's next tour of the Boston area is in February, April and July 2005 to perform for the Boston Public Schools. Program fees will need to include round-trip plane fares from Puerto Rico. Block bookings in the same week and geographic area can share and reduce this cost.

67. Descarga: Glossary Bantú The African people of Congolese origin, as they are referred to in Cuba . It has both African and indigenous American roots. 2. http://www.descarga.com/cgi-bin/db/glossary?Zwfd9mST;;79

68. Pambazuka News It is a document drafted by African people (men and women) who are extremelyknowledgeable on the Uganda Uganda gets indigenous language browser http://www.pambazuka.org/index.php?issue=174

69. Welcome To PulseWave Percussion Groups of people bring a secular version of the music and dance to the streets The Charanga sound has been incorporated into the modern songo style. http://www.pulsewave.com/glossary/rhythm_content.html

Glossary of Rhythms Glossary of Instruments Aba Cua (ah bah kwa ) is a rhythm and dance from a men's secret society in Cuba. The music, based in 6 feel, has strong elements of cross and polyrhythm, which add to its mysterious nature. Traditional instrumentation consists of three small single headed drums held on the shoulder and played with one hand, two basket rattles, a bell and one lead drum called bonko (bong koh ) which is the size of a small ashiko. It is held vertically and played with two hands in the same manner as a conga. Aba Cua has strong ties to Rumba Columbia and is sung in an African tongue from a region of Southwest Nigeria. Afoxe' (ah foh shay ) is the common name of a social dance and music from Salvador da Bahia in the northeast of Brazil. The rhythm, which is properly called Ijexa, is from the Afro Brazilian Candomble (kahn dohm bley) tradition. Groups of people bring a secular version of the music and dance to the streets during Carnaval. Afoxe' (or afuche) is the name of a beaded gourd instrument used during parades. The rhythm and dance has became known by the name of the instrument. learn Afoxe' Arara (ah raah raah ) is a music and dance form found in Cuba which is derived from the Fon and Eve (eh veh) culture of Ghana, Togo and Dahomey, now known as Benin. The dances and rhythms are extremely sophisticated and are considered less Creolized than other AfroCuban forms, due to the fact that the Arara slaves were brought to Cuba quite late in the history of colonialism. Arara music has it's own particular drums which are carved from logs and have a peg tuning system. The drums are played with sticks, stick and hand, and hands.

70. Introduction Islamic Archaeology In Pires s time, the ruler of the Minangkabau people of central Sumatra and hiscourt Given the mystical elements of both Sufism and indigenous beliefs, http://www.arkeologi.net/islamic.php

Introduction About Islamic Archaeology ISLAMIC ARCHAEOLOGY PERIOD Early Islamic Period : 1300-1600 In some examples the ruler's decision to convert was immediately followed as a matter of course by all his subjects; in others an appreciable proportion of the population seems to have converted first, followed by their ruler in what may have been a politically motivated act. Different agents were involved in different parts of Indonesia: sometimes itinerant merchant-missionaries of foreign or mixed parentage, in others conquering warriors, in still others charismatic teachers. Different schools of Islam were popular in different areas. The Shi'a sect made converts in several areas, and traces of the mystical sect known as the Dervishes can still be seen in some parts of Indonesia. In general, the forms of Islam which received the readiest acceptance espoused a Sufi philosophy. Sufi-influenced believers can be divided into two groups: 'mystical orthodoxy' and less orthodox variants. Islam introduced new terms into Indonesian languages, and new symbols into architecture and art. However, the spread of Islam was accompanied by the same process of Indonesianisation as was the adoption of South Asian traits 1,000 years earlier. The spread of Islam was often correlated with an increase in commercial activity. Islam contains many stipulations connected with trade. The integration of Islam into everyday life is an ongoing process in Indonesia today. As the world's most populous Islamic nation, the study of Indonesia's historical path to Islam and its evolution there deserves much more attention than it has received from scholars..

71. Cuban Culture * Cultura Cubana The old Indian woman, a descendant of Cuba s TainoArawak people, bent over and An indigenous touch many of the simple graves were covered by small, http://www.mayraldole.com/Default.asp?page=21

72. The Jakarta Post - The Journal Of Indonesia Today But uneasiness in the relationship between indigenous Indonesians and The taskremaining is to enlighten the people about the tales of their land and to http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20050801.B08

73. Tour Operators Agents Tanzania - Mt Kilimanjaro Climbing Tanzania - Arusha Tanza People 99% native African (over 100 tribes), 1% Asian, European and ArabicLanguages Swahili, English, indigenous. Religion 40% Christian, 35% Muslim, http://www.travelexplorations.com/getfile.php/115200.647/

Home tour operators agents tanzania - mt kilimanjaro climbing tanzania arusha tanzania Kilimanjaro - the pride of Africa Moonshine trekking to the top of Kilimanjaro! Suddenly I met the "wall". I gasped desperately for air, and had to sit down by the hillside. I took a couple of deep breaths. After a while I struggled up on my feet again. I could barely walk any further. I followed the strong moonshine that illuminated the mountain in the darkness. In a more or less conscious condition I approached the top very slowly. But would my efforts be enough in this height and steep terrain? Mt. Kilimanjaro can be compared with other high mountains as Mount Everest (Kathmandu), Mont Blanc (France), the Andes (Peru), Himalayan (Nepal), Elbrus (Caucasus, Russia), Acouncagua (Argentina) and Rwenzori (Uganda).But Mt. Kilimanjaro has its own unique charm with animals, volcanic top, craters and beautiful glaciers. When the sun shines and the sky is clear, the glaciers on the top light up the peak. In its full pride you can see the mountain standing in vast open scenery. Look up for herds of eland on the saddle between the summits of Mawenzi and Kibo. Routes to the top Some of the routes to the top are Marangu, Machame, Umbwe, Rongai and Shira Plateau. Mweka route is only for descent. This is the story of how I climbed the mountain together with a small group of brave people.

74. Richard Price & Sally Price - RPcv 1992 “Statement by Gaama songo, Paramount Chief of the Saramaka People,” transcribedand FirstTime The Historical Vision of an African American People http://richandsally.net/newsletter.htm

@import "images/bookends-with-palette-65.css"; /* */ Home Books Coming Soon RPcv ... SPcv RP with fish (Saramaka, 1968) RP tending shop (Martinique, 1986) RP with Cuban poet Nancy Morejon (Martinique, 1990s) Richard Price Curriculum Vitae EDUCATION Ph.D. 1970 Social Anthropology, Harvard University 1963-64 École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris A.B. 1963 History and Literature. Phi Beta Kappa, Harvard University ACADEMIC POSITIONS 2003 Visiting Professor, Departments of Anthropology and History, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 2002 Directeur d'Études Invité, Section Sciences Religieuses (Sorbonne), École Pratiques des Hautes Études, Paris 1998 Visiting Professor, Department of History, Universidade Federal de Bahia (Brazil) 1994 Rockefeller Humanities Fellow, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida 1992 Fellow, Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies, Princeton University 1989-present Comité Scientifique, Musée Régional de Guyane (Cayenne) 1989-90 Marta Sutton Weeks Senior Fellow, Stanford Humanities Center 1987-88 Visiting Professor, Inst. of International Studies, University of Minnesota

75. Untitled What role does the AfroCuban or African presence play in the themes of poet What is timba and songo, and who are the pioneers of this musical style? http://www.american.edu/ted/etown/distance/cubasound.htm

E-Mail: cf2304a@american.edu Course Introduction Teaching Method System Requirements Required Textbooks ... Homework Assignments Introduction Teaching Methods: System Requirements: Windows 95/98/00 - 56K Modem - PC Sound Card - Real Player Audio Required Textbooks: Antonio Benitez Rojo, The Repeating Island, Duke University Press, 1992. Peter Manuel, Caribbean Currents: From Rumba to Reggae, Temple University Press, 1995. Vernon Boggs, Salsiology, Greenwood Press, 1992. Peter Manuel, Essays on Cuban Music, University Press of America, 1991. John Storm Roberts, The Latin Tinge, Oxford University Press, 1999. Leonardo Acosta, From the Drum to the Synthesizer, Jose Marti Publishing, 1987 Yvonne Daniel, Rumba: Dance and Social Change in Contemporary Cuba, Indiana University Press, 1995 Keith Ellis, Cuba's Nicolas Guillen, Toronto University Press, 1983. On-Line Resources: www.descarga.com www.latinbeatmagazine.com www.afrocubaweb.com www.soncubano.com/dicc.htm Recommended Readings: For those students proficient in Spanish I will be forwarding various ethnomusicological pieces as well as other books from authors within Cuba. This is not required and students will not be tested on their knowledge of these books. Assignments: Each assigned homework will be due every other Monday from the week that it is assigned. For those students wishing to work ahead, all assignments will be posted on the site. The homework will consist of essay questions, listening comprehension questions, as well as artist and instrument identification. Students are encouraged to utilize the virtual dictionary of Cuban terminology located at

76. Travel In Java, Indonesia, Southeast Asia in Asia, South East Asia, Australasia, africa, South America, Arctic, Indochina UK We are both qualified professional people who aim to provide an http://www.travelarc.com/javatravel.html

TRAVEL IN JAVA with Arc Journeys PAGE INDEX SOUTH EAST ASIA GENERALLY Introduction to the Itineraries JAVA Destinations in Java Typical Itinerary ... BORNEO SEE ALSO: Dossiers on each destination listed in the MAIN INDEX What Arc Journeys Offer Tailormade Holidays at standard tour rates Arc Journeys design tailor made tours to suit your requirements which need cost no more than a standard tour with equivalent accommodation.. You tell us what you would most like to do or see and we prepare itineraries for you to consider- it's as simple as that! For details and itineraries of other destinations please go to the relevant Dossier web page as listed in the MAIN INDEX We can arrange all this and more: ROMANTIC HIDEAWAYS HUG AN ORPHAN ORANGUTAN DOG SLEDDING IN THE ARCTIC, CRUISE IN THE GALAPAGOS SNORKEL CORAL REEFS CLIMB VOLCANOES WHALE-WATCHING GREAT TRAIN JOURNEYS JUNGLE RIVER CRUISES EXCLUSIVE HOTELS OR LOCAL HUTS TREK THE HIMALAYAS OR THE ANDES CAMEL, HORSE, ELEPHANT OR WALKING SAFARIS

77. Bararumba The areíto later evolved into what is now known as songo. bachata A slow bolerooriginating in Cuba, carabalí The people of the African Calabar region. http://www.bararumba.com/glossary.html

Glossary of Afro-Caribbean Dance and Rhythm Terms abanico Literally, "fan"; a stylized roll played by the timbalero usually to show a change in the music (i.e. from verse to chorus). The Spanish word for fan, used to describe the Timbales figure (roll and accent) played to introduce or close sections and to setup various ensemble passages. afro agogo Dahomean ritual/ceremonial drums brought to the Oriente province of Cuba by the Haitian emigres following the Haitian slave rebellion of 1791. bachata A slow bolero originating in Cuba, exported to the Dominican Republic, where it became part of Dominican folk music. The African Congolese people and culture. Considered one of the most influential African cultures throughout the Caribbean. baqueteo The rhythmic pattern played by the timbalero in the Danzón. A style developed by Cuban timpanists, of playing beats on the shell or bead while the fingers of the other hand "filled in." The barracks which were used as slave quarters in colonial Cuba, quite frequently built surrounding an inner courtyard.

78. Travelocity Guides People African (99%, including Shangaan, Chokwe, Manyika, Sena and Makua)Language Portuguese (official), indigenous languages http://www.travelocity.co.uk/TEU_destPrint/0,4191,TCYUK|324,00.html

Jump to Introduction When to go Events Money and Costs ... Warning Mozambique Full country name: Republic of Mozambique Area: 801,600 sq km (309,500 sq mi) Population: 15.7 million Capital city: Maputo (pop 1.3 million) People: African (99%, including Shangaan, Chokwe, Manyika, Sena and Makua) Language: Portuguese (official), indigenous languages Religion: Indigenous beliefs (50%), Christian (30%), Muslim (20%) Government: Republic President: Joaquim Alberto Chissano Prime Minister: Pascoal Mocumbi Introduction Time and tide have not been kind to Mozambique. A long, horrific civil war has scarred the country, shattered its infrastructure and left a million land mines scattered about the countryside. Much of its wildlife, including big game such as elephants and rhinos, has been decimated by war, and cyclones have ravaged its coastline. Droughts and floods take turns rubbing salt in Mozambique's wounds. Mozambicans are putting the past behind them and are rebuilding their country at a remarkable pace. Discussions between the government and the opposition have resulted in an easing of tension. It's now possible to travel in relative safety, though getting around does require keeping your wits about you. And there's a fair number of things to see, including world-renowned beaches, World Heritage sites, funky colonial architecture and colorful local culture. When to go The best time to visit is the months of June to August, when both rainfall and temperatures are at their lowest. Later in the dry season, in late August and September, the temperatures start to climb, but this is the best time to see big game. The best time for birdwatching, on the other hand, is smack in the middle of the rainy season, usually November and December.

79. WallStreetReporter.com We say this because the nearest well that is a discovery is the songo songo So, when I’m feeling a bit cocky and people ask what we’re doing next year, http://www.wallstreetreporter.com/linked/BountyOil.html

Events IPO Reporter International Features ... HOME PAGE Wall Street Reporter Weekly News Magazine Subscribe!! google_ad_client = "pub-4509584712396525"; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 600; google_ad_format = "120x600_as"; google_ad_type = "text"; google_ad_channel =""; google_color_border = "FFFFFF"; google_color_bg = "FFFFFF"; google_color_link = "663399"; google_color_url = "663399"; google_color_text = "000000"; ASX:BUY Industry: Interview With: Tom Fontaine Managing Director Dated November 12, 2003 Click here if you don't hear audio Level 1, 47 Havelock Street West Perth WA 6005 Phone Fax Email admin@bountyoil.com

80. Congo (Zaire) Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, African 10% Other Luba chiefs, including Lunda, settled among neighboring people and http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/countries/Congo_(Zaire).html

revised 15 October 1998 Congo (Zaire) Information Map of Congo (Zaire) with the peoples discussed in "Art and Life in Africa" CD-ROM General Information for Congo (Zaire) Country: Congo (Zaire) Location: Central Africa Independence: June 30, 1960 Nationality: Congolese Capital City: Kinshasa Population: Important Cities: Kisingani, Lubumbashi, Kolwesi Head of State: Lawrence Kabila Area: 2,345,410 sq.km. Type of Government: Dictatorship, presumably undergoing transition to Representative Government Currency: 4.5 CF=1 USD Major peoples: Azande, Chokwe ,Songo, Kongo ,Kuba,Lunda,Bembe Religion: Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, African 10% Climate: Equatorial Literacy: Official Language: French Principal Languages: Lingala, Azande, Chokwe, Kongo, Luba Major Exports: Copper, Cobalt, Diamonds, Crude Oil, Coffee Pre-Colonial History The precolonial past of Congo (Zaire) was complex. A diversity of social aggregates developed, ranging from small, autonomous groups of hunters and gatherers to centralized chiefdoms, from settled indigenous village communities to predominantly Muslim and Arab trading communities. Established in the late 1300s, the Kongo Kingdom expanded until the mid-17th century. The

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