81. Fossil Fuel@Everything2.com There are three main fossil fuels used by human civilization. coal is one of the most plentiful fuels, and it is used mainly for in the generation of http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node=fossil fuel

82. Washington Group International - Power - Fossil Fuel Power Markets. » fossil Fuel fossil Fuel. coal is one of the least expensive fuels, and has a very high energy content. There is enough coal in the http://www.wgint.com/market.php?id=4

83. Electricity Production From Fossil Fuels (mineral Oil, Natural Gas And Coal) RD- The total available stocks of fossil fuels, such as oil, gas, coal and uranium, expressed in Terajoules. 3 Significance. Purpose http://esl.jrc.it/envind/meth_sht/ms_we060.htm

Electricity production from fossil fuels (mineral oil, natural gas and coal) RD-5 Resource Depletion Pressure 1 Indicator definition and unit of measurement Total amount of electricity produced from the fossil resources oil, coal, gas and from uranium expressed in Gwh per year. 2 Placement in the framework: Partly deals with natural resources in Chapter 5: The themes and targets of the programme, section 5.3: Protection of nature and biodiversity, table 10. See also Chapter 4: Selected target sectors, section 4.2: The energy sector. Agenda 21: Agenda 21 in many of its chapters calls for policies and actions in various areas, that take into account the vulnerability and availability of natural resources, and for an increased efficiency in the use of these resources (e.g. Chapter 4: Changing consumption patterns and Chapter 10: Integrated approach to the planning and management of land resources ). International conventions and agreements: Article 130 of the Treaty on the European Union (Maastricht, 1992) calls for prudent and rational utilisation of natural resources. Energy saving and efficiency are key priorities of European Parliament and Council. The Energy Protocol of Lisbon (1994) calls for energy efficiency. COM(97) 514 of 15.10.97 on a Community strategy to promote combined heat and power (CHP).

84. The Nanocatalysis And Fossil Fuels Report Nanocatalysis and fossil fuels , contains an indepth analysis of the impact of Economic extraction of transportation fuel from coal could thus http://www.nanotech-now.com/nanocatalysis-fossil-fuels-report.htm

Go Home The Nanocatalysis and Fossil Fuels Report "Nanocatalysis and Fossil Fuels" , contains an in-depth analysis of the impact of nanocatalysis on the global energy industry, a detailed description of the technologies involved, and profiles of the leading players. Despite earlier oil supply scares, most countries in the world are still heavily dependent on imported oil, especially for transport. Yet many of these countries have huge reserves of coal or gas that cannot currently be economically exploited. Recent developments in the application of nanotechnology to catalysis are promising to lower oil price pressure through improved coal liquefaction and gas to liquid processes, allowing countries such as China, the US, Canada, India, Russia and Australia to significantly reduce or eliminate their requirements for imported oil. This could cause a permanent downward adjustment in the price of oil that would render high-production-cost operations, especially those offshore, uneconomic, and significantly reduce the economic and political influence of oil-producing nations and OPEC. Table of Contents ORDER The Nanotechnology Opportunity Report (TM) All 25 Reports Executive Summary Energy is the world's largest market, and one that has political and strategic impacts unmatched by any other sector. Most countries are entirely dependent for their energy needs on the finite resources of fossil fuels. Fluctuations in energy prices can bring economies to their knees, and allow otherwise less influential or developed countries to become major players in world politics.

85. The Growing Abundance Of Fossil Fuels Moreover, an array of unconventional fossilfuel sources promises that, when crude oil, natural gas, and coal become scarcer (hence, more expensive) in the http://www.fee.org/vnews.php?nid=4475

86. Fossil And Renewable Fuels These fuels can be used either alone or cofired with fossil fuels (eg coal). To assess the scope for hydrogen production from fossil fuels, http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/ccs/UKCCSC/Summaries/Fuels/

@import url(/styles/siteStyleAdvanced.css); @import url(/ccs/siteStyleLocal.css); Login ] [ You are here: Home Carbon Capture and Storage UKCCSC project Summaries of sub-projects Section Contents Fossil and renewable fuels Fossil and renewable fuels Theme A1 - Fossil Fuel Supply The Fossil fuel supply topic sets out to provide a background for decision making on the role that can be played by CCS in meeting UK energy supply objectives (encompassing economics, climate change and security). The work programme concentrates on lifecycle assessment of the overall costs and CO emissions associated with a variety of non-CCS and CCS fossil fuel supply options, evaluated in the context of possible future energy/supply demand scenarios. Effort will be lead by Reading University Dr Tim Cockerill ), with substantial contributions from Imperial College London and Aberdeen University . Specific objectives include: Overall assessment of lifecycle costs and emissions of fossil fuel supply options. Drawing predominantly on the work of others, cost, emission and performance data for supply options available to the UK will be gathered and processed to allow consistent comparisons to be made ( Reading University Imperial College London Assessment of the impact of future energy supply/demand scenarios on the overall costs and emissions of non-CCS and CCS fossil generation Data produced by others on future fossil fuel availability and costs will be summarized, drawing in part on

87. The Case Against New Fossil Fuel Exploration Oilwatch/NGO Declaration on Climate Change, fossil fuels, and Public Funding phaseout of fossil fuelsespecially oil and coal and a transition to http://www.ran.org/oilreport/kyoto.html

Drilling to the Ends of the Earth the case against new fossil fuel exploration Kyoto Oilwatch Declaration Order report Contents Introduction How Much Oil Is There? The Changing Climate Frontier Ecosystems ... Conclusion Boxes The Gas Gamble Voices From The Frontier The Numbers Case Studies Western Amazon Central Africa South East Asia Russia Appendices Map Of Impacted Areas Kyoto Declaration Kyoto, Dec. 2, 1997 Oilwatch/NGO Declaration on Climate Change, Fossil Fuels, and Public Funding Bearing in mind that: The world's leading climate scientists have concluded that the "balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate" (IPCC 1995); -climate change will cause the greatest suffering to the poorest peoples and most pristine ecosystems globally; -all people have "the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being and that they bear a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations" (1972 Stockholm Declaration); -climate change is only one part of the ecological debt accumulated by the industrialized countries through their exploitation of resources in the South;

88. It Is Ironic That The Fuel Driving The World Into The Space Age fossil fuels can be broken down into three main categories, coal, oil, coal is the most abundant fossil fuel and it is distributed fairly evenly across http://www.priweb.org/ed/ICTHOL/ICTHOL02_peer_review_papers/75.html

Fossil Fuel Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel and it is distributed fairly evenly across the globe, it is mainly used to generate electricity through the heat created by burning it. It can be viewed as oils solid brother, but unfortunately it is also the dirtiest of the fossil fuels, creating 25% more CO2 emissions than oil and 80% more than gas . Coal, like oil, is formed by a build up of plant and animal remains possibly in a swamp type area, if this swap area is covered by rock and oxygen is kept out the process will begin There are four different types of coal, how well it burns depend on purity and degree of decay. The amount of decay depends on how much oxygen the organic matter came in contact with prior to burial, peat is partially decayed plant material and is the least efficient form of coal. Lignite is the next stage, it has been subjected to higher temperature and pressure resulting in less hydrogen and oxygen, which means it, will burn better. Bituminous is an even purer coal it is known as soft coal but still contains impurities. The best coal is hard coal, known as anthracite it is 95% pure Carbon, this degree of purity is a result of being exposed to the highest heat value Known as black gold, oil is the most famous of the fossil fuels, we hear about it almost on a daily basis, we are even about to fight a war because of it. Oil is formed in a process similar to that of coal, and is drilled for all over the world, once drilled it is refined before use and is used for a number of different things. Refining oil means extracting different organic compounds depending on weight, color and content of chemicals, it becomes gasoline, jet fuel, heating oil, tar, and motor oil, along with material for fabrics, plastics, fertilizers and medicine

89. Friends Of The Earth: Campaigns: Climate: Fossil Fuels Information on fossil fuels including pictures of coal coal fired - power stations. Picture of radioactive hazard symbol. http://www.foe.co.uk/campaigns/climate/issues/fossil_fuels/

Skip navigation and title Home: Campaigns: Climate: Fossil fuels and nuclear Search Sitemap Contact Home Join Campaigns: Biodiversity Climate Corporates Global Trade Real Food Transport Waste Local campaigns Press for change: Jobs Volunteering Publications Press Releases About Us Links Contact Us Climate change Kyoto Protocol Green energy Campaigners ... Media Should your bill say where your electricity has come from? Yes No Fossil fuels and nuclear Energy is much cleaner that it used to be. But nuclear and burning fossil fuels cause problems of their own. Carbon dinosaurs The UK's biggest source of carbon dioxide ( is burning fossil fuels - like coal, gas and oil - in power stations Old coal fired power stations produce more dangerous than gas ones. In the 1990s, our emissions fell as electricity companies switched from coal to gas . This trend has reversed as gas prices have risen making coal more economic. Did you know? German utility company - RWE - which owns power stations in the UK - produces more C0 in a year than the whole of Spain.

90. The End Of Fossil Fuels With a title like The End of fossil fuels you may think that this is an Where oil and gas deposits are found, there is often a concordant coal seam or http://www.borderlands.com/archives/arch/endfos.html

The End of Fossil Fuels 1998 by Thomas J Brown "To the writers of books upon meteorites, it would be as wickedby which we mean departure from the characters of an established speciesquasi-established, of courseto say that coal has fallen from the sky, as would be to something in a barnyard, a temptation that it climb a tree and catch a bird. Domestic things in a barnyard: and how wild things from forests outside seem to them. Or the homeopathistbut we shall shovel data of coal." Charles Fort, The Book of the Damned The End With a title like The End of Fossil Fuels you may think that this is an article about alternative energy or "free" energy, but alas, it is not. It is an attempt to describe the inadequacy of the term "fossil fuel" and to prevent its further usage in the English language through education in the mysteries of the hydrocarbon structures in the earth. I can't blame people for having used this misleading phrase, being guilty myself. We are regularly taught such misconceptions in school. But one should always be ready to learn new ideas and concepts, especially once the evidence is investigated. The term "fossil fuel" is a standard phrase used in reference to hydrocarbons in their various permutations as petroleum, coals, and natural gas. The argument to be presented here is that hydrocarbon deposits are not "fossilized carbon" at all in the sense implied in the modern usage of that term, that there is a larger "carbon dynamic" eventuating in the earth process. The standard response to this is "well, they FIND fossils in the deposits". This is scientific fact and will not be disputed, fossils certainly are found in SOME deposits, many of them being quite curiouscoal balls and roof ballsand will be discussed in turn as they will further our argument. There are also serious fossil anomalies, evidences of human intelligence which crop up in various coal beds supposedly laid down hundreds of millions of years before humans are supposed to have existed. But we will first look at the hydrocarbon structures themselves.

91. CLEANER FOSSIL FUELS: We All Breathe Easier - Environmental Solutions - Economic TEAM has been a real leader in ensuring that fossil fuels such as coal are being used as efficiently as possible. JIM DINNING, CHAIR OF THE CANADIAN CLEAN http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/english/publications/team_200103/fossil_fuels.asp

Contact Us Help Search Canada Site ... Full PDF Version Quick Links Assessing clean coal-burning technologies Bringing eco-efficiencies to the oil-and-gas sector Other projects CLEANER FOSSIL FUELS: We all breathe easier With its rich supply of natural resources, Canada has become, quite naturally, heavily dependent on fossil fuels. But while coal-burning plants supply some of our stationary energy grid and petroleum products help meet our transportation needs, we must continue to find ways to both reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and make our consumption of them less harmful to the environment. There is much to be gained by investing in cleaner fossil fuel technologies. While the obvious benefit is the reduced environmental harm, lower average GHG intensity per unit of activity and the improved air quality that results, there are many other benefits to Canadians, as well. Increased efficiency in power production, as just one example, will result in cost savings for users. And lower costs enable users to be more competitive, particularly in the global marketplace. As well, other fossil-fuel-dependent countries are looking to Canada for assistance in dealing with these issues. By investing in cleaner fossil fuel technologies here at home, we will be able to take advantage of those export opportunities.

92. Nuteeriat: The Origins Of Fossil Fuels Of course, the main fossil fuels are coal, mineral oil, and natural gas, with a few less important sources such as lignite, bitumen, and tar sands. http://www.aoi.com.au/matrix/Nut03.html

CHAPTER 13 THE ORIGINS OF FOSSIL FUELS "Science when well digested is nothing but good sense and reason" - Stanislaus, King of Poland: Maxims, No.43. By now we have set the scene for a more detailed look at the origin of fossil fuels. Of course, the main fossil fuels are coal, mineral oil, and natural gas, with a few less important sources such as lignite, bitumen, and tar sands. The outstanding feature of all fossil fuels is that they contain a lot of carbon. Coal is especially rich, with up to 95%. The others are mainly hydrocarbons, compounds of carbon with hydrogen, sometimes with other elements present, but even in these the proportion of carbon is high, around 82-87% by weight. About Coal Coal was one of the earliest minerals to be be developed in today's technological society, in fact it was one of the main props for the Industrial Revolution, which started in Britain. Britain has considerable coal deposits and a long history of geological discovery, so the nature of coal deposits in that country have become known in great detail. Figure 13.1 (taken from the 1875 Encyclopaedia Britannica) shows the various geological strata found in conjunction with the Coal Measures of different parts of Britain. The actual coal seams vary in thickness from a mere film to as much as 15 metres. In other parts of the world even thicker seams have been found, as in the south of France and in India, up to 60m thick or more.

93. Online NewsHour: Fossil Fuels -- May 23, 2001 MARGARET WARNER The big three fossil fuels oil, coal and natural gas powered America s economy for most of the 20th century. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/jan-june01/fossil_5-23a.html

FOSSIL FUELS May 23, 2001 After this background report, experts debate the Bush administration's energy proposals focusing on fossil fuel supplies Online Specials Energy and the Environment Power and Deregulation May 14, 2001: Rising gasoline prices April 5, 2001: Wind an alternative energy source March 14, 2001: President Bush decides against stricter CO2 emissions standards Feb. 26, 2001: Rising natural gas prices Feb. 23, 2001: Natural gas and high heating bills Feb. 15, 2001: Conserving power in California Nov. 29, 2000: The intensifying politics of global warming in the wake of the summit at The Hague Sept. 22, 2000: Energy Secretary Richardson talks about releasing oil from the strategic reserve May 3, 2000: Cleaner cars Browse the NewsHour's complete coverage of the Economy and Environment News for Students: The threat of global warming Department of Energy World Resources Institute USGS's 1998 ANWR Petroleum Assessment MARGARET WARNER: The big three fossil fuels oil, coal and natural gas powered America's economy for most of the 20th century. And our need for these fuels will only grow in the 21st, predicts the author of the Bush energy plan, Vice President Dick Cheney.

94. DOE - Fossil Energy: DOE's Fossil Energy-related Education Material. For students and professors interested in coal and other fossil fuel research, there are research opportunities available. Read More http://fossil.energy.gov/education/

HOME ABOUT US NEWS/EVENTS SEARCH Advanced Search Educational Activities Mickey Leland Energy Fellowships Technical Career Intern Program ... Home Educational Activities For Students and Teachers Educational Activities DOE's Office of Fossil Energy has had a longstanding commitment to the education of tomorrow's scientists and engineers. More than a quarter of a century ago, the Office established a coal research grant program specifically for student-professor research teams at the nation's universities. Our educational commitment expanded with a program to provide research and training grants to Historically Black Colleges and Universities and other minority institutions. In 2000, a new fellowship program was inaugurated to bring promising minority students to DOE-Fossil Energy facilities for summer internships. For College Students: Mickey Leland Energy Fellowship Program The Office of Fossil Energy offers summer internships for minority students who are studying academic disciplines related to coal, oil and natural gas resources, science and engineering. Read More Technical Career Intern Program DOE is collaborating with the nation's top earth sciences and engineering universities to provide a "pipeline" for future federal employees in the fossil energy program.

95. Fossil Fuel | Oil | Natural Gas | Petroleum | Energy | Uses | Negative Effects | could be used to heat your house or cook dinner. Like oil, petroleum and natrual gas, coal is a fossil fuel that is widely used all over North America. http://www.kidzworld.com/site/p1423.htm

quick advanced Scroll down for the article Oil Well Fossil Fuel Energy Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources that formed more than 300 million years ago during the Carboniferous Period - long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth . Fossil fuels are made up of plant and animal matter. When plants and animals died, their bodies decomposed and were buried under layers of earth. Millions of years later we have the three forms of fossil fuel: oil, natural gas and coal. Fossil Fuel Energy - Oil Oil is a thick, black, gooey liquid also called petroleum . It's found way down in the ground, usually between layers of rock. To get oil out, a well is dug. Digging a well is like putting a straw into a can of pop . The oil is then pumped out of the ground, just like when you suck pop up the straw. Oil Gas Pump is carried in pipelines and large tanker ships . A refinery changes the oil into products like gasoline, jet fuel and diesel fuel. It's also burned in factories and power plants to make electricity . The oil is burned, which produces gases that turn a turbine to create electricity.

96. EDIS Publication Not Available -- Archived coal is a solid fossil fuel mined in several parts of the United States from open pits coal is the least expensive fossil fuel on energyper-Btu basis http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EH264

EDIS Publication Not Available Archived The Publication you requested is no longer available. EDIS is a repository for publications currently supported by IFAS. This publication is no longer supported, and is not available through EDIS. To find other publications in EDIS covering the same content, please try the following: Open the edis.ifas.ufl.edu home page, and navigate to the information you want using the Topics in the side bar. Search for publications in EDIS by the same author or using the same key words. Use the Back button to try another link. If you believe you have reached this message in error, please tell us about it. Home Current Issues Online Publications IFAS Bookstore ... Help This page is maintained by EDIS technical staff . Last updated on December 10, 2003. Gainesville, FL 32611

97. Generating Electricity, Coal-Fired - Duke Power Duke Power’s coalfired power plants, seven in North Carolina and one in has operated one of the nation s most efficient fossil generating systems. http://www.dukepower.com/community/learningcenter/generating/coal/

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98. CMS—Carbon Conversion Holds Promise Of Cleaner Fuel Combustion In principle, any fossil fuel or biomass can be converted to electric power “coal constitutes half of our fossilfuel resources, and 80 percent of the http://www-cms.llnl.gov/s-t/carbon_con_news.html

Direct Carbon Conversion Holds Promise of Cleaner Fossil Fuel Combustion Mark Evans and John Cooper examine a prototype fuel cell for carbon conversion in their lab. Direct carbon conversion, an advanced energy technology now being tested at the Laboratory, holds promise of doing just that. If proven successful and adopted on a large scale, the process could conserve precious fossil resources by allowing more power to be harnessed from the same amount of fuel, while cutting the amount of carbon dioxide produced per kilowatt almost in half. Cooper said the LLNL method, the result of a four-year study funded by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program, would push the efficiency of using fossil fuels for generating electricity much closer to theoretical limits than ever before. It would also improve the environment by substantially decreasing the amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere per kilowatt-hour of electrical energy generated. Direct carbon conversion can use fuel derived from many different sources, including coal, lignite, petroleum, natural gas and even biomass (peat, rice hulls or corn husks). Cooper and his team have demonstrated the technology in a number of small, experimental cells with reaction areas of about three to 60 square centimeters. In repeated tests, the cells deliver up to one-tenth of a watt continuously per square centimeter and are 80 percent efficient at 100 milliwatts per square centimeter. Certain other more exotic (but more expensive) forms of carbon yield such efficiencies at nearly three times the rate. Cooper said the team has operated cells for days, simply by adding more carbon fuel.

99. SEEN Nine oil, gas, and coal production projects, with $606.8 million in WBG financing This brings the total World Bank s fossil fuel portfolio to over $26.5 http://www.seen.org/pages/reports/WB_brief_0903.shtml

THE WORLD BANK AND FOSSIL FUELS: AT THE CROSSROADS A Sustainable Energy and Economy Network / Institute for Policy Studies Brief September 2003 In its own words, the World Bank Group's position as a leading source of global fossil fuel financing poses a "clear and present danger" to its reputation and the global commons. At its annual meeting, now underway in Dubai, the Bank finds itself at a crossroads. It is high time for the Bank to decide whether to remain the world's key agent for transnational corporations' oil, gas and coal aspirations, or to become an agent for positive change, truer to the stated mission of an institution that claims to alleviate poverty and promote environmental sustainability. We are seeing countervailing trends. We have witnessed "business as usual" in the Bank's energy financing over the past year, with big fossil fuel projects beating renewable and energy efficiency projects by a 17 to 1 ratio. We see the Bank embedding itself with the occupying U.S. forces in Iraq, creating the conditions for foreign investment and corporate plunder of that country's vast oil reserves. But we also see hope, particularly in the draft recommendations of the Bank's Extractive Industries Review, which calls for a phase-out in oil, and a massive phase-in of renewables projects.

100. DOE - Fossil Energy: Home Page coalBased Fuel Cell Projects Selected . New program will develop multi-megawatt fossil Energy Project Database 2005 Clean coal Power Conference http://www.fe.doe.gov/

HOME ABOUT US NEWS/EVENTS SEARCH Carbon Sequestration Natural Gas Regulation Electricity Regulation Petroleum Reserves ... Advanced Search Oil Flowing from Strategic Reserve UPDATE for SEPTEMBER 19: The Energy Department has approved a 7th loan request for crude oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, bringing the total amount of oil exchanges to 13.2 million barrels, and the total amount of oil slated for release from the federal stockpile to 24.2 million barrels. Read More OIL DELIVERY UPDATE as of 9/20/05: 4,431,484 barrels Recent Fossil Energy Updates.... Engine Pumps Oil Using Water.... Field testing at RMOTC proves engine can run without fuel or electricity More Turbine Technology Program Expands.... Ten projects valued at $130 million will advance coal-based turbines More A report by the Appalachian and Illinois Basin Directors of the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission, prepared with DOE support, concludes that these basins hold as much untapped oil and gas as they have yielded in a century of production .... Download Report (4MB PDF) $760 Million Devoted to Fossil Energy Programs in FY 2006....

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