81. Mesopotamia mesopotamian sources in all periods seem to be free of strong racial ideologies The mesopotamian view on the supernatural is an inextricable mixture of http://home.swipnet.se/~w-63448/mesopotam.htm

The Mesopotamian History [Introduction] [Mesopotamian Prehistory] [Mesopotamian Protohistory] [Mesopotamian Bronze Age] Find your way around on this page [Introduction] [Geography] [Climate and Environment] [Agriculture] ... [Inventions] Introduction Millennia ago the fertile low lands in the river basins of Euphrates and Tigris was the home land of a rich and complex society. These civilizations were saved from oblivion by the unexpected discovery in the previous century of complete libraries in the archeological remains. Thousands of clay tablets, written in a cuneiform writing system, are buried deep under the ruins of ancient cities, when they were sacked and set into fire. The clay tablets, usually only sun-dried and stored on (inflammable) wooden shelves, are often inadvertently baked while a city was destroyed and treasures were removed. Clay was not valuable to treasure hunters and robbers in later times and clay tablets (at least until the 19th century CE) were left untouched and thus saved for eternity. The branch of science dealing with the study of ancient civilizations in the Near East is called Assyriology, named after an Assyrian empire uncovered by the first archeological excavations. This empire is now known as the New Assyrian empire in the first millennium BCE.

82. Mesopotamian Art mesopotamian statuette An alabaster statuette from the far northern mesopotamian mesopotamian art was largely used to glorify powerful dynasties, http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0039818.html

// Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> From: www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/ ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Men's Health ... Wildlife Frames not supported Frames not supported Encyclopaedia Search Click a letter for the index A B C D ... Z Or search the encyclopaedia: Mesopotamian art A Babylonian relief sculpture of a bull made of brightly glazed tiles on the restored Ishtar Gate. The original sculpture dates from around 575 BC and stood on the gate of the Temple of Bel, the biblical Tower of Babel in Babylon. A Babylonian relief sculpture of a lion made of brightly coloured tiles on the restored Ishtar Gate. The sculpture dates from around 575 BC and stood on the gate of the Temple of Bel, the biblical Tower of Babel in Babylon. An alabaster statuette from the far northern Mesopotamian kingdom of Kish, dating from early in the 3rd millennium BC , which was found at Tell Chuera, Syria. This was a culture so ancient that the invading Semitic tribes of successive centuries believed it to have appeared immediately following the great flood. Art of the ancient civilizations that grew up in the area around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, now in Iraq. Mesopotamian art was largely used to glorify powerful dynasties, and often reflected the belief that kingship and the divine were closely interlocked.

83. Ur - Akkad - Lagash - Isin - Larsa Timeline - Ancient Mesopotamian Dynasty Timel Ur Akkad - Lagash - Isin - Larsa Dynasty Timeline - Ancient mesopotamian Kings of Ur. http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_time_urkings.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Ancient / Classical History When and Where ... Dynasties and Kings Lists Ur - Akkad - Lagash - Isin - Larsa Timeline - Ancient Mesopotamian Dynasty Timeline - Kings of Ur - Akkad - Lagash - Isin - Larsa Homework Help Ancient History Essentials Ancient World Maps ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Ancient / Classical History newsletter! See Online Courses Search Ancient / Classical History Dynasty Timeline - Ur - Akkad - Lagash - Isin - Larsa Ancient Mesopotamian Kings of Ur - Akkad - Lagash - Isin - Larsa First Dynasty of Ur c. 2563-2387 B.C. Mesannepadda A'annepadda Meskiagnunna Elulu Balulu Dynasty of Lagash c. 2494-2342 B.C. Ur-Nanshe Akurgal Ennatum Enannatum I Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi Lugal-anda Uru-inim-gina Dynasty of Uruk c. 2340-2316 B.C. Lugal-zaggesi Dynasty of Akkad c. 2334-2154 B.C. Sargon Rimush Manishtushu Naram-Suen Shar-kali-sharri anarchy Dudu Shu-Turul Third Dynasty of Ur c. 2112-2004 B.C.

84. Mesopotamian Deities - Ancient/Classical History mesopotamian, Sumerian, Babylonian deities, mythology. http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa102197.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Ancient / Classical History Homework Help ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Ancient / Classical History newsletter! See Online Courses Search Ancient / Classical History Mesopotamian and Other Near Eastern Deities Gods and Goddesses of the Canaanites, Sumerians, Hittites, Assyrians, and Babylonians An article by N.S. Gill , Ancient/Classical History Guide And Lady Asherah of the Sea replies: "Thy word, El, is wise; Thou art wise unto eternity; Lucky life is Thy word. Our king is Aliyan Baal, Our judge, and none is above Him. Let both of Us drain His chalice; Both of Us drain His cup!" - From (http://members.aol.com/kheph777/mideast/mythos/cananbe.html) Canaanite Seasonal Cycle Mythos Here are reference tables of the gods of the Canaanites, Sumerians, Hittites, Babylonians and Assyrians. Basic information comes from a series of FAQ pages by Christopher Siren Canaanite BENEFICENT DEITIES Name Function/Identity El father of gods, mankind.

85. RedNova News - Science - Ancient Mesopotamian Accounting And Human Cognitive Evo Abstract Recent archaeological evidence supports the claim that the first system of writing and the first use of abstract numerical representation evolved http://www.rednova.com/news/display/?id=116691

86. Land Of Sumer And Akkad - Mesopotamian Archaeology http://allserv.ugent.be/~kverhoef/

87. Talaria Enterprises Museum Store Mesopotamian Assyrian Museum store with mesopotamian Assyrian Ashumasirpal II Winged Guardian Bull Lion bookends, Assyrian Ashurbanipal Horse, Gilgamesh, Seated Lion, http://www.talariaenterprises.com/product_lists/mesopotamian.html

Home View Cart About Us FAQ ... BECOME AN AFFILIATE SCULPTURE Mixed: Many! Animals 1 Cartoon Composers ... Lifesize DESK Bookends Desk Art Lamps Mouse Pads ... Themed Treasure Boxes HOUSE DECOR Greek Vases Porcelain-Goebel Scented Items Kelvin Chen Teapots ... Throws WALL DECOR Frescoes Wall Hangings Tapestries Stained Glass WEARABLE Handbags / Umbrellas Watches Jewelry MORE Games,Puzzles Garden Art Displaying Art Sale / Clearance EARLY Ancient Goddesses Egyptian Mesopotamian Minoan ... Prehistoric WESTERN COUNTRIES American Assorted Art Deco Art Nouveau ... Surrealism WORLD CULTURES African Asian/Oriental Byzantine Icons Precolumbian ... Van Gogh Receive Updates! Subscribe to our mailing list Mesopotamian Collection: Page 1 Page 2 Read our TEACH Newsletter on Mesopotamian Art Ashunasirpal II Gilgamesh Hero from Uruk Assyrian Gilgamesh Relief Sargon Bust of Akkad Babylonian King Hammurabi Winged Guardian Bookends Assyrian Human-Headed Winged Lion Assyrian Human-Headed Winged Bull Winged Lion and Bull as a Set The Winged Bull at right and the Winged Lion left, make a great set of decorative bookends, approx. 13 lbs total. (2) Winged Bulls as a Pair.

88. First World War.com - Battles - The Mesopotamian Front First World War.com Battles - The mesopotamian Front. http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/mf.htm

Battles - The Mesopotamian Front Updated - Saturday, 3 April, 2004 This section contains details of the major actions fought on the Mesopotamian Front - present-day Iraq - during the First World War. These include the many epic struggles fought along the banks of the River Tigris; from the seemingly unstoppable advance of the British throughout 1915 to the resurgence of their Turk opposition in 1916 culminating in the British humiliation at Kut-al-Amara in April 1916. British fortunes revived however with the appointment of Sir Frederick Stanley Maude as regional Commander-in-Chief, as success after success finally led to complete British victory in the region in October 1918. Click here to view a map of pre-war Palestine and Mesopotamia. Capture of Basra , Opened 5 November 1914 Battle of Qurna , Opened 3 December 1914 Battle of Shaiba , Opened 11 April 1915 Capture of Amara , Opened 31 May 1915 Battle of Nasiriyeh , Opened 27 June 1915 Capture of Kut-al-Amara , Opened 28 September 1915 Battle of Es Sinn , Opened 28 September 1915 Battle of Ctesiphon , Opened 2 November 1915 Siege of Kut-al-Amara , Opened 7 December 1915 Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad , Opened 6 January 1916 Battle of the Wadi , Opened 13 January 1916 Battle of Hanna , Opened 21 January 1916 Battle of Dujaila , Opened 8 March 1916

89. Mesopotamian Religion - Ancient Near East .net s, calls for papers and links to organisers are......Provides a comprehensive list of upcoming Conferences relating to the Ancient Near East. http://www.ancientneareast.net/religion_mesopotamian.html

@import "/stylesGlobal.css"; @import "/stylesOneColumn.css"; exploring and resourcing the Ancient Near East and Egypt home : mesopotamian religion : sitemap mesopotamian religion Gods / Goddesses / Deities An / Anu (Assur / Ashur) - Dagan Enki / Ea Enlil Gula / Ninisina ... god lists (Ishtar) - Marduk Martu / Amurru Nabu Nammu ... Ninurta - the Seven Gods (Shamash) - Demons, Powers and Spirits lion men / demons Pazuzu Cosmology Abzu underworld Cult and Ritual bucket and cone / cone-smearing kudurru magic names (theophoric) ... ziggurat Iconography arrow chaplet (beads) crescent (moon) horned cap ... winged disc Mythology Gilgamesh Select Bibliography - General Acknowledgements (image) a kudurru The Kassite kings of Babylon made generous gifts to their vassals. Record of these was kept on boundary posts, or kudurru larger image Acknowledgements : Peter Westh, Piotr Steinkeller Comments and suggestions, please email: Site optimised for viewing @ 1024 x 768 resolution This page last updated Saturday 20 November, 2004 11:11

90. Welcome ! . This Site Is Under Construction. Click here to enter. http://mesopotamian.com/

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91. Mesopotamian Documents KC Hanson s Collection of mesopotamian Documents. SUMERIAN. The Birth of Humanity Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature HomePage http://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/meso/meso.html

K. C. Hanson's Collection of Mesopotamian Documents SUMERIAN The Birth of Humanity Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature: HomePage ETCSL: Compositions with a Historical Background ETCSL: Royal Praise Poetry ... ETCSL: Scribal Training Literature AKKADIAN Gilgamesh Epic Stan Rummel (Texas Wesleyan Univ.) The Hammurabi Stele Ta'anach Letter 1 Guli-Adad to Talwashur of Ta'anach (15th cent. BCE) The Amarna Tablets (14th cent. BCE EA 17 : Letter from Tuisheratta of Mitanni to Amenophis III EA 35 : Letter from the King of Alashiya to Pharaoh EA 75 : Letter from Rib-Hadda of Gubla to Pharaoh EA 79 : Letter from Rib-Hadda of Gubla to Pharaoh EA 244 : Letter from Biridiya of Megiddo to Pharaoh EA 286 : Letter from Abdi- H eba of Jerusalem to Pharaoh EA 298 : Letter from Yapa h u of Gazru to Pharaoh EA 365 : Letter from Biridiya of Megiddo to Pharaoh EA 367 : Letter from Pharaoh to Endaruta of Akshapa Manumission and Bridewealth Document (14th cent. BCE Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III BCE Sennacherib Prism (c. 689 BCE Nabopolassar Cylinder (late 7th cent.

92. Lecture 2: Ancient Western Asia And The Civilization Of Mesopotamia The history and culture of mesopotamian civilization is inextricably connected mesopotamian Civilization Resources Because the land closest to the river http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture2b.html

Lecture 2 Ancient Western Asia and the Civilization of Mesopotamia What is good in a man's sight is evil for a god, What is evil to a man's mind is good for his god. Who can comprehend the counsel of the gods in heaven? The plan of a god is deep waters, who can fathom of it? Where has befuddled mankind ever learned what is a god's conduct? Before Civilization Between 9000 B.C. and the beginning of the Christian era, western civilization came into being in Egypt and in what historians call Ancient Western Asia (modern-day Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, southwestern Russia, Iraq and Iran). The earliest permanent settlements occurred between 9000-6000 B.C. and were accompanied by the domestication of plants and animals. Between 4000-3000 B.C., the first cities appeared in response to the pressures of population growth, the organizational requirements of irrigation and the demands of more complex trade patterns. According to our previous definitions, these societies of Egypt and Ancient Western Asia correspond to what we would call civilization (see Lecture 1 Around 10,000 B.C., many hunter-gatherers living along the coastal plains of modern Syria and Israel and in the valleys and hills near the Zagros Mountains between Iran and Iraq began to develop special strategies that led to a transformation in the human community. Rather than constantly traveling in search of food, people stayed in one region and exploited the seasonal sources of food, including fish, grain, fruits and game. At a community such as Jericho, people built and rebuilt their mud brick and stone huts rather than moving on as had their ancestors. In general, these communities began to focus on seasonal food sources and so were less likely to leave in search of new sources.

93. ArtLex On Mesopotamian Art mesopotamian and its art defined with images of examples from its ancient history, and links to other resources. http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/m/mesopotamian.html

M esopotamian art - Mesopotamia is a Greek word meaning "between the rivers," and always refers to the region between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers, an area which is today in Iraq, Turkey, and Syria. In ancient times, this region passed through a succession of historical periods , involving numerous groups, among whom were the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Amorites, Kassites, Elamites, Hammurabi, Mitanni, Chaldeans, Aramaeans, Persians, Greeks , Parthians, and Sassanians. All of these powers passed this land to the Arabs who reside in Mesopotamia today. In a region that gets little rainfall, access to the water from these two rivers has always been crucial. About 3500 BCE , the rivers having flooded every year, people were building dams and growing increasing quantities of food in the area's rich soil. Mesopotamians built canals to distribute water throughout the land, uniting thousands of villagers. People raised cattle and sheep. The plough was invented here, and the potter's wheel evolved into the wheels that let carts transport goods to markets, and to carry officials in ceremonial processions. The Mesopotamians' need to control the water for these uses gave strength to their political leaders, and led to the development of the city-state among them were Ur, Ashur, Ninevah, Nimrud, Emech, Kish, Umma, Erech, Lagash, Tello, Nippur, Larsa, and Babylon.

94. Mesopotamian Art Home The Collection . Small collection that includes an outstanding Assyrian low relief from the palace of Assumazirpal. Assyrian low relief http://www.museu.gulbenkian.pt/nucleos.asp?nuc=a3&lang=en

95. Mesopotamian Marshes Introduction The mesopotamian Marshes, located between the Tigres and Euphrates Rivers in southern It is our belief that sustaining the tobe-restored mesopotamian http://projects.gsd.harvard.edu/mesomarshes/

Topics Sponsors Speakers Conference Program ... Mesomarshes Home MESOPOTAMIAN MARSHES Conference October 28th through 31st 2004 Harvard Design School, 48 Quincy Street, Cambridge, MA nature relationships as they are about simply repairing - Healing Natures, Repairing Relationships: New Perspectives on Restoring Ecological Spaces and Consciousness, 2004 This conference is not solely about Iraq. Instead, the conference will highlight successfully implemented projects from around the world that could be adapted to Iraq as well as elsewhere. Topics and case studies to be presented will deal with ecological restoration, hydrological modeling, wildlife management, ecotourism, and wastewater and agricultural engineering. Individuals interested in wetlands, sustainable development, land-use planning and design, watershed management, environmental engineering, human rights issues, and Middle Eastern politics will all benefit from attending. The Problem and the Challenge The GOALS of this symposium are to: PRESENT practical approaches for sustaining the process of the restoration efforts, both during and after the reparation work has been accomplished.

96. SlidesofMesopotamia.html The Metropolitan Museum of New York, mesopotamian Collection. These slides were taken from American Library Color Slide Co.,Inc. http://jade.ccccd.edu/Andrade/WorldLitI2332/SlidesofMesopotamia.html

Mesopotamia The Metropolitan Museum of New York, Mesopotamian Collection These slides were taken from American Library Color Slide Co.,Inc. Winged Guardian ,Assyrian, 885-860 B.C., N.Y. Met. Mus. Ur-Nina and Family, 3000-2180 B.C., Paris, Louvre Standard of Ur , Sumerian, 3000-2340 B.C., London, Brit. Mus. Harp of Shabad (gold and ivory), 3500-300 B.C., Phila., Univ. Mus. Goat in Thicket (gold, lapis lazuli), c. 3000 B.C., London, Brit.Mus Painted Beaker , 3500-3000 B.C., N.Y. Met. Mus. #15343 Al Ubaid, I Dyn. of Facade (ptg.) Temple Reconstruction , Al Ubaid, Sumerian, 3000-2340 B.C. Figure fr. Khafaie, Sumerian, 3000-2340 B.C., Worcester, Mus. Head of Ur Nigirsu, Neo-Sumerian, 2125-202 B.C., N.Y. Met. Mus. Gudea , Neo-Sumer , 2125-202 B.C., Paris, Louvre Hammurabi , Head, Babylonian, 1792-1594 B.C., Paris, Louvre Warriors with Horse , Palace of Sargon, Assyrian, 1350-612 B.C., Paris, Louvre Babylon, City, reconstruction , 612-539 B.C. #21730 Ur, Ziggurat , Entrance facade, Neo-Sumerian, 2125-2025 B.C. Dead Lioness , Palace at Nineveh, Assyrian, 668-630 B.C., London, Brit.Mus.

97. Dig Iraq? mesopotamian misery Large stone entrance resembling a castle with drawbridge. Ask anyone who grew up on the Indiana Jones movies Archeologists take pride http://whyfiles.org/155war_archeo/2.html

1. Digging under fire 2. Dig Iraq? 3. Archeology - political tool 4. Rocket museum Nineveh, on the eastern bank of the Tigris River in northeastern Mesopotamia (Iraq), was capital of the Assyrian empire from about 800 to 610 BC Nineveh is first mentioned in the Bible in the Book of Genesis. Courtesy Wayne Blank Ur of the Chaldees was supposedly the home of Abraham. The ancient city was in southern Mesopotamia, near the Euphrates River, about 150 miles southeast of Babylon. Courtesy Wayne Blank Mesopotamian misery Ask anyone who grew up on the Indiana Jones movies: Archeologists take pride in working in wretched conditions. Iraq, frequently called the birthplace of civilization, and the scene of strife for more than 20 years, is a particular sore spot for archeologists. When we asked Elizabeth Stone, a University of Chicago archeologist who worked there until 1990, she told us, "In some cases, war doesn't make it a whole lot more difficult. I worked in Baghdad during the Iran-Iraq war when the Scuds [missiles] came in." The city was large enough, she thought, and the odds favorable in any given spot. The United States was more or less neutral during the Iran-Iraq war, which was started by Saddam Hussein's invasion and lasted most of the 1980s. After Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, a U.S.-lead coalition defeated Iraq's army, and the United Nations placed sanctions on the country, in an effort to neutralize Hussein's programs in chemical, biological and nuclear weaponry.

98. Mesopotamian Landscapes II mesopotamian LANDSCAPES. The Deh Luran plain is separated from the low, saline alluvium of lower Mesopotamia only by low hills. http://www.umma.lsa.umich.edu/OldWorld/Deh_Luran/II/Landscapes.html

II: MESOPOTAMIAN LANDSCAPES North and east of the Deh Luran plain are the rugged Zagros mountains. Great folds of conglomerate and limestone reach over 2000 meters in altitude, trapping winter rains coming from the west, and sustaining oak forests. These highlands have mild summers, and wet cold winters, with deep snow accumulations. Today the forests are scattered, but before 3000 B.C. with more rainfall and less grazing by goats and sheep, they were probably much denser. This region is a source of woods, various stones, and good summer grazing. Trails lead from Deh Luran up into these mountains and beyond to the high Iranian plateau, rich in stones and metals.

99. Mesopotamian Marshes mesopotamian MARSHES. Tracking Open Water with MODIS. This graph shows four years of processed MODIS data for flood inundation. (Mertes, 2004) http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~rivers/as/mesomarsh-web/

MESOPOTAMIAN MARSHES Tracking Open Water with MODIS This graph shows four years of processed MODIS data for flood inundation. (Mertes, 2004) To see full resolution chart click on: chart To see animation of MODIS images click on: Research/MODIS Time Series Free Hit Counter

100. Nishra.com : Assyrians : Ziggurats Observations of mesopotamian and Elamite Ziggurats. This essay was written for the mesopotamian Archaeology 123A course taught by Professor David Stronach http://www.nishra.com/assyrians/ziggurats/

@import "/css/default.css"; Home Computing and Linux Assyrian History Gallery ... Biography RECENT ARTICLES The Assyrian Empire: Bringing Civilization to the Near East Observations of Mesopotamian and Elamite Ziggurats Assyrian Military Facts CONTACT INFORMATION Email emil at nishra dot com Aim emiltraxus Jabber none LEGALESE WEB STANDARDS XHTML 1.1 and CSS 2 Assyrian History Observations of Mesopotamian and Elamite Ziggurats This essay was written for the Mesopotamian Archaeology 123A course taught by Professor David Stronach at the University of California, Berkeley. The ziggurat is often defined in the context of a pyramidal, stepped temple tower that serves as the center of religious functions. Unlike the pyramids of Egypt where the pharoahs were entombed for eternity, the ziggurats of Mesopotamia were centers of worship for that city-state?s particular deity. This architectural structure was characteristic of the major cities of Mesopotamia (now in Iraq) from about 2200 until 500 B.C.. The ziggurat was always built with a core of mud brick and an exterior covered with baked brick. It had no internal chambers and was usually square or rectangular, averaging either 170 feet square or 125 x 70 feet (40 x 50 meters) at the base. Approximately 25 ziggurats are known, being equally divided in number among Sumer, Babylonia, and Assyria. No ziggurat is preserved to its original height. Ascent was by an exterior triple stairway or by a spiral ramp, but for almost half of the known ziggurats, no means of ascent has been discovered. The sloping sides and terraces were often landscaped with trees and shrubs (hence the Hanging Gardens of Babylon). The best-preserved ziggurat is at Ur (modern Tall al-Muqayyar). The largest, at Chogha Zanbil in Elam, is 335 feet (102 m) square and 80 feet (24 m) high and stands at less than half its estimated original height. The legendary Tower of Babel has been popularly associated with the ziggurat of the great temple of Marduk in Babylon.

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