121. GEO-3: GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT mesopotamian marshlands. A typical marsh landscape, with villages built on artificial floating islands that enclose an area of http://www.grida.no/geo/geo3/english/137.htm

UNEP DEWA UNEP.Net GEO-1 ... GEO-3 GEO: Global Environment Outlook 3 Past, present and future perspectives Contact Us Help Search GEO-3: Home GEO-3 Chapter 2 Socio-economic background ... Table of contents OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT: Mesopotamian marshlands A typical marsh landscape, with villages built on artificial floating islands that enclose an area of swamp which is then filled with reeds and mud. For flood protection, more layers are added each year to strengthen the platform's foundation Comprising an integral part of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, the marshlands are located at the confluence of the rivers in southern Iraq and into Iran. The desiccation of these vast wetland resources is attributable to two main causes: upstream dams and drainage schemes. An aerial view of the marshlands in 1976 shows them still largely intact. Since then, there has been a 90 per cent decline in marshland area. By the year 2000, only a small section of the Al-Hawizah marsh straddling the Iran-Iraq border remains but even this is rapidly shrinking due to upstream water projects. The marshlands are a key site for migratory birds. Marshland loss has put an estimated 40 species migrating between Siberia and South Africa at great risk. Several mammals and fish unique to the marshlands are now considered extinct. Coastal fisheries in the Northern Gulf, dependent on the marshlands for spawning grounds, have also been affected.

122. Mesopot mesopotamian MYTHS. Spenta Mainyu has separated the Sumerian mythology from the rest of the myths and legends of the region because Sumer has a unique place http://www.geocities.com/spenta_mainyu_2/mesopot.htm

SPENTA MAINYU FOOD FOR THOUGHT: 'Ignorance is an outlook on life. Even the educated can be ignorant.' YOU ARE IN DARKNESS. home page MESOPOTAMIAN MYTHS Spenta Mainyu has separated the Sumerian mythology from the rest of the myths and legends of the region because Sumer has a unique place in history: They are the initiators of it! A majority of the later mythologies of the region have their origin in Sumer. Now without further delay let's start with the Babylonian myths: BABYLONIAN MYTHS Assyrian scribes had written many of the texts which contain the Babylonian myths. These texts were found in Ashurbanipal's library. Prof. Sydney Smith said that, "it was certain that Assyrian scribes were engaged in transforming the literature they borrowed from Babylonia from the style of the First Dynasty of Babylon to the form in which we found it in Ashurbanipal's library." It is very important to know that all the supreme entities of Assyria were also worshipped in Babylonia. Assyrian religious festivals were celebrated at the same times and in the same way as those of Babylonia. There are very few myths and legends that are exclusive to Assyria. The legend of the Sargon of Agade is one of them. But the myths we shall summarize here are of Babylonian origin, and represent the Semitic transformation of the earlier Sumerian material.

123. Mesopotamian Arabic Travel Phrases Writing system information at Omniglot and wordiQ. Alternate names for mesopotamian Arabic include mesopotamian Gelet Arabic, Baghdadi Arabic, and Furati. http://www.travelphrases.info/languages/Arabic-Iraqi.htm

Mesopotamian / Iraqi Spoken Arabic used in parts of Iraq Iran Jordan Syria , and Turkey The Four Essential Travel Phrases home page Arabic fonts in the Gallery of Unicode Fonts Language information at wordiQ and Ethnologue Writing system information at Omniglot and wordiQ Alternate names for Mesopotamian Arabic include Mesopotamian Gelet Arabic, Baghdadi Arabic, and Furati

124. Mesopotamia, Calendar mesopotamian/Sumerian Calendar. In Mesopotamia the solar year was divided into two seasons, the summer, which included the barley harvests in the second http://ragz-international.com/mesopotamiancalander.htm

Mesopotamia, The Mesopotamians MesopotamiaThe history of ancient Mesopotamia including its cities, conquests, peoples, art, religion and contributions to civilization Topics The Emergence of Mesopotamian Civilization Literary Sources for Mesopotamian History The Achievements of Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Calendar ... Mesopotamian Time Line Mesopotamian Peoples Akkad Amorites Assyrians Babylonians ... Sumeria Map of Mesopotamia Care to express an opinion on a current or past historical event? Need to ask a question from our many visitors? Just visit our Forum and leave your message. Forum Weekly Poll Please Help Keep Us On the Web. We are a Non-Profit Organization and the cost of continuing is becoming more than we can handle. Therefore, we are asking you to please donate anything you can to help keep us on the web. Please Help Click Here Mesopotamia The International History Project Date: 2003 Mesopotamian/Sumerian Calendar In Mesopotamia the solar year was divided into two seasons, the "summer," which included the barley harvests in the second half of May or in the beginning of June, and the "winter," which roughly corresponded to today's fall-winter. Three seasons (Assyria) and four seasons (Anatolia) were counted in northerly countries, but in Mesopotamia the bipartition of the year seemed natural. As late as c. 1800 BC the prognoses for the welfare of the city of Mari, on the middle Euphrates, were taken for six months.

125. MESOPOTAMIAN COSMOGONY mesopotamian COSMOGONY. The long Babylonian creation epic Enuma elish ( When on High ), so called from the first two words of the poem, narrates a chain http://alexm.here.ru/mirrors/www.enteract.com/jwalz/Eliade/055.html

MESOPOTAMIAN COSMOGONY When on high the heaven had not been named, Firm ground below had not been called by name, Naught but primordial Apsu, their begetter, (And) Mummu Tiamat, she who bore them all, Their waters commingling as a single body; No reed hut had been matted, no marsh land had appeared, When no gods whatever had been brought into being, Uncalled by name, their destinies undetermined- Then it was that the gods were formed within them. Lahmu and Lahamu were brought forth, by name they were called. For aeons they grew in age and stature. Anshar and Kishar were formed, surpassing the others. They prolonged the days, added on the years. Anu was their son, of his fathers the rival; Yea, Anshar's first-born, Anu, was his equal. Anu begot in his image Nudimmud. This Nudimmud was of his fathers the master, Of broad wisdom, understanding, mighty in strength, Mightier by far than his grandfather, Anshar. He had no rival among the gods, his brothers. The divine brothers banded together

126. Mesopotamian Myth mesopotamian legends, such as Gilgamesh, differ in a key way from Biblical legends. mesopotamian myths emphasize a free exchange between the realms of the http://deoxy.org/alephnull/meso.htm

deoxy.org alanwatts aleph axis circuits chat crimethinc cybercraft DNA forum forum new hyperspace iching incunabula IRC status leary lilly login mckenna mcluhan news media meme oracle PDFA random RAWilson RSS sabbats shaman thoughtcrime updates warnings who's online To German To Spanish To French To Italian To Portuguese To Japanese To Korean To Chinese Random A Citizen Agenda to Tame Corporate Power Related Linked ... Snow Crash Once upon a time The Web site of aleph by Michael Chorost existed, but has since ceased. These texts represent a small measure of its content. Image from the short story ARI-L by Caza. deoxy philosophos Mesopotamian myth Mespotamian myth seems to be a common touchstone, as if the first culture to develop a written language was also the first (and only) one to experience some kind of tragic Fall from prelinguistic grace. It is invoked by at least three stories which contain lethal texts ( Snow Crash Macroscope , and The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind .) Mesopotamia has a kind of wondrous resonance, as if its people knew something magical about language by virtue of their pivotal position between orality and literacy, and were able to create lethal texts which really worked. (It is not uncommon for the very first people to do something to do it

127. McCall, Mesopotamian Myths, University Of Texas Press This book is an excellent introduction to mesopotamian myths, Henrietta McCall specializes in research into mesopotamian literature, working on the http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/books/mccmep.html

Skip navigation Advanced Search Search 6 3/4 x 9 1/2 in. ISBN 0-292-75130-3 $14.95, paperback Web Special: $10.02 For sale in the United States, its dependencies, Canada, and Latin America only Mesopotamian Myths Table of Contents and Excerpt By Henrietta McCall "This book is an excellent introduction to Mesopotamian myths, is well-illustrated, and is totally up-to-date." Henrietta McCall specializes in research into Mesopotamian literature, working on the texts in the original cuneiform. Legendary Past Series Of Related Interest Black and Green, Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia Search Books Orders Catalogs ... UT Austin Web Accessibility Guidelines

128. Accounting Historians Journal, The: ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN ACCOUNTING AND HUMAN CO Full text of the article, ANCIENT mesopotamian ACCOUNTING AND HUMAN COGNITIVE EVOLUTION from Accounting Historians Journal, The, a publication in the http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3657/is_200412/ai_n9466073

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Advanced Search Home Help IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports 10,000,000 articles - not found on any other search engine. FindArticles Accounting Historians Journal, The Dec 2004 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for Academy of Marketing Science Review Accounting Historians Journal, The Accounting History AgExporter ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN ACCOUNTING AND HUMAN COGNITIVE EVOLUTION Accounting Historians Journal, The Dec 2004 by Mouck, Tom Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. INTRODUCTION Continue article Advertisement Thanks to the work of the archeologist Denise Schmandt-Besserat [1978; 1986a; 1986b; 1992], an ancient accounting system developed by the Sumerians of Mesopotamia some 10,000 years ago has been attracting a remarkable amount of attention. The reason for the attention is her claim (backed by extensive evidence) that both the first known writing system and the first known use of abstract numbers were direct outgrowths of that ancient token accounting system.1 This role of ancient accounting has thus been highlighted in many of the recent works examining the history of human cultures and the evolution of the modern human mind, including the Pulitzer Prize winning Guns, Germs and Steel by Jared Diamond [1999].

129. Canada Helps Restore Mesopotamian Marshlands In Southern Iraq The marshes in Iraq, particularly the mesopotamian marshes located in southern Iraq, where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers meet, have long been recognized http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/cida_ind.nsf/0/7d36bef54a1dc64a85256e94005315d0?OpenD

130. Shea, W. H. --- A Comparison Of Narrative Elements In Ancient Mesopotamian Creat Since no moral fall is present in mesopotamian texts, this biblical negative Both mesopotamian stories lack parallels to the moral elements in Gen 3, 4, http://www.grisda.org/origins/11009.htm

A COMPARISON OF NARRATIVE ELEMENTS IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN CREATION-FLOOD STORIES WITH GENESIS 1-9 William H. Shea Professor of Old Testament Studies Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan Origins IN A FEW WORDS What special understanding do ancient Creation-Flood texts contribute to the literary critical problem of Genesis 1-9? INTRODUCTION Most comparisons between Genesis and ancient Creation or Flood stories can be classified as comparative religious studies. They generally involve one text isolated from its original historical context (e.g., the Babylonian creation myth Enuma Elish or the Flood tablet of the Gilgamesh Epic) (1) and one related biblical narrative (2). On the basis of currently available evidence, their earliest-known written form can be dated only to the first half of the first millenium B.C. (3). By using only isolated, solitary Creation or Flood stories, such comparisons have neglected the corpus of literature termed "Creation-Flood texts'' which include all three elements in a chronological sequence: a view of the mode of creation employed by the gods, reference to some aspects of life in the antediluvian world, and a recital of events which occurred during the great Flood. Our study, will emphasize the special contribution of these Creation-Flood texts to the literary critical problem of Gen 1-9. Two such texts or cycles of texts have survived from antiquity. One was originally written in the Sumerian language and the other in Akkadian (the Semitic language of Babylonia). We shall first elucidate the details of these texts to provide a basis for later comparisons with Gen 1-9.

131. Hyperstition: Mesopotamian Mithraism I: صلو (Salu) This type of ritual suggests Alah / Elah as a mesopotamianPersian Sun God which Later investigations on other mesopotamian deities especially the http://hyperstition.abstractdynamics.org/archives/005388.html

Main April 22, 2005 Plazzo-Colonna, Rome This is an introduction, an entry point for the forthcoming episodic articles on Mesopotamian Mithraism which is called the mother of all religions from Asia to Africa and Europe. Salat originally means ‘to crave for’, ‘to communicate’ and also ‘Between, at the middle of everything but mostly used for the body and the day i.e. 12:00 PM’. Before Islam, desert nomads of Arabia were sorcerous worshipers of Alah along idols which were kept in Mecca, Ka’aba containing 360 idols led by Hubal, other famous idols were Laat, Uzza and Manaat (Mana); however, Ka’aba actually belonged to an unknown deity named Alah / Elah for whom there was no idol or as some Arabic archeologists suggest the idols were the names of Alah / Elah (uncertainty about the accepted belief that Alah or Elah is a name). Salat was a rite of communication with Alah / Elah, taking place at the middle of the day or according to pre-Islamic Arabs the time when the Sun is positioned right above the head, in a uniform direction to the body (there is no evidence which meaning came first ‘at the middle’ or ‘to communicate’), giving Man a burning perpendicular orientation to the leveled surface, to the horizontality of the desert (deserts of Arabia, esp. Nafud and Rub al-Khalie are almost flat with minimum sand dunes) or as it has been suggested “like a spear piercing the desert”. At that time, Salat was performed in standing position, with face kept horizontally so the eyes gazing at a far distance (neither above nor below) and it could last for minutes. The ritual could be fatal; the desert Sun could burn tissues rapidly, inducing acute physiologic malfunctions such as nausea, headache, nosebleed, blindness, delirium or abrupt seizures; for catatonics it could be lethal.

132. World Cultures Reader: Mesopotamia A table of contents of primary texts from ancient Mesopotamia ranging from the Code of Hammurabi to Persian Mithraistic texts. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESREAD.HTM

The Code of Hammurabi Gilgamesh Summary ©1996, Richard Hooker For information contact: Richard Hines Updated 6-6-1999

133. Mesopotamia 9000 - 500 B.C Provides a timeline of the region. http://www.usfca.edu/westciv/Mesochro.html

Mesopotamia 9000 - 500 B.C B.C. HISTORY CULTURE Early Farming Communities 9000-5000 Beginning cultivation of wild wheat and barley and domestication of dogs and sheep; inaugurating of change from food gathering to food producing culture - Karim Shahir in Zagros foothills. At Jarmo, oldest known permanent settlement: crude mud houses, wheat grown from seed, herds of goats, sheep, and pigs. Migration of northern farmers settle in region from Babylon to Persian Gulf. Hassuna culture introduces irrigation, fine pottery, permanent dwellings; dominates culture for 1000 years, develops tradefrom Persian Gulf to Mediterranean. Pre-Sumerians 5000-3500 Ubaidians develop first divisions of labor, mud brick villages, first religious shrines. Small temple at Eridu - earliest example of an offering table and niche for cult object. Semitic nomads from Syria and Arabian peninsula invade southern Mesopotamia, intermingle with Ubaidian population Temple at Tepe Gawra built - setting style for later examples.

134. LIBRARIES HISTORY (Ìesopotamian). The Sumerians The earliest libraries of archives The classification of the tablets The period of Hamurabi http://www.libraries.gr/nonmembers/en/history_mesopotamia_soumer.htm

HISTORY (Ìesopotamian) The Sumerians The earliest libraries of archives The classification of the tablets The period of Hamurabi ... The library of Assurbanipal The Sumerians The first people to set aside special areas for storing and classifying written materials in order to assist the better functioning of various social groups were the Sumerians, as early as the beginning of the third millennium BC, if not even earlier. The Sumerians, a people whose existence is a purely archaeological phenomenon, since no Egyptian, Hebrew or Greek source refers to them, lived in organised city-states around the river Euphrates. Using the cuneiform script, impressed on tablets mainly of clay, they recorded not only texts reflecting their everyday activities, but also a notable `literature' which had an immense influence on their education and cultural behaviour in general. Dudu the scribe 'Gudea the architect'

135. The Cultural Origin Of The Books Of Moses In Genesis And The Paradise Myths The origin of the book of Genesis, paradise and hell myths. Eden and the persian walled garden. http://members.aol.com/jimb3d/myth/genesis.html

136. Index Of /~aram . DIR Parent Directory 03Oct-1996 1636 - TXT Abbasides.html 22-Nov-2002 1831 4k TXT......Index of /~aram. Name Last modified Size http://users.ox.ac.uk/~aram/

Index of /~aram Name Last modified Size Description ... Parent Directory 03-Oct-1996 16:36 - Abbasides.html 22-Nov-2002 18:31 4k Antioch.html 26-Nov-2002 16:30 3k 26-Nov-2002 16:30 3k Arabian Peninsula.html 26-Nov-2002 16:30 3k Aramaeans.html 22-Nov-2002 18:48 2k Beirut.html 26-Nov-2002 16:30 5k Conferences.HTML 29-Oct-2002 10:48 4k Decapolis.html 22-Nov-2002 18:31 4k Frontpage.html 26-Nov-2002 16:40 2k Index.html 26-Nov-2002 18:07 3k Mamluks.html 26-Nov-2002 16:30 4k Mandaeans1999.html 26-Nov-2002 16:31 3k My Pictures/ 26-Nov-2002 17:42 - Nabataeans.html 16-Dec-2002 15:21 10k Ottomans.html 26-Nov-2002 16:29 4k Palmyra.html 22-Nov-2002 18:31 4k Trade Route.html 22-Nov-2002 18:48 3k Umayyads.html 26-Nov-2002 18:10 4k aram 26-Jul-1996 19:30 65k aram.gif 30-Apr-1997 20:37 3k aram1.gif

137. CSMS Home Page The purpose of the Society is to stimulate interest among the general public in the culture, history, and archaeology of Mesopotamia, in particular the http://www.utoronto.ca/nmc/rim/csmshome.html

The purpose of the Society is to stimulate interest among the general public in the culture, history, and archaeology of Mesopotamia, in particular the civilizations of Sumer, Babylonia and Assyria, as well as neighboring ancient civilizations. The Society was founded in 1980 and is a chartered non-profit organization with no political or ideological affiliations or functions. Membership Information About the Society Upcoming Events Symposium 2003 ... Mesopotamia Links The Society's activities include: Public lectures and annual Symposium Films, Music, and Travel Exhibitions and Research Publication of The Bulletin Co-sponsor of the Canadian Expedition to Syria

138. Writing This section uses frames. http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.html

This section uses frames

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