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Muscular Dystrophies: more books (100)

Muscular Dystrophy (A Venture Book) by James A. Corrick, 1992-10
Molecular and Cell Biology of Muscular Dystrophy (Molecular and Cell Biology of Human Diseases)
Moonrise: One Family, Genetic Identity, and Muscular Dystrophy by Penny Wolfson, 2004-05-01
A Blessing in the Storm. . .Muscular Dystrophy messed up my life and made me whole by Lori Laws, 2009-10-20
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: An entry from Thomson Gale's Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders, 2nd ed. by Michelle, MS, CGC Bosworth, 2005
Precious Time: Children Living With Muscular Dystrophy (Don't Turn Away) by Thomas Bergman, 1996-07
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Medical Guide by Qontro Medical Guides, 2008-07-09
Worth the Ride: My Journey with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy by Josh Winheld, 2008-02-29
My Body of Knowledge: Stories of Chronic Illness, Disability, Healing and Life - Including Crohn's, CFIDS, AIDS, RSI, Muscular Dystrophy, Lyme, Multiple Sclerosis and Cancer
21st Century Ultimate Medical Guide to Muscular Dystrophy (MD) - Authoritative Clinical Information for Physicians and Patients (Two CD-ROM Set) by PM Medical Health News, 2009-05-29
Muscular dystrophy: An entry from Thomson Gale's Gale Encyclopedia of Children's Health: Infancy through Adolescence by L., Jr., MD, DrPH Fallon, 2006
A new era for treatment of muscular dystrophy.(SPECIAL NEEDS: REALIZING POTENTIAL): An article from: Pediatric News by Kathryn Wagner, 2009-07-01
Muscular Dystrophy (MD) Toolkit - Comprehensive Medical Encyclopedia with Treatment Options, Clinical Data, and Practical Information (Two CD-ROM Set) by U.S. Government, 2009-05-29
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY: An entry from UXL's UXL Complete Health Resource

lists with details

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Genes and disease provides short descriptions of inherited disorders. It is hostedby the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI),
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/DMD.html

Extractions: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (DMD) is one of a group of muscular dystrophies characterized by the enlargement of muscles. DMD is one of the most prevalent types of muscular dystrophy and is characterized by rapid progression of muscle degeneration which occurs early in life. All are X-linked and affect mainly males - an estimated 1 in 3,500 boys worldwide. The gene for DMD, found on the X chromosome, encodes a large protein - dystrophin. Dystrophin is required inside muscle cells for structural support: it is thought to strengthen muscle cells by anchoring elements of the internal cytoskeleton to the surface membrane. Without it, the cell membrane becomes permeable, so that extracellular components enter the cell, increasing the internal pressure until the muscle cell 'explodes' and dies. The subsequent immune response can add to the damage. A mouse model for DMD exists, and is proving useful for furthering our understanding on both the normal function of dystrophin and the pathology of the disease. In particular, initial experiments that increase the production of utrophin, a dystrophin relative, in order to compensate for the loss of dystrophin in the mouse are promising, and may lead to the development of effective therapies for this devastating disease.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of a group of DMD is one of the most prevalent types of muscular dystrophy and is
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowSection&rid=gnd.sect
Muscular Dystrophy In Children
Physicians, medical students, and patients can get information about the diagnosisand treatment of neurological diseases and disorders.
http://ucneurology.uchicago.edu/Neurological_Disorders/Pediatric_Neuro_Disorders

Extractions: At least seven different types of muscular dystrophy can develop from birth through adolescence. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is one of the most common forms and affects children usually before age 6. Neurologists at the University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital have particular expertise in treating this disease. Symptoms typically include weakness and atrophy (wasting away) of specific muscle groups. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, for example, affects the limbs and trunk muscles, while Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy affects shoulders, arms and shins. Some forms of muscular dystrophy result in premature death, often in early adulthood. Other forms allow the person to live far into their adult years. Heart disease is common among children with certain varieties of muscular dystrophy. Treatment Children with muscular dystrophy receive care from many specialists in the University of Chicago Hospitals' Muscular Dystrophy Association clinic. These include pediatric neurologists, pediatric cardiologists, orthopaedic surgeons, orthotists (for braces and other devices), specially trained nurses and social workers. Cerebral Palsy Epilepsy in Children Multiple Sclerosis in Children Muscular Dystrophy in Children ... Myasthenia Gravis in Children
Dystrophinopathies: Duchenne + Becker Muscular Dystrophy
From A Kornberg. Duchenne muscular dystrophy Standing from supine position Duchenne muscular Dystrophy; Aland Island eye disease; Adrenal hypoplasia
http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/musdist/dmd.html
Congenital Weakness
Santavuori congenital muscular dystrophy (Finnish; Muscleeye-brain disease (MEB)) 29 Congenital muscular dystrophy with early spine rigidity
http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/syncm.html
ClinicalTrials.gov - Information On Clinical Trials And Human Research Studies:
Recruiting, A Safety Study in Adult muscular Dystrophy Patients Conditions Beckermuscular Dystrophy; Facioscapulohumeral muscular Dystrophy; LimbGirdle
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/gui/action/FindCondition?ui=D009136
Jerry's Kids - Muscular Dystrophy
Article describes the different types of muscular dystrophy, including theirsymptoms. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common childhood form of
http://rarediseases.about.com/cs/musculardystrophy/a/090400.htm

Extractions: var zLb=12; var zIoa1 = new Array('Suggested Reading','Genes, Dystrophin, and Duchenne MD','http://rarediseases.about.com/cs/musculardystrophy/a/022302.htm'); var zIoa2 = new Array('Elsewhere on the Web','Muscular Dystrophy Association USA','http://www.mdausa.org'); zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zfs=0;zCMt='a70' About Rare / Orphan Diseases Rare Diseases M - N Rare Diseases: M ... Muscular Dystrophy Jerry's Kids - Muscular Dystrophy Rare Diseases Essentials Rare Diseases: Basic Information Rare Diseases Support Groups ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); Sign Up Now for the Rare / Orphan Diseases newsletter! Suggested Reading Genes, Dystrophin, and Duchenne MD Elsewhere on the Web Muscular Dystrophy Association USA Most Popular Muscular Dystrophy ALD and Lorenzo's Oil Progeria Syndromes Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) ... The Elephant Man What's Hot Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Peyronie's Disease Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Synd Autoimmune Kidney Disease ... Cri-du-Chat Syndrome adunitCM(150,100,'x55')
Muscular Dystrophy
Links to information and resources for different types of muscular dystrophy,such as Duchenne, Becker, and facioscapulohumeral.
http://rarediseases.about.com/od/musculardystrophy/

Extractions: zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zfs=0;zCMt='a70' About Rare / Orphan Diseases Rare Diseases M - N Rare Diseases: M Muscular Dystrophy Rare Diseases Essentials Rare Diseases: Basic Information Rare Diseases Support Groups ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); Sign Up Now for the Rare / Orphan Diseases newsletter! See Online Courses Search Rare / Orphan Diseases Muscular dystrophy is the overall name for a group of inherited muscle disorders that cause progressive weakening of the body's muscles. Find links here for information and resources for the different types. Alphabetical Recent Up a category Jerry's Kids - Muscular Dystrophy Article provides information about the nine types of muscular dystrophy, and links to information and resources. Genes, Dystrophin, and Duchenne MD Researchers know the gene responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the most common childhood form of MD, causes a lack of the muscle protein dystrophin. Now research is trying to fix the gene or get around its effects. From the About.com Guide to Rare/Orphan Diseases. MDA USA: Becker Muscular Dystrophy References, clinical trials listing, articles, publications, and research from the Muscular Dystrophy Association USA.
Muscular Dystrophy
muscular dystrophy is a group of disorders characterized by progressive and lossof muscle tissue.
http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/001190.html

Extractions: Search HealthScout Web MEDLINE Special Offers TV Specials Chronic Pain Erectile Dysfunction GERD Diabetes ... High Tech Health Top Features Bipolar Disorder Resources Sleep Skin Cancer Migraines ... Diabetes Health Organizer Resources Healthscout News 3D Health Animations Health Videos Health Encyclopedia ... Drug Library Drug Information Drug Search Drug Interactions Image Database Pill Identifier Causes, incidence, and risk factors: The group of diseases called muscular dystrophies (MD) includes many inherited disorders such as: These disorders are distinguished from each other by the type of inheritance (sex-linked, dominant gene, recessive gene), the age when symptoms appear, and the types of symptoms that develop. Because these are inherited disorders, risks include a family history of muscular dystrophy.
Health Care Information Resources Neuromuscular Disorders Links
Neuromuscular disorders muscular Dystrophy extensive collection from Neuromuscular disorders - Duchenne muscular Dystrophy Information Site from the
http://www-hsl.mcmaster.ca/tomflem/neuromus.html

Extractions: For more information, see: Rheumatic diseases , also in the Illness section of this resource. Neuromuscular disorders - Muscular Dystrophy extensive collection from Australia Neuromuscular disorders - Muscular Dystrophy Association of Canada links to related sites Neuromuscular disorders - Muscular Dystrophy (MD) Information Page from the US NINDS Neuromuscular disorders - Musclenet Neuromuscular disorders - Information DMD/BMD Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies Neuromuscular disorders - BeckerMuscularDystrophy.Org helping those affected to exchange information Neuromuscular disorders - Muscular Dystrophy Group Of Great Britain and Northern Ireland a wealth of information! Neuromuscular disorders - Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Information Site from the parents of a patient Neuromuscular disorders - Duchenne/Becker Muscular Dystrophy multimedia guide from Your Genes, Your Health
Information On Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
This site describes and gives information about Congential muscular Dystrophy.
http://www.myotonicdystrophy.org/Congenital Muscular Dystrophy.htm

Extractions: HOME TABLE OF CONTENTS SEARCH DISCUSSION FORUMS ... CHAT ROOM International Myotonic Dystrophy Organization Sections General Information How do I Know if I have Myotonic Dystrophy? Activities that Kids Like Anesthetic Complications ... Workshop on Burden of Muscle Diseases Congenital Muscular Dystrophy Congenital Myotonic and Congential Muscular Dytrophy are separate and disctinct disease. However, some of the symtoms that the patients have are similiar and so we include some limited information about this condition on our site. Fukuyama Type Occidental "Pure" Type Types of CMD-From Recent workshop (1999) The term Congenital muscular dystrophy has been used widely for a group of infants presenting with muscle weakness at birth or certainly within the first few months of life in association with a dystrophic pattern on muscle biopsy. There is often associated hypotonia on clinical presentation but other cases may present with arthrogryposis and associated contractures of the joints. The condition tends to remain static but some cases may show slow progression. Others, however, may have actual functional improvement, pass various motor milestones and achieve the ability to walk. There may be variable respiratory and swallowing problems at the time of presentation and associated diaphramgmatic involvement may lead to respiratory failure in later childhood or adolescence. These are the types of Congenital Muscular Dystrophy Congenital Muscular Dystrophy A. Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
Duchenne/Becker Muscular Dystrophy - Your Genes, Your Health - DNA Learning Cent
Your Genes, Your Health, DNA Learning Center s multimedia guide to genetic,inherited disorders Fragile X syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Hemophilia,
http://www.ygyh.org/dmd/description.html

Extractions: Fragile X Syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disorder that causes progressive muscle weakness as individual muscle cells die. The cause of DMD's progressive muscle wasting can be traced back to a small mutation in one gene on the X chromosome. Inside this gene, many separate chunks, called exons, contain instructions for producing an important muscle protein called dystrophin. Each exon must be read in order, from 'start' to 'end,' to properly construct the protein. Most boys with DMD (about 75%) are missing one of these exons. Not only does this remove some of the instructions for making the muscle protein, it also garbles the code inside exons further downstream. A small bit of the garbled code stops further reading of the gene. A closer look at this process shows that the stop signal arises because the exon's removal shifts the remaining genetic code out of its usual alignment, as represented by the gray boxes. After the code shifts, different letters appear in the boxes. In DMD, one of these boxes contains the code letters T-A-G; this code tells dystrophin production to stop. As dystrophin's production machinery tries to read the genes instructions starting at exon 1 and proceeding to exon 75 the new stop signal halts the machine in mid-gene. Only a shortened version of dystrophin is formed. Since the rest of the exons are ignored, the dystrophin is much shorter than normal. The cell recognizes the protein isnt right and immediately degrades it. In the other cases of Duchenne, all exons are present, but smaller changes in the gene like a change in one letter of code critically alter the shape of the dystrophin protein, or generate a stop signal in the middle of the gene. (In the latter case, gentamycin may help by letting the dystrophin production machinery skip over the premature stop signal.) Without dystrophin, vital connections between proteins in the cell membrane and other proteins inside the cell are lost. No one knows exactly how, but these changes weaken the membrane of the muscle cell and make it more prone to rupture. When the membrane ruptures, molecules that normally stay inside the cell flow out, and molecules that normally stay outside the cell flow in. One of the molecules that flows in (calcium) causes the muscle cell to contract in the area near the damage. The localized contraction (unlike a contraction along the entire length of the muscle) breaks the fibers inside the cell. When damage to the cell is severe, the cell dies. Macrophages and other cells arrive to clean up the remnants. After the clean-up, many "satellite" cells appear and group together to build a new cell. Though dead cells are replaced by new ones when a boy is very young, as he gets older the number of dying cells overwhelms the repair capacity of the satellite cells. The cells simply stop creating new muscle. Instead, fat and connective tissue fill in the spaces left by the dead muscle cells. Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is a similar disorder that is also caused by a mutation frequently an exon deletion in the dystrophin gene. The progression of the disorder is much the same except it proceeds more slowly. The critical difference is that the exon deletion in BMD does not produce a stop signal inside the gene. A closer look at the exon loss in Becker shows that the stop signal fails to appear, because the genetic code stays in alignment after the deletion. When the protein production machinery reads the gene, all remaining exons are read to form the protein. The dystrophin produced from this gene is slightly shorter than normal and does not function as well. But because it manages to perform some of dystrophin's duties, muscle is lost more slowly than in Duchenne. If a physician suspects Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy after examining the boy, she will use a CPK test to determine if the muscles are damaged. This test measures the amount of the CPK enzyme (creatine phosphokinase) in the blood. In a boy with Duchenne or Becker, CPK leaks out of the muscle cells into the bloodstream, so a high level confirms that muscle damage is present. The level of CPK in the blood can be measured in several different ways. All of them show that a boy with DMD or BMD will have 50 to 100 times more CPK in his bloodstream than a boy without DMD. Because most boys with DMD or BMD have lost an exon from their dystrophin gene, a rapid DNA test can quickly identify the missing exon and confirm a diagnosis. The test produces a vertical "line-up" of the exons within the boy's gene. When an exon is present, it appears as a dark rectangular-shaped stain at a particular height in the picture. When an exon is absent, the stain is missing. The test below shows a boy who's missing exon 50. This picture is produced after DNA is isolated from a small blood sample taken from the boy. The test is based on just a small portion of the gene around an exon. A geneticist can detect the presence of this particular exon by using a chemical reaction called PCR. In PCR, two short "primers" are added to the boy's DNA sample. When the exon is present, the two primers attach to the DNA. The red primer attaches to the right side of the exon, while the blue primer attaches to the left side. When the exon is absent, the primers fail to attach. In essence, after the primers attach, the DNA between the two primers is copied millions of times. Millions of DNA pieces accumulate when the exon is present, but nothing happens when the exon is absent. The geneticist will see the difference between these two tubes when he concentrates the DNA pieces in one spot in a slab of gel. In practice, many different pairs of primers each pair specific for a separate exon are thrown into the same reaction mixture with the boy's DNA. These primers produce bands on the gel in different locations. The full series of bands shown on the left will appear if the boy does not have Duchenne, or has a different type of mutation. If the boy is missing an exon, a blue spot will be missing from his series. Once the mutation in the boy is identified, the same process can be used to determine if his female relatives carry the mutation. MALE WITH DMD FEMALE CARRIER MALE WITHOUT DMD FEMALE Both carriers and non-carriers of an exon-deficient gene will produce a spot where the boy has none. A carrier's spot will be half as dark as a non-carrier's. This happens because a carrier has a second, complete dystrophin gene, while a non-carrier has two complete dystrophin genes. The PCR reaction amplifies the DNA from the complete genes, so PCR generates twice as much DNA from a non-carrier than a carrier. If DNA testing fails to find the mutation causing the boy's disorder, a physician may confirm the diagnosis with a muscle biopsy. To remove a muscle sample, a needle is inserted into a muscle while the boy is under local anesthetic. Several features of DMD/BMD muscle will be markedly different from unaffected muscle. These include: a wider range of cell sizes, fibers that stain darkly due to excess calcium ions, fat and connective tissue between the fibers, and possibly, macrophages engulfing dying muscle cells. (PHOTOS COURTESY OF ALAN PESTRONK, M.D., WASHINGTON UNIV.) The most striking difference is seen when a fluorescent antibody is added to the muscle sample. The antibody binds only to the dystrophin protein and lights up the edges of unaffected muscle cells. (PHOTO COURTESY OF SIMON WATKINS, Ph.D., UNIV. of PITTSBURGH) There is no dystrophin and no fluorescence in muscle from a boy with DMD. On occasion, one or two cells (called revertants) have dystrophin and glow. Researchers believe that a second mutation in the dystrophin gene in these cells has reversed the effect of the first mutation. In boys with BMD, most cells light up indicating the presence of dystrophin but they glow at a lower intensity. When BMD is suspected, the geneticist may also want to measure the size of the dystrophin protein from the muscle biopsy, because BMD dystrophin is usually smaller than normal dystrophin. Normal-sized dystrophin is shown below on the left. Its vertical position indicates it is 479 kd (a kilodalton is a unit of molecular size). The second column shows the dystrophin from another boy, but the protein's lower position indicates it is smaller than normal dystrophin. This boy has Becker muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, or the milder form Becker muscular dystrophy, is like any other sex-linked disorder. The dystrophin gene that causes the disorder is on the X chromosome, one of two types X and Y that determine sex. Girls have two X chromosomes (making a girl a girl), and boys have one X and one Y (making a boy a boy). This "mismatch" in the sex chromosomes of boys makes them more susceptible to disorders caused by genes on the X. A girl has two Xs, and therefore, two dystrophin genes. If one is mutated, she can fall back on the other gene. A boy has only one X and only one dystrophin gene. If he has a mutated dystrophin gene, he has no other copy to fall back on. A boy gets muscular dystrophy when he inherits an X chromosome with a mutated dystrophin gene (XD) from his mother. He also inherits a Y chromosome from his father, but the Y does not contain the dystrophin gene. Therefore, he can only make dystrophin from the mutated gene he got from his mother. A boy can also get Duchenne or Becker even if his mother does not carry a mutated dystrophin gene. This happens if the gene mutates in the mother's eggs, or if the gene mutates early in the boy's embryonic development. (About one third of boys get Duchenne this way.) A girl can also inherit a mutated dystrophin gene from her mother, but because she gets a normal gene from her father, she does not develop the disorder. She is, however, a carrier of the disorder and can pass it to her future sons. Carriers of Becker muscular dystrophy can be produced when a girl inherits a mutated gene from her mothor OR when a girl inherits a mutated dystrophin gene from a father with Becker. (Unlike males with Duchenne, men with Becker can father children). If a couple carries a mutated dystrophin gene, their chance of producing a child with muscular dystrophy, or a child who is a carrier, can be calculated with a Punnett square. Let's start with a common situation: a female carrier and her unaffected male partner. To use the square, we first move the parents' chromosomes to the outer edges of the box. Each parent donates only one of their two sex chromosomes to the child, so we place one from the father and one from the mother into each box. Each completed box shows a potential combination (a.k.a. genotype) in the child, and the entire square contains all possible combinations. Next, we count the boxes that contain the Duchenne-causing genotype (XDY), and divide this number by the total number of boxes. There is only one Duchenne genotype, so every child of this couple has a 1-in-4 (25%) chance of being a boy with Duchenne. Each child also has a 25% chance of being a girl who carries the mutated gene (XXD). The most important thing to remember about these odds is that they apply to every child this couple has. It may be useful to think of the Punnett square as a roulette wheel. Each child is a separate "spin of the wheel," so each child has a 25% chance of being a boy with muscular dystrophy (or an unaffected boy, or an unaffected girl, or a carrier girl). In this family, two out of four children have muscular dystrophy. Other couples with the mutation may have one, three, four, or even no children with the disorder. A Punnett Square also shows us the children a man with Becker muscular dystrophy can have. Usually, his partner will be a woman who does not carry a dystrophin mutation. As before, we move the parents' chromosomes to the outer edges of the square, and then copy and paste them into the inner boxes. Two out of four boxes are unaffected boys, so there is a 50% chance this couple will have an unaffected boy (rollover the XY boxes). The other two boxes contain a carrier (XDX), so there is a 50% chance of having a girl who carries the mutation for Becker muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a typical sex-linked disorder affecting only boys. Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is a milder form of the same disorder. A boy inherits DMD or BMD when he receives an X chromosome with a mutated dystrophin gene from his mother. Boys with Duchenne lose muscle throughout their lives, but this is usually not detected until a parent notices unusual walking or running and/or a difficulty talking around the age of 3. The calves may also be unusually large and firm. The muscle weakness in Becker is usually noticed later in childhood. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common of the more than 20 different muscular dystrophies. About 1 in every 3,500 boys is born with Duchenne, and about 1 in every 18,000 boys is born with Becker a milder form of the disorder. All ethnic groups are equally affected by both disorders. Three tests are commonly used to diagnose Duchenne and Becker. A CPK (or CK) assay will detect muscle damage, but not its source. A DNA test or muscle biopsy can point directly to Duchenne or Becker. CPK and DNA tests can also detect many carriers. Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are caused by a mutation in a gene that produces an important muscle protein called dystrophin. In Duchenne, no dystrophin is produced, while in Becker, a distorted version is produced. Without fully functional dystrophin, the muscle cells gradually die. There are no cures for Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophies. Treatment consists of physical therapy to avoid tightening of the muscles, braces and wheelchairs to keep the boy mobile, spinal surgery for scoliosis, and breathing aids. Steroids may be used to slow the progression of the disorder. Clinical Features: Dr. Alfred Spiro discusses the first physical signs of DMD, how a doctor tests muscle strength during an office visit and differences between Duchenne and Becker. CPK Assay (Flash Animation) This blood test determines if muscles are being damaged by measuring the amount of muscle enzyme (CPK) spilled into the bloodstream. DNA Testing: A DNA test used after a CPK assay frequently confirms a diagnosis of DMD in boys who are missing an exon. Muscle Biopsy ( Flash Animation) If the DNA test fails to detect a missing exon, DMD or BMD and be confirmed with a sample of muscle. Prenatal Testing: Testing prior birth via amniocentesis is not a routine test except in women with a family history of muscular dystrophy. Initial Reactions: Suzanne Burger and Margaret Cohan discuss their first reactions after getting the diagnosis and how they dealt with it. Grief and Sadness: Parents of boys with Duchenne discuss cycles of grief and how they cope with the diagnosis. Support Groups: Support groups can help parents deal with anger, school issues, and personal relationships. Your friends: Suzanne Burger comments on changing friendships and how to help if a friend has a son with muscular dystrophy. Your Childs Questions: Margaret Cohan and Suzanne Burger discuss how they answer their sons question and when they give them information. His Friends: Margaret Cohan discusses her sons friends and what she does to help stimulate new friendships. Protecting Your Child: Margaret Cohan warms against over-protecting your son and discusses the importance of Joes activities to her family. School Advocacy: Getting your sons school to respond to his needs may be hard, but there are groups and people that can help. Special School Events: Margaret Cohan relates her sons experience on a team building field trip and how the teachers responded. Wheelchairs: Suzanne Burger and Margaret Cohan discuss planning for the wheelchair and how to make the transition. Getting Away: Suzanne Burger discusses the importance of getting away with short vacations or through your own activities. Progression of DMD: Though muscles of the boy are affected by DMD at birth, overt signs are not obvious until the boy is between 4 and 7. Dr. Spiro discusses the progression of the disorder after age 7. Contractures: Dr. Spiro discusses contractures, the tightening of the boys joints, and what can be done about them. Dardiac and Respiratory Muscles: In later stages, heart and breathing-related muscles weaken. Dr. Spiro discusses the first signs of cardiac and respiratory involvement and way to address them. Slowing Progression: Dr. Spiro discusses the use of prednisone to slow progression of muscles weakness and Suzanne Burger relates her sons experience with the drug. Alzheimer Disease
Muscular Dystrophy: Definition And Much More From Answers.com
muscular dystrophy n. ( Abbr. MD ) Any of a group of progressive muscle disorderscaused by a defect in one or more genes that control muscle.
http://www.answers.com/topic/muscular-dystrophy

Extractions: Encyclopedia muscular dystrophy dÄs trÅfÄ ) , any of several inherited diseases characterized by progressive wasting of the skeletal muscles. There are five main forms of the disease. They are classified according to the age at onset of symptoms, the pattern of inheritance, and the part of the body primarily affected. Types of Muscular Dystrophy The most common form of muscular dystrophy, Duchenne, was first described by the French physician Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne in 1861. Most cases are caused by a recessive sex-linked gene located on the X chromosome and carried only by females. Each son of a carrier has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene and developing the disease. Each daughter has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene and becoming a carrier. In small number of âsporadicâ cases there is no family history. The disease begins with leg weakness before age 3 and progresses rapidly, with death often occurring before age 30, often because of involvement of lung or heart muscle. Research has shown that the abnormal gene fails to produce an essential skeletal muscle protein called dystrophin. Becker's muscular dystrophy is similar to the Duchenne form, but appears somewhat later in life and progresses more slowly.
Muscular Dystrophy
muscular dystrophy Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) DMD affects young boys, EmeryDreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) EDMD affects young boys,
http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/muscular_dystrophy.jsp
Types Of Muscular Dystrophy And Neuromuscular Diseases
Detailed information on the most common types of muscular dystrophy and the mostcommon neuromuscular diseases.
http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/adult_neuro/musctype.cfm

Extractions: [ Skip Navigation ] Topics All About Cancer Blood Disorders Bone Disorders Breast Health Cancer Cardiovascular Disease Dermatology Diabetes Digestive Disorders Endocrinology Environmental Medicine Eye Care Glossary Gynecological Health Infectious Diseases Kidney Disease Men's Health Mental Health Nervous System Disorders Non-Trauma Emergency Oral Health Orthopaedics Otolaryngology Pathology Pediatrics, General Health Prostate Health Radiology Respiratory Disorders Skin Cancer Surgical Care Urology Women's Health Search This Site Muscular dystrophy is a group of inherited diseases that are characterized by weakness and wasting away of muscle tissue, with or without the breakdown of nerve tissue. There are nine types of muscular dystrophy, with each type involving an eventual loss of strength, increasing disability, and possible deformity. The most well known of the muscular dystrophies is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) , followed by Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) Listed below are the nine different types of muscular dystrophy. Each type differs in the muscles affected, the age of onset, and its rate of progression. Some types are named for the affected muscles, including the following:
Welcome To NHS Direct Online
Social deprivation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy population based study. Failure of early diagnosis in symptomatic Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/en.asp?TopicID=319&AreaID=3057&LinkID=2461
SMDI International
The Society for muscular Dystrophy Information International (SMDI A publicationby and for those concerned with muscular dystrophy or the allied
http://nsnet.org/smdi/

Extractions: The Society for Muscular Dystrophy Information International (S.M.D.I International), is a non-profit registered Canadian charity. The Society was formed to provide international information to help people help themselves by reducing the national and international isolation of people and organizations concerned with neuromuscular disorders/disabilities (muscular dystrophy and the over 50 allied disorders). The following are some of these disorders:
Muscular Dystrophy Info, Treatment Ratings
Which treatments work for muscular Dystrophy? RemedyFind is a free, unbiased sitewhere you rate the medications, supplements, therapies etc. youve used.
http://remedyfind.com/hc-MuscularDystrophy.asp

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AllRefer Health - Muscular Dystrophy (Inherited Myopathy, MD)
muscular Dystrophy (Inherited Myopathy, MD) information center covers causes,prevention, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, incidence, risk factors, signs,
http://health.allrefer.com/health/muscular-dystrophy-info.html

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DoctorYourself.com - Muscular Dystrophy
muscular dystrophy is closely related to vitamin deficiency. Nutritional treatmentis discussed, with references provided.
http://www.doctoryourself.com/dystrophy.html

Extractions: Home MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY Everybody knows what muscles are, and when they dont work, the weakness, frailty and incapacity of a little child with muscular dystrophy makes for many a poignant poster and tearful telethon. "There is no treatment there is no specific therapy," says the Merck Manual . The National Institutes of Heath says the same thing: "There is no specific treatment for any of the forms of MD." http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/md.htm , accessed April 2004) Such despairing, autocratic but research-friendly pronouncements must not be seen as the last word until we adequately weigh in maternal and fetal malnutrition as a fundamental cause of muscular dystrophy. The good news (to be considered further below) is that if nutrient deficiency can cause an illness, nutrient therapy may ameliorate, or even cure, that illness. Malnutrition causes muscular dystrophy? The short answer is, Yes. "Dystrophy: 1. Defective nutrition. 2. Any disorder caused by defective nutrition." (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, p. 407.) When we consider all this means, we are poised to head down a steep slope. Nothing gets you into the emotional soup faster than being perceived as blaming a babys birth defect on the mothers diet. Truly, it is very difficult to know for sure if a birth defect is the result of genetics or environmental factors. The mother represents half of a developing babys heredity, but almost all of the developing babys environment. Every single cell in a baby is the product of inherited DNA instruction. But every single cell in a baby is also the product of the mother's diet.

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