21. Global Warming Climate scientists have linked the increased levels of heattrapping gases in the atmosphere to human activities, in particular the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas for heating and electricity; gasoline for transportation), deforestation, cattle ranching, and rice farming. From the Union of Concerned Scientists. http://www.ucsusa.org/global_environment/global_warming/index.cfm?pageID=27

22. Pakorn @ SIIT A lecturer of Department of Common and Graduate Studies. With contact info, courses info, office hours, research and publications (FTIR spectroscopy, piezoelectric polymers, biocompatible/biodegradable polymers, coal/fossil fuels, clay minerals), and personal info. http://www.siit.tu.ac.th/pakorn/

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23. The Hidden Cost Of Fossil Fuels fossil fuels coal, oil, and natural gas are America s primary source of energy, accounting for 85 percent of current US fuel use. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/health_and_environment/page.cfm?pageID=88

24. DOE - Fossil Energy - Educational Activities - Energy Lessons Introduction Primers on fossil fuels coal, oil, natural gas - for elementary and junior high school Learning About fossil fuels. thumbnail coal Lesson coal http://fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/

HOME ABOUT US NEWS/EVENTS SEARCH Fossil Energy Education Activities Mickey Leland Energy Fellowships Technical Career Intern Program University Research Opportunities ... Go to DOE Home Page Learning About Fossil Fuels Coal Coal is our most abundant and lowest cost fuel for making electricity. New technology is making it cleaner. Cleaning Up Coal Part 1 Begins Here Part 2: The Clean Coal Technology Program Part 3: Knocking the NOx Out of Coal Part 4: A "Bed" for Burning Coal? Part 5: The Cleanest Coal Technology - A Real Gas Introduction to Coal How Coal Formed History of Coal Use ... Coal Mining and Transportation Oil We still have a lot of oil left in the ground. Learn how we can get more of this valuable fuel from underground rocks. Looking Down an Oil Well Part 1 Begins Here Part 2: Squeezing Oil Out of the Earth Part 3: Washing More Oil From Rocks Part 4: Soap, Bugs and Other Ways to Produce Oil Natural Gas We've all seen the blue flame on top of a gas stove or beneath a gas furnace. But where do we get the gas that fuels the flame? Fueling the Blue Flame Part 1 Begins Here Part 2: The History of Natural Gas Part 3: Getting Gas from the Ground...and the Sea

25. Energy Matters: Fossil Fuels Although there are many different types of fossil fuels, we have chosen three that we feel are especially important coal, petroleum, and natural gas. http://library.thinkquest.org/20331/types/fossil/

Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels Fission Hydroelectric Biomass ... Fusion Contents Theory Behind Fossil Fuels The Pollution Problem Advantages and Disadvantages Types of Fossil Fuels Petroleum Coal Natural Gas Related Pages Mideast Oil Crisis Although there are many different types of fossil fuels, we have chosen three that we feel are especially important: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Because virtually all fossil fuel uses produce energy in pretty much the same way (see the Theory section), we have condensed them into one area on this website. An oil rig in the North Sea Fossil fuels have been a widely used source of energy every since the Industrial Revolution just before the dawn of the 20th century. Fossil fuels are relatively easy to use to generate energy because they only require a simple direct combustion. However, a problem with fossil fuels is their environmental impact. Not only does their excavation from the ground significantly alter the environment, but their combustion leads to a great deal of air pollution Follow the link to learn more about how fossil fuels can create energy.

26. Fossil Fuels -- What Are They? Find Out More About Coal, Oil, Natural Gas And Fo Learn what fossil fuels are and where they come from. http://www.ecokids.ca/pub/eco_info/topics/energy/ecostats/index.cfm

Topics Wildlife Environmental Issues Energy ... Energy Quiz Printable PDFs Fossil Fuel Activity Energy Scramble EcoKids Club Have Your Say ... Site Map

27. Fossil Fuels fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas, are a nonrenewable source of energy. coal is formed in a similar to the other fossil fuels, though it goes http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/fossilfuels.htm

A presentation by Osman Chughtai and David Shannon Introduction Fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas, are a non-renewable source of energy. Formed from plants and animals that lived up to 300 million years ago, fossil fuels are found in deposits beneath the earth. The fuels are burned to release the chemical energy that is stored within this resource. Energy is essential to moden society as we know it. Over 85% of our energy demands are met by the combustion of fossil fuels. These two pie charts show exactly how vital fossil fuels are to our society by showing how much of each energy resource is consumed. Formation Going back to the earlier days of Earth, the plants and animals that lived then eventually died and decomposed. The majority of these life forms were phytoplankton and zooplankton. When these ancient ocean dwellers died, they accumulated on the bottom of a seabed; this is how a good portion of our fossil fuel reserves began. The actual transformation process of these prehistoric creatures is not known, but scientists do know that the pressure, heat, and a great deal of time go into the making of fossil fuels. Geologists are fairly certain that the beds of organic remains mixed with silt and mud to form layers. Over time, mineral sedimentation formed on top of the organisms, effectively entombing them in rock. As this occurred, pressure and temperature increased. These conditions, and possibly other unknown factors, caused organic material to break down into the simpler form of hydrocarbons: chains of carbon and hydrogen ranging from simple configuration to complex compounds. Another affect of extreme pressure is that the oil and gas which are various mixtures of hydrocarbons, migrate upwards to the surface. Exactly when in the conversion process and the nature of this migration is not known and is subject to conjecture.

28. Fossil Fuels - Oil, Coal, Gas Crude oil, natural gas and coal are fossil fuels. fossil fuels are very precious resources because they are nonrenewable (once they re used, that s it!). http://www.moorlandschool.co.uk/earth/earthresources.htm

FOSSILS INTO FUELS Crude oil, natural gas and coal are fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are very precious resources because they are non-renewable (once they're used, that's it!). We can also make lots of organic chemicals from them, needed to make products such as paints, detergents, polymers (including plastics), cosmetics and some medicines. Fossil fuels were formed from the fossillized remains of dead plants and animals that once lived millions of years ago. Oil and natural gas are the products of the deep burial and decomposition of dead plants and animals. Heat and pressure, in the absence of oxygen, transform the decomposed material into tiny pockets of gas and crude oil. The oil and gas then migrates through the pores in the rocks to eventually collect in reservoirs. Coal comes mainly from dead plants which have been buried and compacted beneath sediments. Most coal originated as peat in ancient swamps created many millions of years ago. What is crude oil? Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with small amounts of other chemicals such as sulphur. The crude oil is useless as a mixture and must be sent to an

29. Fossil Fuels fossil fuels • World coal Institute • International Energy Agency • fossil Fuel Production • Greening Earth Society. Other topics • Introduction http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Acid_Rain/Older/Fossil_Fuels.html

Fossil Fuels Conventional power stations burn coal, oil or gas to produce electricity. Coal, oil and gas are called fossil fuels because they form over millions of years through the decay, burial and compaction of rotting vegetation on land (coal), and marine organisms on the sea floor (oil and gas). Burning fossil fuels in this way releases large quantities of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which can cause acid rain. Coal is a solid fuel formed over millions of years by the decay of land vegetation. Over time, successive layers become buried, compacted and heated, a process through which the deposits are turned into coal. Coal is widely used in the generation of electricity because it is a highly concentrated energy source. However, it is not a particularly "clean" fuel, releasing more acidic pollution than either oil or gas. Coal was the first fossil fuel to be exploited on a large scale during the 19 th century with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Before the commercial introduction of electricity, coal was primarily used in industrial boilers to create steam energy to power machinery. Oil is formed from the remains of marine microorganisms (microscopic animals and plants) deposited on the sea floor. As they accumulate over millions of years they gradually infiltrate the microscopic cavities of the sea floor sediment and rock where they decay. The resulting oil remains trapped in these spaces, forming oil reserves which can be extracted through large drilling platforms. The use of oil increased significantly after the Second World War. In the early 1970s, approximately 40% of global fossil fuel use came from oil, but during the 1990s this figure has decreased. Improved energy efficiency has caused oil consumption to decline in many developed, industrialised countries, as well as shifts to other fuels such as natural gas and nuclear energy. Decreasing use of oil is also resulting from tougher environmental restrictions concerning its use in some regions.

30. Fossil Fuel - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia coal rail cars in Ashtabula, Ohio. fossil fuels, also known as mineral fuels, are hydrocarboncontaining natural resources such as coal, petroleum and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel

Fossil fuel From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Coal rail cars in Ashtabula, Ohio Fossil fuels , also known as mineral fuels , are hydrocarbon -containing natural resources such as coal petroleum and natural gas . The utilization of fossil fuels has fueled industrial development and largely supplanted water driven mills, as well as the burning of wood or peat for heat. When generating electricity , energy from the combustion of fossil fuels is often used to power a turbine . Older generators often used steam generated by the burning of the fuel to turn the turbine, but in newer power plants the gases produced by burning of the fuel turn a gas turbine directly. The burning of fossil fuels by humans is their major source of emissions of carbon dioxide which is one of the greenhouse gases that is believed to contribute to global warming . A small amount of hydrocarbon-based fuels are biofuels which are derived from atmospheric carbon dioxide and thus do not increase the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Contents Origin A limited resource See also External links ... edit Origin There are two theories on the origin of fossil fuels: the mainstream biogenic theory and the abiogenic theory . The two theories have been intensely debated since the , shortly after the discovery of widespread petroleum. According to the biogenic theory, fossil fuels are the altered remnants of ancient plant and animal life deposited in

31. Fossil Fuels - Coal - Eduseek The Eduseek page about fossil fuels coal. coal information - Information through articles and links on the issues involved with coal production and http://www.eduseek.com/static/navigate4414.html

Home Subjects Help Age Groups Subjects Geography Geography - 16+ Human World ... Fossil Fuels - Coal Categories Coal Mining Links Coal information - Information through articles and links on the issues involved with coal production and consumption. World Coal Institute - Information on coal and its role in electricity generation around the world from the world coal institute UK Coal Plc - Information from a large UK coal producing company with environmental reports and business reviews. Coal Information Network - Collection of links and information on coal around the world Link to us Add Eduseek to your site Newsletter Press ... Map

32. Fossil Fuels - Coal - Eduseek The Eduseek page about fossil fuels coal. World coal Institute - The World coal Institute website coal - coal - A fossil Fuel - http://www.eduseek.com/static/navigate6021.html

Home Subjects Help Age Groups Subjects Geography Geography - 14 to 16 Human World ... Fossil Fuels - Coal Links World Coal Institute - The World Coal Institute website Coal Coal - A Fossil Fuel Link to us Add Eduseek to your site ... Map

33. Energy Generation (Chapter 7): Fossil Fuels And Nuclear Power What is fossil fuel? Three forms of fossil fuel. coal. petroleum. natural gas. You ve read that fossil fuels are nonrenewable. Are fossil fuels really http://ripley.wo.sbc.edu/departmental/env-studies/geo/energy.htm

Home Up Aerial Photos Global Positioning Systems (GPS) [ Energy Generation (Chapter 7): Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Power ] Energy Generation: Energy From Renewable Resources Biomes Biogeography Biodiversity ... Managing the Environment Energy Generation This topic can be divided up into three sections: fossil fuels and nuclear power "alternative" energy energy conservation Start off with some important points 1) Even though chapter seven in your book is called "Energy Generation," we can't in fact generate energy. We can only harvest it, and transform it from a less useable to a more useable form. This image shows this transformation for crude oil and coal, two kinds of fossil fuel. 2) Where does our energy come from? The main source, by far, is the sun. Minor sources include geothermal energy, nuclear fission, energy from volcanos. 3) When we harvest and use energy, much is lost during the process. Our efficiency of transformation is not great. Energy is lost during the harvesting process, refinement, transportation, and when it is actually used. At each step, we lose energy. 4) The use of energy is critical for our well-being and to maintain our standard of living. Therefore, energy production is tightly linked to economics and to our national security. Protection of our sources of energy is critical.

34. Fossil Fuels Liquid fossil fuels, like petroleum, is formed in areas that geologists These varieties descended from the first stage in the formation of coal the http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/8th/energy/sciber/fuel.htm

Petroleum, natural gas, and coal are the main sources of energy for modern use. All of these fuels are classified as fossil fuels . The reason they are called fossil fuels is because they are all made from decayed plants and animals that have been preserved in the earth's crust by pressure, bacterial processes and heat. It takes millions of years for these organisms to chemically change into fossil fuels. Liquid fossil fuels, like petroleum , is formed in areas that geologists believe were once covered by oceans or seas. These fuels were formed when dead plants and animals sank to the bottom of the ocean and were covered by sediments. Over long periods of time (millions of years), pressure, bacterial processes, and heat changed the sediments into sedimentary rocks and the plant and animal remains into oil. Eventually underground pools of oil formed when oil migrated through the pores and cracks of rocks and eventually filled these empty spaces. Geolgists search in areas which may contain oil traps. Oil traps include fault lines where porous rock is aligned next to non-porous rock. These traps are also found among folded rock layers. This is an example of a folded-rock-layer oil trap being drilled for petroleum. Oil drills are known as a oil derricks in the petroleum industry.

35. Profiles--Fossil Fuels There are three fossil fuels petroleum oil, natural gas, and coal. fossil fuels, like coal, oil, and natural gas, provide the energy that powers our http://www3.iptv.org/exploremore/energy/profiles/fossil_fuels.cfm

Fossil Fuels Biomass Fossil Fuels Uses Benefits Limitations Geography ... Wind Fossil fuels are energy resources that come from the remains of plants and animals. These remains are millions of years old. There are three fossil fuels: petroleum oil, natural gas, and coal. Above image courtesy EREN Uses Providing Electricity Fueling Transportation infrastructure Heating and Cooling Heating and cooling are also accomplished mainly through the use of fossil fuels like natural gas and oil. Regions of the country that experience harsh winters rely heavily on these fuels to heat their homes and businesses. Regions that stay temperate Benefits One of the biggest benefits of fossil fuels is their cost. Coal, oil and natural gas are abundant right now and relatively inexpensive to drill or mine for. In fact, coal is the most plentiful fossil fuel and it is found over much of the world. Because the costs are contained, electricity and fuels for transportation and heating are available to everyone. Limitations Nonrenewable Resource Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource. Fossil fuels take millions of years to develop under extreme conditions. Once they are gone, they can no longer be part of our energy mix.

36. Geology Of Fossil Fuels --- Coal Geology of fossil fuels coal. Geology of fossil fuels - coal. Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress Volume 18 Part B http://www.vsppub.com/books/earth/bk-GeoFosFueCoa.html

You can now add your name to our electronic mailing list Geology of Fossil Fuels - Coal Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress Volume 18 Part B Editor: Yang Qi 1997; vi+160 pages ISBN 90-6764-238-X Price (all prices are subject to change without notice): EUR 70/US$ 100 Contents Volumes 1-26 ISBN 90-6764-276-2 Discounted set price: EUR 1703 /US$ 2027 VSP Postal address: P.O. Box 9000, 2300 PA Leiden, The Netherlands Office address: Plantijnstraat 2, 2321 JC Leiden, The Netherlands Tel: +31 71 535 3500, Fax: +31 71 531 7532 E-mail: vsppub@brill.nl

37. Geology Of Fossil Fuels --- Coal: Contents Geology of fossil fuels coal Contents. KK Sappal and N. Suwarna Depositional evolution and coal accumulation of Ordos Basin http://www.vsppub.com/books/earth/cbk-GeoFosFueCoa.html

Geology of Fossil Fuels - Coal Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress Volume 18 Part B Contents: The applications of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy to paralic and terrestrial coal-bearing strata: Two case studies from the Western North China Paleozoic Basin and the Tulufan-Hami Jurassic Basin Li Baofang, Wen Xianduan, Kang Xidong and Li Guidong Petrology and depositional environment of Early Jurassic coal, Western Australia K.K. Sappal and N. Suwarna Depositional evolution and coal accumulation of Ordos Basin Wang Shuangming, Lu Daosheng and Zhang Yuping Geologic factors affecting the abundance, distribution, and speciation of sulfur in coals C.-L. Chou Multistage metamorphic evolution and superimposed metamorphism through multithermo-sources in Chinese coal Yang Qi, Wu Chonglong, Tang Dazhen, Kang Xidong and Liu Dameng Variations in coal rank parameters with depth correlated with Variscan compressional deformation in the South Wales coalfield R. Gayer and R. Fowler Coalification jumps, stages and mechanism of high-rank coals in China Qin Yong and Jiang Bo Advances of the exploration and research of oil from coal in China Huang Difan and Qin Kuangzong Study on Jurassic coal and carbonaceous mudstone as oil source rocks in Tuha Basin, North-Western China

38. About F O S S I L F U E L After food, fossil fuel is humanity s most important source of energy. There are three major fuels coal, oil and natural gas. coal is used primarily to http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/fossil_fuel.html

Benefits from Fossil Fuel Use Environmental Aspects of Fossil Fuel Use Fossil Fuel in General About Fossil Fuel Overview: After food, fossil fuel is humanity's most important source of energy. There are three major fuels coal, oil and natural gas. Coal is used primarily to produce electricity. It therefore provides us with light, motive power from electric motors, and our many electronic devices. Oil gives us our mobility, our cars, planes, trains, trucks and boats. Natural gas is used primarily to produce heat, for our buildings, hot water, and industrial processes. Use the underlined links above to go to tutorials and pages of links for the various aspects of fossil fuel listed. Use the colored buttons to go to pages of links about each fuel, as well as about electricity. Return to Top of Page Oil Coal Natural Gas Electricity ... byDesign and PowervisioN for The Greening Earth Society Last Modified Thursday, February 19, 200412:07 AM

39. GCSE Physics: Fossil Fuels - Coal Tutorials, tips and advice on GCSE Physics coursework and exams for students, parents and teachers. http://www.gcse.com/energy/coal.htm

Please visit our sponsor Fossil Fuels: Coal Fossil Fuels Coal Gas Oil ... Nuclear There is an abundant supply of coal in the UK. Coal is a non-renewable fossil fuel consisting of the compressed remains of ancient swamp forests. As such, coal is found under sedimentary rock. Unfortunately, burning coal produces huge amounts of the greenhouse gas , carbon dioxide (CO ). This is a major contributor to global warming The other gases produced are also a major contributor to acid rain . There is even evidence that the smoke contributes to something known as global dimming , whereby less sunlight reaches the ground, so cooling the earth. This has alarmed many people as it may be hiding the true effects of global warming. Choose from the links above. Go back a page Energy Menu

40. Energy Resources - Fossil Fuels to some simple compounds that are present in the fossil fuels of coal, oil, and natural gas. 5. Energy from the combustion of fossil fuels Chap 14 http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/onlcourse/chm110/outlines/topic6.html

Menu Lecture/Outline Issues Respond in Blackboard Discussion Charles E. Ophardt, Professor of Chemistry, Elmhurst College TOPIC 6: ENERGY RESOURCES - FOSSIL FUELS ON-LINE Lecture Discussion Requirement of 3 questions (6 pts): Do one question from the QUES 1-9 . Use the assigned student ID numbers. Questions Ques. 1 Ques. 2 Ques. 3 Ques. 4 Ques. 5 Student ID Questions Ques. 6 Ques. 7 Ques. 8 Ques. 9 Student ID Second Question of your choice from QUES 1-9. A third question may be to respond or comment to someone else, or use General Questions to ask a general question the Prof or others might answer. Check Answers already posted for the Blackboard On-line Discussion - Topic 6 Requirements for the Lecture On-Line Discussion Method to list references and citations Special Assignment for this Topic Only How much energy do you use? How much carbon dioxide do you produce as a result of burning fossil fuels for energy? This assessment is worth 6 points.

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