61. Epic Of Gilgamesh The text as translated by Maureen Gallery Kovacs. http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/mesopotamian/gilgamesh/

The Epic of Gilgamesh The Epic of Gilgamesh is, perhaps, the oldest written story on Earth. It comes to us from Ancient Sumeria, and was originally written on 12 clay tablets in cunieform script. It is about the adventures of the historical King of Uruk (somewhere between 2750 and 2500 BCE). The translator chose to eliminate Tablet XII for personal reasons, with support from many literary, archaeological, and linguistic experts because it appears to be more of a sequel to the first 11 tablets, containing a story about Enkidu volunteering to retrieve some objects that Gilgamesh dropped into the Netherworld. This translation is based on the "standard" Akkadian "edition", but is filled in with excerpts from the Old Babylonian where necessary. I have proofread this set of documents extensively, but should you find any typographical errors in it, please let me know. Tablet I Tablet II Tablet III Tablet IV ... Home

62. BEFORE THE LEGEND OF NOAH Essay about mesopotamian flood legends recorded before the bible. http://home.att.net/~atrahasis/index.htm

Before the Legend of Noah Flood Stories Predating the Noah Story Reconstruction of an ancient temple compound at Nippur founded by Ur Gur about 2800 BC. Construction and repairs continued until about 660 BC during the reign of Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. 19th century photo of the ziggurat at Nippur after removal of sand that covered it. ACCORDING TO AN INSCRIBED CLAY TABLET DISCOVERED IN NIPPUR, IRAQ BY AN AMERICAN EXPEDITION 1883 - 1886; A MAN AND HIS FAMILY SURVIVED A CATASTROPHIC FLOOD BY RECEIVING ADVANCED WARNING FROM GOD, PROBABLY BEFORE 1800 BC. In ancient Mesopotamia writing was in use by about 3000 BC. The writings of ancient scholars were preserved on clay tablets. The ancient scribe formed a rectangular piece of clay and used a pointed stick to form characters in the soft clay. Some of the tablets were sun dried and placed on shelves or in jars. Others were fired in pottery kilns and fired rock hard to make sure the valuable records might not be lost. The first writings seem to have been inventory records such as the amounts or types of items stored in clay jars. By 2000 BC there were shipping records describing maritime trade between the Persian Gulf coastal areas of Iraq and Bahrain, Oman, and Indian Ocean coasts of Pakistan, and the west coast of India (Lothal). The ancients sailed in huge reed bundle sailing boats in the Persian Gulf as described by anthropologist Thor Heyerdahl in

63. Mesopotamian Texts Archive mesopotamian Texts Archive. EnumaElish Adapa and the Food of Life The Code of Hammurabi The Descent of Ishtar Into the Lower World The Seven Evils http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/mesopotamian/

Mesopotamian Texts Archive EnumaElish Adapa and the Food of Life The Code of Hammurabi The Descent of Ishtar Into the Lower World ... Home

64. Online Relics Museum replicas of ancient artefacts, including pottery, jewelry, masks, statues, figurines from Neolithic, ancient Egyptian, ancient Greek, ancient Roman, Minoan, Scythian, and mesopotamian periods. http://www.online-relics.com/

Quick Search Home Welcome About Us Newsletter Free Stuff ... Enter the Catalogue By Culture: Neolithic Mesopotomia Minoan Ancient Egypt ... Mayan Special Offers: Egyptian Kings' Throne Special Promotions: Ringdials Time Pieces Scientific Instruments NETQUOTEVAR:BROCHURE_TEXT Neo-Babylonian Clay Tablets Click here inflation-plural Click here inflation-plural This site is a member of WebRing. To browse visit Here This site is a member of WebRing. To browse visit Here To find out what's new in History subscribe to our free newsletter Full Name: Email: We always respect your privacy and will never sell subscriber lists or send spam. var sc_project=406071; var sc_partition=2;

65. NMNH Virtual Tour - Origins Of Western Cultures mesopotamian Writing. Ancient mesopotamians inscribed this figurine with Sumerian script, This early mesopotamian writing system, known as cuneiform, http://www.si.edu/harcourt/nmnh/origin/origins1.html

Mesopotamian Writing Ancient Mesopotamians inscribed this figurine with Sumerian script, offering a prayer to the goddess Inanna. This early Mesopotamian writing system, known as cuneiform, was remarkably complex with more then 3,000 characters. Some represent whole ideas and others only syllables. The figure represents Rim-Sin, king of the city of Larsa, ca. 1800 B.C. Origins of Western Culture Main Page Egyptian Mummy Coffins Greek Athletics Last Modified: Tuesday, 14-Oct-97 14:42:07 EDT

66. 'Forgotten' Head-dresses Shed Light On Mesopotamian Death Rites From Independent, Gold and silver jewellery dating from 2,500BC has been discovered in a storeroom at the British Museum among relics first excavated in the 1920s. http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/story.jsp?story=514679

67. Epic Of Gilgamesh The text as translated by Maureen Gallery Kovacs. http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/mesopotamian/gilgamesh/index.html

The Epic of Gilgamesh The Epic of Gilgamesh is, perhaps, the oldest written story on Earth. It comes to us from Ancient Sumeria, and was originally written on 12 clay tablets in cunieform script. It is about the adventures of the historical King of Uruk (somewhere between 2750 and 2500 BCE). The translator chose to eliminate Tablet XII for personal reasons, with support from many literary, archaeological, and linguistic experts because it appears to be more of a sequel to the first 11 tablets, containing a story about Enkidu volunteering to retrieve some objects that Gilgamesh dropped into the Netherworld. This translation is based on the "standard" Akkadian "edition", but is filled in with excerpts from the Old Babylonian where necessary. I have proofread this set of documents extensively, but should you find any typographical errors in it, please let me know. Tablet I Tablet II Tablet III Tablet IV ... Home

68. Two Odonata Citations In Ancient Mesopotamian Literature, Cultural Entomology Di Cultural Entomology exposes how insects play a major role in almost every aspect of human culture. Discover just how long insects have influenced the http://www.insects.org/ced1/mes_lit.html

by Dr. Carlos Betoret, Bonet Valencia, SPAIN The greek word "Mesopotamia" (land between the rivers) names the territory between the Euphrates and Tigris River. Actually the Republic of Iraq and the eastern part of the Republic of Syria bore the site of the oldest historical civilization of Sumeria. Forming a foundation for the Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations, this area was occupied from approximately 3500 to 500 B.C. Mesopotamian civilizations are well known for their wonderful masterpieces of art; many of which can be seen in famous museums like the Louvre, the British Museum, and the Iraq Museum. Perhaps less well known is the extraordinary literary production of these people preserved on thousands of clay tablets discovered in archeological ruins including Uruk, Babylon, and Nineveh. Within this literature, citations of odonates (dragonflies) can be found in the Poem of Gilgamesh and the Poem of Atrahasis. Do we build for ever our houses, and forever do we steal of properties? Perhaps the brothers do divide their part for ever. Perhaps the hate does divide for ever Perhaps does the river always grow and make inundations.

69. British School Of Archaeology In Iraq: Homepage Founded in 1932, the BSAI is concerned with Iraq, the northern Gulf, and mesopotamian Syria. http://www.britac.ac.uk/institutes/iraq/index.html

British School of Archaeology in Iraq (Gertrude Bell Memorial) Registered Charity No. 219948 Home Iraq today Events Grants ... Links Welcome to the BSAI Website The aftermath of the second Gulf war has left monuments, sites, libraries and museums wrecked. Many of their priceless contents have been looted, smashed, or burnt. The damage to archaeological and historical sites is extensive and in the absence of internal security continues unchecked. Scholars are struggling to re-educate themselves after 14 years completely cut off from the outside world and their colleagues. Academic equipment and books are in short supply. The BSAI makes grants to support research on the archaeology, history and languages of Iraq and neighbouring countries, including Syria and the Gulf. It also publishes an academic journal, IRAQ , and the results of excavations, as well as a bi-annual newsletter. The School also organizes a number of lectures, study days and other events

70. The Daily Star - Arts & Culture - The Massacre Of Mesopotamian Archaeology There s never a shortage of funds since demand for mesopotamian artifacts is constantly high private collectors all around the world adore Sumerian http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=4&article_id=8536

71. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Saint Maruthas Writer, greatly devoted to the martyrs, mesopotamian bishop, d. before 420. Feast day 4 December. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09748a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... M > St. Maruthas A B C D ... Z St. Maruthas Bishop of Tagrit or Maypherkat in Mesopotamia, friend of St. John Chrysostom , d. before 420. Feast, 4 Dec. He is honoured by the Latins, Greeks, Copts, and Syrians. He brought into his episcopal city the relics of so many martyrs that it received the name Martyropolis . In the interests of the Church of Persia, which had suffered much in the persecution of Sapor II, he came to Constantinople, but found Emperor Arcadius too busily engaged in the affairs of St. John Chrysostom . Later Maruthas was sent by Theodosius II to the Court of Persia, and here, in spite of the jealousy and intrigues of the Magi, he won the esteem of King Yezdigerd by his affability, saintly life, and, as is claimed, by his knowledge of medicine. He was present at the general Council of Constantinople in 381 and at a Council of Antioch in 383 (or 390), at which the Messalians were condemned. For the benefit of the Persian Church he is said to have held two synods at Ctesiphon. He must not be confounded with Maruthas (Maruta), Monophysite Bishop of Tagrit (d. 649). His writings include: (1) "Acts of the Persian Martyrs", found partly in Assemani, "Acta SS. mart. orient. et occident.", I (Rome, 1748), and more completely in Bedpan, ibid, II (Paris, 1891), 37-396. W. Wright's English translation was printed in "Journal of Sacred Literature" (Oct., 1865-Jan., 1866). Zingerle published it in German (Innsbruck, 1836). A school edition was made by Leitzmann, "Die drei altesten Martyrologien" (Bonn, 1903). See Achelis, "Die Martyrologien" (Berlin, 1900), 30-71. (2) "History of the Council of Nicaea", on which see Braun in "Kirchengeschichtliche Studien", IV, 3, and Harnack's "Ketzerkatalog des Bischofs Maruta" in "Texte u. Untersuchungen", XIX, 1, b. (3) "Acts of the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon", edited in Syriac and Latin by Lamy (Louvain, 1869), on which see Hefele, "Conciliengeschichte", II, 102. He also wrote hymns on the Holy Eucharist, on the Cross, and on saints.

72. Encyclopedia Mythica: Mesopotamian Mythology. The available articles in the mesopotamian mythology area. http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/middle_east/mesopotamian/articles.html

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73. Encyclopedia Mythica: Mesopotamian Mythology The beliefs and practices of the Sumerians and Akkadians, and their successors, the Babylonians and Assyrians. They inhabited ancient Mesopotamia in the http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/middle_east/mesopotamian/

Middle East Search Feedback Submit Article Mythology ... Links Mesopotamian mythology Browse articles Contact the editor The beliefs and practices of the Sumerians and Akkadians, and their successors, the Babylonians and Assyrians. They inhabited ancient Mesopotamia in the millennia before the Christian era. These religious beliefs and practices form a single stream of tradition. Sumerian in origin, Mesopotamian religion was added to and subtly modified by the Akkadians in subsequent years. Mesopotamia was a region between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates in western Asia. In general terms, it constitutes the greater part of what is now Irag. It was one of the cradles of human civilization. The name is Greek, meaning "Land Between the Rivers". Map: Mesopotamia available articles in this area. Editor: M.F. Lindemans There are currently articles in this area. This section was last updated on January 12, 2005. Selected links Asyro-Babylonian mythology The Asyro-Babylonian mythology FAQ. Sumerian mythology The Sumerian mythology FAQ. Gilgamesh The Epic of Gilgamesh.

74. Moorilla Private antiquities collection including African, Egyptian, mesopotamian, PreColumbian and Roman items. Open to the public. http://www.moorilla.com.au/museum.php3

Home Moorilla Wines Moorilla Museum of Antiquities Accommodation ... Contact Us Search Order Help Register View Shopping Cart Moorilla Museum of Antiquities The museum offers a selection of artifacts from ancient civilizations chosen for aesthetics and history. Housed in a heritage listed building designed by Sir Roy Grounds, the collection is one of the finest private collections offered for public viewing in Australia. AFRICAN GALLERY Gold, sculpture and beaded artefacts (500 BC – 20th century) showing how the cultural history of Africa, birthplace of the human race , matches anything produced by the West during the past 2,000 years. COIN ROOM Gold, silver and coins ranging from one of the first examples of coinage in the world, a rare piece struck in about 600-550 BC, to a Tyrian shekel, in circulation at the time of Jesus Christ and of a type that would have formed part of the “thirty pieces of silver” handed to Judas Iscariot for betraying his master. The Coin Room also includes royal coins of the renowned Philip II of Macedon and his son, Alexander The Great , displayed with coinage of other famous figures from Greek history.

75. Mesopotamian Mythology mesopotamian mythology is linked to various others. Akkadians Northern mesopotamian Assyrians - Northern mesopotamian neighbours of the Babylonians. http://www.angelfire.com/pa/WoundedDove/mesopotamian.html

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Angelfire Dating Search Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next Mesopotamian Mythology Mesopotamian mythology is linked to various others. Akkadians - Northern Mesopotamian neighbours (dark-skinned) of the Sumerians. They established themselves in the region of Babylon 3,000 years before our era. Assyrians - Northern Mesopotamian neighbours of the Babylonians. They were the first vassals of Babylon that conquered Western Asia and Egypt. Babylonians - Heirs of the Sumerians and Akkadians in southern Mesopotamia. Elamites - Ancestors of the Persians. The ancient Elamites created their gods/goddesses in animal form. Sumerians - Early inhabitants of Sumer (southern part of Babylonia). They settled in the lower Euphrates Valley 5,000 years before Christ. Assyrian and Babylonian deities are almost identical. The Sumero-Akkadians made human gods/goddesses that emerged from the beasts. Akkad and Sumer were known as the "language of the gods". The Chaldeans never accepted a god without dividing him into the male and female principle. Holy Trinities These three represent the genesis of the material world.

76. Mesopotamian Protohistory mesopotamian protohistory. Attempts have been made by philologists to reach conclusions about the origin of the flowering of civilization in southern http://www.angelfire.com/nt/Gilgamesh/proto.html

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Angelfire 40 Yr Old Virgin Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next Mesopotamian protohistory Attempts have been made by philologists to reach conclusions about the origin of the flowering of civilization in southern Mesopotamia by the analysis of Sumerian words. It has been thought possible to isolate an earlier, non-Sumerian substratum from the Sumerian vocabulary by assigning certain words on the basis of their endings to either a Neolithic or a Chalcolithic language stratum. These attempts are based on the phonetic character of Sumerian at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, which is at least 1,000 years later than the invention of writing . Quite apart, therefore, from the fact that the structure of Sumerian words themselves is far from adequately investigated, the enormous gap in time casts grave doubt on the criteria used to distinguish between Sumerian and "

77. A Mesopotamian Pantheon This page is intended as a reference guide for students of mesopotamian mythology, They never held mesopotamian territory to any significant degree, http://web.raex.com/~obsidian/MesoPan.html

A Mesopotamian Pantheon The people of the two rivers are responsible for the worlds oldest civilization, if writing is taken as the measure of culture: that art first appears here around 3200 BCE or a little earlier. Mesopotamia has been the homeland for a bewildering variety of peoples and nations, and the following archive reflects that. It should be kept in mind that the various divinities mentioned below came not only from different City-States, but even different ethnic groups: a brief reference to the various ethnic groups and city-states follows the main section. This page is intended as a reference guide for students of Mesopotamian mythology, and is a catalogue, hopefully reasonably complete, of known Mesopotamian God-forms. The information here is necessarily brief; a full accounting of all these entities would be a massive book in its own right. What is included here is: a Name, ( Nationality or City-State ), any important epithets or sobriquets that are associated with the Name, and a basic description of spheres of influence, attributes, and/or descriptive stories. Feed a hungry website?

78. Mesopotamian Year Names mesopotamian Year Names. NeoSumerian and Old Babylonian Date Formulae. prepared by Collecting mesopotamian year names is an ongoing project. http://cdli.ucla.edu/dl/yearnames/yn_index.htm

Mesopotamian Year Names Neo-Sumerian and Old Babylonian Date Formulae prepared by Marcel Sigrist and Peter Damerow LIST OF KINGS The list of more than 2,000 year names which is made accessible here has been compiled as a tool for the dating of cuneiform tablets as well as for supporting historical studies on early bookkeeping techniques. This tool essentially consists of a collection of date formulae in administrative documents as they were used by the scribes in ancient Mesopotamia, and of computer generated indices for a quick identification of incomplete date formulae on damaged cuneiform tablets and of issues and events mentioned in these formulae. The collection covers presently the time period from the time of the empire of Sargon to the end of the dynasty of Babylon. Access is provided through a list of cities and kings, a list of words, a list of words of the English translation. According to the pupose of this compilation the data formulae as they are presented here do not quote specific texts but are often composite formulae based on several sources. Furthermore it was impossible to give always the numerous variants of some of the year names. In cases of doubt whether the given version adequately represents the textual evidence users should consult the references and the relevant publications on Mesopotamian year names. (A bibliography is currently in preparation and will soon be accessible here.) History of the project The preparation of this electronic tool is an outcome of an unusual and long-lasting cooperation between an assyiologist and an historian of science at intervals over a period of more than 10 years. The data are kept in a database. Originally it was planned to prepare a computer generated publication of these data. Some seven years ago, a preprint of this publication was made available to a small group of interested scholars, including at that time only the year names of the Ur III period and Old Babylonian period.

79. Mesopotamian Disease And Medicine As is typical in mesopotamian scribal practice each entry consists of two parts, mesopotamian medicine has been generally overlooked in the greater http://cdli.ucla.edu/edu/medicine.html

Mesopotamian Disease and Medicine Keywords ancient, health, magic, medicine, disease CDLI Educational pages Related projects Abbreviations ... back to top INTRODUCTION Human skeletal remains may also provide valuable information on Mesopotamian medicine and disease. Many types of diseases leave distinct and specific markers on the skeleton. In some cases diagnoses made from skeletal material may be particularly valuable as a means of corroborating diagnoses made from textual sources. This project intends to exploit these two types of evidence (the textual and the skeletal) in order to learn about the disease processes at work in ancient Mesopotamia and come to understand the medical field that was developed to combat such disease processes. For more details on the importance of textual and skeletal sources concerning disease and medicine see: The Sources. THE PROJECT There are several specific goals that this project seeks to achieve. First, it will provide researchers, when completed, with a single, comprehensive source for disease symptoms and terminology. It will organize data on anatomical and disease terminology as well as disease symptoms implied in the textual record with the goal of creating a differential diagnosis for given symptoms. A differential diagnosis is a list of potential diagnoses that may explain a given set of symptoms, from which a more secure diagnosis may be established after further examination.

80. Mesopotamian Bronze Age Systems of naming the year Throughout the mesopotamian history various methods for The previously noticed absence of ethnic stereotypes in mesopotamian http://home.swipnet.se/~w-63448/mesbro.htm

The Mesopotamian Bronze Age [Introduction] [Mesopotamian Prehistory] [Mesopotamian Protohistory] [Mesopotamian Bronze Age] Find your way around on this page [Sargon of Akkad] [Naram-Sin] [Sack of Akkad] [Neo Sumerian Renaiessance] ... [Merchandise] Empire of Sargon of Akkad Around 2350 BC an important change took place: the conversion from local competing city states to the first regional state, an empire in Mesopotamia. It was a change of political power, with more emphasis on the northern parts in the plains of Mesopotamia. Trade contacts are purposely centralized with the newly found city Akkad as its center. In art people are now depicted more naturalistic as well proportioned man with anatomic details. Figures on stela and cylinder seals show details in context as opposed to earlier independent elements. Proper names of rulers are more often Semitic. Akkadian as a Semitic language now penetrates into the texts, although the Sumerian culture will still exists for centuries to come. The Sumerian language is a scholarly and liturgical language. Royal inscription are now bi-lingual. The text corpus (Royal inscriptions and charters) from this age is called Old Akkadian, abbreviated as OAkk.. The period is well defined: after the last ruler of the dynasty of Akkad, Sumerian revives (the Neo Sumerian Renaissance) and one hears little more about Akkadian until the Old Babylonian period. Archeological excavations with full stratification results in this period are limited in number, but there seem to be no major technological advancement apart from the continuing Bronze Age. Ceramics aren't dramatical different from mass production in the previous Early Dynastic-III period, nor in the following Ur-III period. Royal inscriptions , cylinder seals and clay tablets are not found in abundance, difficult to date and with a large spread in geographical locations.

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