101. Calendar The mesopotamian calendar was primarily lunar, and the months began with the first The mesopotamian calendar as a whole was, for quite some time, http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/outside/calendar.html

C alendar T he Mesopotamian calendar was primarily lunar, and the months began with the first sighting of the young, waxing crescent moon just after sunset on the western horizon. Consequently, each month was either 29 or 30 days long, and the year approximately 354 days. R itual celebrations, however, were aligned with the seasons, and thus solar in nature. Therefore, intercalary months were added when necessary to keep the lunar calendar in agreement with the seasonal schedule. T he practice of intercalation seems not to have been standardized until quite late. Possibly some time between 383 and 367 BC. Before then, a 13th month was added around every 3 years. But, again, this was not done with any particular regularity, or by any calculated method. Rather, the moon's phases were simply observed nightly. When the young crescent was sighted, it was reported to the palace, and the new month was officially announced. The decision as to whether or not an intercalary month was needed had only observational guidelines, examples of which exist in texts such as MUL.APIN

102. Marriage And Divorce Documents: Mesopotamian mesopotamian. (Translator JJ Finkelstein). Marriage Contracta. Old Assyrian, 19th century BC Text B. Hrozný, Inscriptions Cunéiformes du Kultépé (Praha, http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~humm/Topics/Contracts/marri02.html

Marriage and Divorce Documents from the Ancient Near East Mesopotamian (Translator: J.J. Finkelstein) Marriage Contract [a] Old Assyrian, 19th century B.C. Text: B. Hrozný, Inscriptions Cunéiformes du Kultépé (Praha, 1952). Transliteration and translation, Hrozný, in Symbolae Koschaker Studia et Documenta II, 1939), 108 ff . For bibliography of discussions cf. H. Hirsch, Orientalia , xxxv (1966), 259 f Laqipum has married Hatala, daughter of Enishru. In the country (i.e., Central Anatolia) Laqipum (5) may not marry another (woman)—(but) in the City (i.e., Ashur) he may marry a hierodule. If within two years she (i.e., Hatala) does not provide him with offspring, (10) she herself will purchase a slavewoman, and later on, after she will have produced a child by him, (15) he may then dispose of her by sale wheresoever he pleases. Should Laqipum choose to divorce her (text: "him"), he must pay (her) five minas of silver- (20) and should Hatala choose to divorce him, she must pay (him) five minas of silver. Witnesses: Masa, Ashurishtikal, (25) Talia, Shupianika. Akk.

103. Mesopotamian . Name Description. Name Description. Name Description. Name Description. Name Description. Name Description......mesopotamian. Name http://www.katyberry.com/Goddesses/Mesopotamian.html

Mesopotamian Name Description Name Description Name Description Name Description Name Description Name Description Name Description Name Description Name Description Poem Author, Title Name Description Name Description Name Description Name Description Name Description Name Description Name Description Name Description Name Description Home

104. Mesopotamia - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (Redirected from mesopotamian). For a modern history of the region, see History of Iraq and History of Syria. For other uses see Mesopotamia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian

Wikimedia needs your help in the final days of its fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$225,000 has been donated so far! Other charities also need your help. Mesopotamia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Mesopotamian For other uses see Mesopotamia (disambiguation) Ancient Mesopotamia Euphrates Tigris Assyriology Sumerian pronunciation Cities / empires Sumer Uruk Ur Eridu ... Kings of Babylon Language Cuneiform script Sumerian Akkadian Elamite ... Edit Mesopotamia Greek : Μεσοποταμία, translated from Old Persian Miyanrudan "the Land between the Rivers"; Aramaic name being Beth-Nahrain "House of Two Rivers") is a region of Southwest Asia . Strictly speaking, it is the alluvial plain lying between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, composing parts of Iraq and Syria . More commonly, the term includes these river plains in totality as well as the surrounding lowland territories bounded by the Arabian Desert to the west and south, the Persian Gulf to the southeast, the Zagros Mountains to the east and the Caucasus mountains to the north. Mesopotamia is famous for being the site of some of the oldest civilizations in the world. Sumerian list of gods in cuneiform script , ca.

105. Mesopotamian Mythology - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia kalde un mesopotamian mythology is the collective name given to Sumerian, Assyrian and Babylonian mythologies. The Sumerians practised a polytheistic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology

Wikimedia needs your help in the final days of its fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$225,000 has been donated so far! Other charities also need your help. Mesopotamian mythology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is in need of attention editing it into a better article Please also consider changing this notice to be more specific Ancient Mesopotamia Euphrates Tigris ... Sumerian pronunciation Cities / empires Sumer Uruk Ur Eridu ... Kings of Babylon Language Cuneiform script Sumerian Akkadian Elamite ... Hurrian Mythology En»ma Elish Gilgamesh Marduk Nibiru ... Edit [kal-dē'un] Mesopotamian mythology is the collective name given to Sumerian Assyrian and Babylonian mythologies The Sumerians practised a polytheistic religion , with anthropomorphic gods or goddesses representing forces or presences in the world, much as in the later Greek mythology . The gods originally created humans as servants for themselves, but freed them when they became too much to handle. Many stories in Sumerian religion appear homologous to stories in other middle-eastern religions. For example, the Biblical account of the creation of man as well as

106. Geotimes - February 2004 - Mesopotamian Climate Change The most fundamental question in mesopotamian archaeology, Weiss concludes, is, why is there a mesopotamian archaeology? Having already tied the Early http://www.geotimes.org/feb04/NN_Mesopotamian.html

News Notes Geoarcheology Mesopotamian climate change Archaeologists have found evidence for a mass migration from the more temperate northern Mesopotamia to the arid southern region around 6400 B.C. For the previous 1,000 years, people had been cultivating the arable land in northern Mesopotamia, using natural rainwater to supply their crops. So archaeologists have long wondered why the ancient people moved from an area where they could easily farm to begin a much harder life in the south. -Peter deMenocal, Columbia University One reason could be climate, said Harvey Weiss, an archaeologist at Yale University, at the meeting in December. The climate record in ancient Mesopotamia and around the world shows an abrupt climate change event in 6400 B.C., about 8,200 radiocarbon years before present. A period of immense cooling and drought persisted for the next 200 to 300 years. When the severe drought and cooling hit the region, there was no longer enough rainwater to sustain the agriculture in the north, Weiss says. And irrigation was not possible due to the topography, so these populations were left with two subsistence alternatives: pastoral nomadism or migration. Archaeologists first start seeing evidence of settlements in southern Mesopotamia shortly after 6400 B.C. In the south, an area too arid to have sustained rain-fed agriculture, irrigation from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers would have been possible where the rivers flow at plain level, Weiss says. Irrigation farming took three to four times the labor effort of rain-fed farming, but irrigation agriculture would have made surplus production easier because the yield was double that of rain-fed agriculture. Surplus production meant that people could begin specializing in full-time crafts rather than relying exclusively on farming, Weiss says, thus giving rise to the first class-based society and the first cities.

107. Mesopotamian Marshes mesopotamian Marshes mesopotamian Marshes. The Al Hawizah Marshes comprise the largest remaining tract of wetlands in the mesopotamian Marshlands of Iran http://earth.jsc.nasa.gov/EarthObservatory/Mesopotamian_Marshes.htm

Mesopotamian Marshes The Al Hawizah Marshes comprise the largest remaining tract of wetlands in the Mesopotamian Marshlands of Iran and Iraq. In the last 10 years, damming and diversion of waters from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, and draining of wetlands has led to a loss of 85% of wetlands that once covered about 20,000 square km (7,725 square miles). This ecological disaster has been studied using Landsat data and summarized in a report by the United Nation Environment Programme’s Division of Early Warning and Assessment, entitled The Mesopotamian Marshlands: Demise of an Ecosystem. Print Resolution (13.3 MB)]. This image of the marshes was taken from the International Space Station in March 2001 using a 70 mm camera from 200 nautical miles (370 km) in altitude. Image was provided by the by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory, Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth.

108. Silflay Hraka: Birds Of Iraq: The Mesopotamian Crow While a call for the mesopotamian Crow has been described; it utters a peculiar Birds of the Middle East does not distinguish the mesopotamian crow. http://silflayhraka.com/archives/006126.html

Silflay Hraka Front page Archive Silflay Hraka? Bigwig is a systems administrator at a public university Hrairoo is the proprietor of a quality used bookstore Kehaar is. Woundwort is a professor of counseling at a private university The Hraka RSS feed Email bigwig AT nc.rr.com Friends of Hraka InstaPundit Daily Pundit cut on the bias Meryl Yourish ... Main February 07, 2005 Birds of Iraq: The Mesopotamian Crow Had this email from a solider in Iraq waiting in the inbox when we returned from skiing this weekend. You seem to be a bit of a bird watcher. I’m over here in Baghdad for a year, at the Al Faw Palace . There is lots of water around and lots of birds. However – I have not found a website with good photos of birds for this area, so it’s tough to identify them. We do have the Eurasian Collared Dove , in great quantities. Also rooks – same ones they have in Germany, I’ve seen them before. Any ideas? Thx Bob I'm not actually that much of a bird watcher, at least not as much as I once was. Rarely do I leave the house with the specific intention of birding on my mind. On the other hand, I do attempt to ID most every species I see, which leads to exciting times for the wife when I spot a hawk hanging out near the interstate. My uncle and cousin are the serious birders in the family. Their claim to fame is the first sighting of a Stygian Owl in the U.S., which for birders is the fame equivalent of having the most assists from third base in a season. Serious geeks venerate you, but the great unwashed notice you not.

109. CSMS Mesopotamian Links A listing of a few of the many informative and interesting mesopotamian websites. The Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations at the University http://www.utoronto.ca/nmc/rim/csmslinks.html

A listing of a few of the many informative and interesting Mesopotamian websites. The Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations at the University of Toronto: http://www.utoronto.ca/nmc The Royal Ontario Museum http://www.rom.on.ca ABZU: A project and publication of the research archives of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago: http://www.oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/RA/ABZU/ABZU.HTML The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Project http://www.utoronto.ca/nmc/rim The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project http://www.helsinki.fi/science/saa/cna.html The Sumerian Text Archive http://www.leidenuniv.nl/ub/sta/sta.htm Membership Information About the Society Upcoming Events ... Mesopotamia Links Return to HOME PAGE

110. Web Site Links Related To Mesopotamia Or Language Links to Sumerian, mesopotamian, or languagerelated sites. ABZU - mesopotamian Study Resources Akkadian Language (Babylonian and Assyrian cuneiform http://www.sumerian.org/sumlinks.htm

Site Links Related to Mesopotamia or Language Ancient Mesopotamia Sites ABZU - Mesopotamian Study Resources Akkadian Language (Babylonian and Assyrian cuneiform texts) Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (site at UCLA) Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (mirror site in Berlin) ... Contents of the late Dietz Otto Edzard's Assyriological Library - Now Donated to the Università di Bologna Resources for Ancient Near Eastern Studies - bibliographies of publications by Assyriologists Resources for Ancient Near Eastern Studies - bibliographies in certain subjects, such as Dance and Music Internet Researcher: Library Tools for Ancient Near Eastern Research, from Catholic University of America ... Gudea Cylinder transcription plates - see the ETCSL for transliterations CDLI presentation of Sumerian Sign-Lists - from Archaic to Ur III Old Sumerian Signs copied from Labat (Labyrinths - Part4) Akkadian Cuneiform Signs - with Index to Borger and Labat ... Neo-Assyrian Glossary - a reliable Akkadian-English lexicon (the CDA is much more complete, but not on-line) - download the necessary font near the end of this page Phillips 13 - tablet with a detailed item inventory from the royal household of King Shulgi of the Ur III dynasty, together with FAQ, glossary, and Ur III map

111. Mesopotamian Mythology : Gods, Goddesses, Spirits, Deities mesopotamian Mythology. Meet the Gods of Ancient Babylon and the Epic of Gilgamesh! Our comprehensive Encyclopedia Of All Known Gods lists hundreds of http://www.godchecker.com/pantheon/mesopotamian-mythology.php

HOME NEWS TOP GODS THE PANTHEONS ... HELP!!! BACK TO PANTHEONS INTRODUCTION TO MESOPOTAMIAN MYTHOLOGY JUMP TO A GOD Enter first few letters of name Advanced search COMPLETE A-Z LIST OF MESOPOTAMIAN GODS VIEW GODS BY NAME CONTACT US HELP THE GODS! Make a donation View the Top Gods ... LINK TO US The Gods Of Mesopotamian Mythology Mesopotamian Gods The current Top Ten: ISHTAR MARDUK TIAMAT ENKI GILGAMESH INANNA ANU APSU ME ERESHKIGAL More Info Introduction Mesopotamia, the cradle of civilisation, was a hot spot of human activity five thousand years ago. Nurtured by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the lands of Sumer and Akkad bloomed with fertile thought. It was Sumertime and the living was easy - with plenty of spare time to doodle with amazing inventions such as commerce, writing and politics. Of course, this new-fangled writing did have its downside. For the first time in human history, intelligent people could earn a living by making little squiggles on pieces of paper instead of chasing animals across the landscape. Which soon led to the rise of Accountants, Lawyers... and Bureaucracy. (The world's first rule book was written by King Hammurabi, who explained in detail exactly what part of you would be cut off if you misbehaved.) But writing also gave us literature; the world's first novel was written in Mesopotamia. It's called

112. Welcome To Light Bridge Music Where did the specific ratios in the mesopotamian tunings come from? Before we get back to the mesopotamian tunings, we will pose a question regarding http://www.lightbridgemusic.com/mohmt.htm

The Forgotten Crime Memories of Home CD The Sumerians So What? ... The ancient tunings Mesopotamian temperament Mesopotamian Temperament Where did the specific ratios in the Mesopotamian tunings come from? Why these numbers and no others? After playing with these numbers for a while, I realized that all the ratios in all seven of the tunings are based on just one initial ratio: three over two, or 1.5. This is called a fifth interval, and is the entire basis for the seven Mesopotamian tunings. How could this be? Can the simple fifth account for the ratios 729/512 and 1024/729? It turns out that it can, and that's what we'll discuss here. ( How the Sumerians, a supposedly primitive people, came up with this scheme is discussed elsewhere.) We will start arbitrarily with a frequency of 400 Hertz. If this is done in a spreadsheet, any starting frequency can be used. We use a nice round number to illustrate how quickly this roundness disappears. And we will also arbitrarily call this note C, since on a modern piano, the major scale in C can be played on the white keys, thus starting as simply as possible. But again, this is an arbitrary selection; any note name could be used. The idea is to multiply each frequency by 3/2 or 1.500, thus determining another note of a scale. Since there are seven white notes in an octave (before then next C is reached), we will repeat this multiplication seven times.

113. Conflict And The Environment In West Asia The mesopotamian Marshlands Demise of an Ecosystem (UNEP Report, 2001, updated 2003). Despite intermittent warnings against the imminent decline of the http://www.unep.org/Documents.multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=307&ArticleID=

114. RealMagick Topic: Mesopotamian Topic node location Religion Philosophy Deities Heros mesopotamian. http://realmagick.com/topics/03/203.html

Services Home Newsletters Discussions Treasure Chest ... Awards RealMagick Keyword Search Advanced Current Topic Home Mesopotamian Comments or Suggestions? Email Gwydion Mesopotamian Psychic Abilities - Clairvoyance - Clairaudience - Psychokinesis - Precognition - Psychic Development - Divination - Creative Visualization - Psychic Protection Parapsychology - Hypnosis - Past Lives - Astral Projection - Dreams - Spirits - Journal of Parapsychology - Subliminal Persuasion Earth Mysteries - Ley Lines - Mystic Places - Herbalism - Essential Oils Mystic Sciences - Astrology - Symbology - Magick - Alchemy - Necromantic Studies - Mind Saga of Times Past - Archaeology - Biography - Legend and Prehistory - Religions - Superstition - Philosophy Body Mysteries - Auras - Reiki - Folk Remedies - Yoga - Acupuncture - Homeopathy - Pranic Healing - Psychoactive Substances - Chakras - Sexuality - Relationships - Food Modern Science - New Physics - Astronomy - Synesthesia - Fables - Poetry - Short Stories Real Interviews - Paranormal - Authors Newest Articles Long Articles Brief Articles Newest Articles Dec 3, 2000

115. UN Chronicle | The Demise Of Mesopotamian Marshlands The UN Chronicle (USPS 647380) is published quarterly by the United Nations Department of Public Information in New York in English and French. http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2002/issue2/0202p44_mesopotamian_marshlands.htm

The Demise of Mesopotamian Marshlands UN Photo Around 85 per cent of the Mesopotamian marshlands - the largest wetland in the Middle East and one of the most outstanding freshwater ecosystems in the world - have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming, according to a report released by the United Nations Environment Programme. The cause of the decline is mainly as a result of damming upstream, as well as drainage schemes since the 1970s. The Tigris and the Euphrates are among the most intensively dammed rivers in the world. In the past forty years, the two rivers have been fragmented by the construction of more than 30 large dams, whose storage capacity is several times greater than the volume of both rivers. By turning off the tap, dams have substantially reduced the water available for downstream ecosystems and eliminated the floodwaters that nourished the marshlands. The immediate cause of marshland loss, however, has been the massive drainage works implemented in southern Iraq in the early 1990s, following the second Gulf War. Recent satellite images provide hard evidence that the once extensive marshlands have dried up and regressed into desert, with vast stretches salt encrusted. Furthermore, satellite imagery shows only a limited area of the marshlands having been reclaimed for agricultural purposes.

116. Mesopotamian Delta And Marshes - A Global 200 Ecoregion The mesopotamian Delta and Marshes ecoregion is this complex of shallow Of the 278 species of birds that have been recorded in the mesopotamian Delta http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/ecoregions/mesopotamian_delta_marsh

About WWF How You Can Help FAQ Search breadCrumbs("www.panda.org",">","index.cfm","None","None","None","0"); Navigation hidden Ecoregions List of Ecoregions Featured on this site: Alps Annamite Mountains Arctic Baltic Caucasus Danube-Carpathian East Africa Marine Galapagos Mediterranean Mekong Dry Forests Mekong River Pantanal Wetlands Valdivian Forests West Africa Marine About the Global 200 Role of the G200 Selection Criteria What is an ecoregion? Major habitat types Freshwater ecoregions Marine ecoregions Terrestrial ecoregions News Publications Among the most important wintering areas for migratory birds Mesopotamian Delta and Marshes About the Area Local Species Threats Smooth-coated otter. Snapshot: Ecoregion 158 Size: 100,000 sq. km (50,000 sq. miles) Habitat type: Large River Deltas Geographic Location: Middle East: Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait Conservation Status: Critical/Endangered About the Area At the northern end of the Persian Gulf is the vast deltaic plain of the Euphrates, Tigris and Karun rivers. The Mesopotamian Delta and Marshes ecoregion is this complex of shallow freshwater lakes, swamps, marshes, and seasonally inundated plains between the Tigris and Euphrates that make up the largest river delta in the Middle East. Local Species Of the 278 species of birds that have been recorded in the Mesopotamian Delta and Marshes, nearly half are wetland birds. These marshes support almost the entire world population of two bird species, Basra reed warbler (

117. The Mesopotamian Heritage Of Islamic Architecture The mesopotamian Heritage of Islamic Architecture. This film follows a path from the fivethousand-year-old Sumerian architecture, the temple tower of Ur http://www.roland-collection.com/rolandcollection/section/2/25.htm

Text Search Automatic translation by Systran The Mesopotamian Heritage of Islamic Architecture Availability Available worldwide Additional information Order number: 25 Select one option then click Add to Order button below. VHS VIDEO Institutions 1 Colleges, Universities, Museums, Galleries, Corporations Institutions 2 Schools, Public Libraries, Not for profit community groups. Private Home Use: OTHER FORMATS *includes public performance and lending rights IMPORTANT! BEFORE ORDERING NOTE AVAILABILTY: Available worldwide Royal Mosque, Isfahan, detail Download (MPEG1 - 9.93 M) Clips available for various connection speeds: Low modem speed (146 K) Medium modem speed (227 K) Higher speed connections (706 K) View entire film (High speed only. 19.07 M) How to view instant streaming video. How to view MPEG Clips Credits Director Antti Kaskia Also available in Finnish 29 minutes Color Recommended audience age range 14-adult sales@roland-collection.co.uk The Roland Collection

118. Glossary - Www.GatewaysToBabylon.com Dilmun/Tilmun was a mesopotamian name for presentday Bahrain, a land placed at the western coast of the Gulf. It is described as a holy, viring and pure http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/religion/gloss1.htm

GLOSSARY of Mesopotamian Terms "In air, signs, in fire, visions, in water, forms, on earth, words" (The Phoenician Letters, Wilfred Smith and G. Zur, 1979) to reveal the designs of heaven, earth and down below. by Lishtar A B C D ... Z Abzu/apsu :fresh water ocean which lay beneath the Earth, where springs, wells, streams, rivers and lakes drew their water from. Abzu was also the home of Enki/Ea, the god of swee waters, magic and wisdom. An/Anu : Sumerian word for heaven and the name of the Sky god, son of Nammu, the Mother and Primeval Sea. Anu is married to Ki, the Earth Mother and cosmic mountain. His symbol is the: horned crown on a shrine. Temple is called Eanna. Anunna/Anunnaki : term which possibly means 'An's (and Ki's) offspring, the princely ones, used in especially Sumerian texts as a general word for the gods, in particular the early gods, who were born first and were not differentiated with individual names. The Skygod An is described as the king of the Anunnaki. There are also corresponding Anunnaki gods in the Underworld, because the order of the skies also reflected the later on the order of the Worlds Below. The Anunnaki also formed an assembly, who met at the temple of Enlil in Nippur. This assembly was the highest court in Ancient Mesopotamia to judge human and gods' affairs, for not even the gods were above the law in the Land between the Rivers. Aruru : Ninhursag.

119. Mesopotamian Art The Sumerians. The Sumerians were the first civilization to occupy the TigrisEuphrates river valley called the Mesopotamia (literally meaning the land http://www.eyeconart.net/history/ancient/mesopotamian.htm

Art of Mesopotamia Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu Sumerian Votive Figures The Sumerians The Sumerians were the first civilization to occupy the Tigris-Euphrates river valley called the Mesopotamia (literally meaning "the land between two rivers"). Each of their separate city-states had its own ziggurat, which contained governmental offices as well as a temple. The temple was located on the highest platform (now eroded in the above example). Since the Mesopotamia had no geographical barriers, it was open to attack from other developing civilizations. Thus, its history is one of continual invasions. With each successive ruler, new artistic influences were absorbed. The Akkadians The Akkadians were the first group of invaders to overthrow the Sumerians. These two portraits were probably of Akkadian rulers. They are cast in copper, demonstrating their advanced technology. Note the naturalism of their features, combined with the geometric stylization of their beards. Stele of Hammurabi The Babylonians Hammurabi reigned Mesopotamia between 1792 and 1750 B.C.E. His code of laws was probably the first written rule of conduct governing property rights, financial transactions, and domestic matters.

120. Mesopotamian Architecture [en] Gudea s Temple Building The Representation of an Early mesopotamian Ruler in Text mesopotamian Religious Architecture Alexander Through the Parthians http://www.archinform.net/stich/1872.htm

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