1. Report Of The Management Of Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux In Children American Academy of Pediatrics The Report is available in PDF format from the American Urological Association. http://www.aap.org/policy/primvesreflx.html

Practice Guideline Endorsement Report of the Management of Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children Abstract: The American Academy of Pediatrics endorses and accepts as its policy the Report of the Management of Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children The Report is available in PDF format from the American Urological Association Web site at: http://www.auanet.org/timssnet/products/guidelines/main_reports/vesi_reflux.pdf The recommendations in this statement do not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate. Return to AAP Policy Statements - Table of Contents

2. Digital Urology Journal: Vesicoureteral Reflux An article about vesicoureteral reflux, what it is, the diagnosis, possible treatments and follow up. http://www.duj.com/reflux.html

VESICOURETERAL REFLUX The normal urinary tract is made up of the two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder and a urethra. Each of the kidneys produces urine which flows down through the ureters and into the bladder. Normally, each ureter enters the bladder at an angle that creates a tunnel through the bladder wall muscle. As the bladder fills and during emptying, this tunnel prevents any urine from backing up from the bladder into the ureter. By the end of urination, nearly all the urine has passed from the bladder and out of the body through the urethra. Vesicourteral reflux (VUR) is the congenital condition (children are born with it) in which urine backs up from the bladder and into the ureter toward the kidney. Reflux occurs in varying degrees of severity ranging from Grade I to Grade V, with Grade I being the least severe and Grade V being the most severe. Reflux may be present in one or both ureters. It is more prevalent in girls than boys (2:1). The diagnosis of reflux is made based on radiologic studies of the bladder and kidney and may be discovered in the fetus secondary to hydronephrosis , a swelling of the kidney, on prenatal ultrasound.

3. Pediatric Oncall- Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) Find out more about vesicoureteral reflux and answers to commonly asked questions. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/CommonChild/vur.asp

PARENT CORNER Search GO Home Back Search for Pediatricians Hospitals Special Schools Baby Names Holistic Medicines Alternative Medicine Home Made Remedies Guest Book Guest Book Discussion Boards Share Experience Post Query ... Specialist Answers VESICO URETERAL REFLUX (VUR) My daughter aged 5 years gets repeated urinary infections. I have been told that she has VUR. What is VUR? VUR is a short form of vesicoureteral reflux which means that urine from the urinary bladder regurgitates or goes back into the ureters (the tubes that connect kidneys to urinary bladder) instead of flowing out of the urethra (tube that allows flow of urine to the outside form the bladder). In severe cases the urine which is in the bladder reaches back in the kidneys. Why does VUR occur? VUR occurs either as a defect in the development of opening of ureter in the urinary bladder from birth when it is called as primary VUR, or secondary due to the obstruction in the bladder or urethra which causes back pressure and opens the junction/s between bladder and ureters How does my doctor diagnose VUR?

4. Vesicoureteral Reflux vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder backinto the ureters. Additional Information on vesicoureteral reflux http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/vesicoureteralreflux/

Email To A Friend Also see: UTI in Children Home : Vesicoureteral Reflux Vesicoureteral Reflux VUR is most commonly diagnosed in infancy and childhood after the patient has a urinary tract infection (UTI). About one-third of children with UTI are found to have VUR. VUR can lead to infection because urine that remains in the child's urinary tract provides a place for bacteria to grow. But sometimes the infection itself is the cause of VUR. There are two types of VUR. Primary VUR occurs when a child is born with an impaired valve where the ureter joins the bladder. This happens if the ureter did not grow long enough during the child's development in the womb. The valve does not close properly, so urine backs up (refluxes) from the bladder to the ureters, and eventually to the kidneys. This type of VUR can get better or disappear as the child gets older. The ureter gets longer as the child grows, and the function of the valve improves. Secondary VUR occurs when there is a blockage anywhere in the urinary system. The blockage may be caused by an infection in the bladder that leads to swelling of the ureter. This also causes a reflux of urine to the kidneys. Infection is the most common symptom of VUR. As the child gets older, other symptoms, such as bedwetting, high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and kidney failure, may appear.

5. NIDDK Error 404 - Page Not Found A description of this disorder and who usually get it. A brief look at the types, testing and treatment. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/kidney/summary/vesico/vesico.htm

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6. Digital Urology Journal Vesicoureteral Reflux An article about vesicoureteral reflux, what it is, the diagnosis, possible treatments and follow up. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. Vesicoureteral Reflux With vesicoureteral reflux, some urine goes back up into the ureters and possibly up Normal kidney, ureter, and bladder, Grade I vesicoureteral reflux http://www.pedisurg.com/PtEduc/Vesicoureteral_Reflux.htm

TEXAS PEDIATRIC SURGICAL ASSOCIATES VESICOURETERAL REFLUX What is the normal urinary tract? The urinary tract consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys are the organs that are responsible for filtering waste products from the bloodstream and produce urine continuously. The urine drains down tubes called ureters from the kidneys to the bladder, which normally stores urine and empties intermittently by muscular contraction. The urine exits the bladder through the urethra in a process is called voiding or urination. When the ureter enters the bladder it travels through the wall for a distance creating a tunnel so that a flap valve is created. This valve prevents urine that is in the bladder from backing up and returning into the ureter. Thus, when the bladder fills and later when it squeezes down to empty, back-up (that is, reflux of urine) is prevented because the valve operates in the same way as when you pinch off a soda straw. This valve-like action is important for several reasons: prevents bacteria (that often get into the urine) from getting to the kidneys protects the ureters and kidneys from high pressures generated by the bladder during urination permits removal of all of the stored urine with a single act of urination, because the bladder urine has nowhere to go other than out the urethra

8. Children's Hospital Boston - Department Of Information on the diagnosis and treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children provided by the Department of Urology. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. EMedicine - Vesicoureteral Reflux : Article By Jong M Choe, MD, FACS vesicoureteral reflux vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is characterized by theretrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the kidneys. http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2838.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Urology Vesicoureteral Reflux Last Updated: August 9, 2004 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: VUR, reflux nephropathy, retrograde transmission of urine from the urinary bladder to the kidneys, reflux, pyelonephritis, hypertension, progressive renal failure, ureteral reimplantation AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Indications Relevant Anatomy And Contraindications ... Bibliography Author: Jong M Choe, MD, FACS , Director of Continence and Urodynamic Center, Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery; Division of Urology, University of Cincinnati Coauthor(s): John Benedict, MD , Staff Physician, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Cincinnati Jong M Choe, MD, FACS, is a member of the following medical societies:

10. University Of Michigan Health System A look at the normal urinary tract followed by vesicoureteral reflux, its problems, evaluation, non operative management, surgical correction and http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. EMedicine - Vesicoureteral Reflux : Article By Caleb P Nelson, MD vesicoureteral reflux vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), or the retrograde flow ofurine from the bladder into the ureter, is an anatomic and functional http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2750.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Pediatrics Urology Vesicoureteral Reflux Last Updated: March 1, 2005 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: VUR, retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter, primary reflux, secondary reflux, reflux nephropathy, intrarenal reflux, pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis, urinary tract infection, UTI, posterior urethral valve, neurogenic bladder, renal failure, end-stage renal disease AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Caleb P Nelson, MD , Staff Physician, Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, University of Michigan Medical Center Coauthor(s): Harry P Koo, MD , Chairman of Urology Division and Director of Pediatric Urology, Virginia Commonwealth University; Professor of Surgery, VCU School of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia; Director of Urology, Children's Hospital of Richmond Caleb P Nelson, MD, is a member of the following medical societies:

12. Virtual Children's Hospital: Urology: Pediatric Urology: Vesicoureteral Reflux A description of vesicoureteral reflux along with information such as how to tell if your child has this, what it does, if surgery is necessary and the types. http://www.vh.org/Patients/IHB/Uro/Peds/RefluxUreteralReimplant.html

Urology What is Vesicoureteral Reflux? Christopher S. Cooper, M.D., Pediatric Urologist Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed First Published: January 2000 Last Revised: May 2000 What is reflux? Vesicoureteral reflux describes a condition where the urine goes backwards from the bladder into the tubes ("ureters") that usually bring urine from the kidneys. This occurs when there is an abnormal insertion of the ureter through the bladder wall into the inside of the bladder. Some children with abnormally high pressures in the bladder also have reflux despite a normal insertion of the ureter into the bladder. How do I know if my child has reflux? Many children with reflux will develop a urinary tract infection. As part of the usual evaluation of a child with a urinary tract infection, a special study called a "voiding cystourethrogram" or "VCUG" should be performed. A VCUG is done by placing a catheter in the bladder and filling the bladder with contrast material that can be seen on an X-ray. If the child has reflux the X-ray will show the contrast material move out of the bladder and go up into the ureter (this often happens when the child urinates). About a third of the siblings of a child with reflux will also have reflux. A screening cystogram of siblings is therefore recommended even if they have not had a urinary tract infection. Other children are found to have a dilated kidney on prenatal ultrasound and a VCUG obtained after birth detects reflux. What does reflux do?

13. Vesicoureteral Reflux vesicoureteral reflux What is the normal urinary tract? The urinary tract consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

14. Vesicoureteral Reflux vesicoureteral reflux. What is Vesicouretral Reflux? Urine is waste fluid excreted by the kidneys. Urine passes from kidneys, down the ureters and into http://www.pedsurology.com/vesicour.htm

Pediatric Urology Associates, P.C. Offices PUA Physicians Medical ... For PUA Vesicoureteral Reflux What is Vesicouretral Reflux? Urine is "waste fluid" excreted by the kidneys. Urine passes from kidneys, down the ureters and into the urinary bladder. The bladder is an elastic muscle that acts as a storage tank. As the bladder fills, its walls relax to hold more urine, and the control (sphincter) muscle remains tight to prevent leakage of urine. Normally, the urine is prevented from going back up the ureters toward the kidneys by a valve where the ureters and bladder meet. When the valve is inadequate and allows urine to flow back up into the ureters, this condition is known as reflux. About one out of three children who have urinary tract infections are found to have reflux. Reflux is a condition people are born with and it tends to run in families. If your child has reflux, other siblings may have a 7 - 43% of having reflux depending on the age of the sib. It may suggest that other family members also be checked for reflux. Is Reflux Dangerous?

15. Children's Hospital Boston Information on the diagnosis and treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children provided by the Department of Urology. http://www.childrenshospital.org/urology/reflux.html

or find by letter: A-F G-L M-R S-Z Page Not Found Home Page Not Found We're sorry. The page you have requested does not exist or has been moved. Children's Hospital Boston is the primary pediatric teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. Contact Us Privacy Accessibility Give Now Children's Hospital Boston 300 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115

16. Pediatric Oncall- Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) Find out more about vesicoureteral reflux and answers to commonly asked questions. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

17. Pediatric Urology - Vesicoureteral Reflux - Urologychannel vesicoureteral reflux is a pediatric urology disorder. The main problem withreflux is that it exposes the kidneys to infection. http://www.urologychannel.com/pediatric/vur.shtml

Home Search SiteMap Ask the Dr. ... Physician Board Vesicoureteral Reflux Overview Treatment Find a Urologist PEDIATRIC UROLOGY Overview Antenatal Hydronephrosis Hypospadias Nocturnal Enuresis Undescended Testicle Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction Vesicoureteral Reflux Find a Urologist CONDITIONS Adrenal Cancer Bladder Cancer Bladder Control Problems BPH/Enlarged Prostate Emergencies Erectile Dysfunction Female Sexual Dysfunction Hematuria Incontinence Interstitial Cystitis Kidney Cancer ... Testosterone Deficiency Upper Tract Tumors Urethral Cancer Urinary Tract Infection Varicocele Vasectomy DIAGNOSTIC TESTS CT Scan Cystoscopy MRI Scan TRUS/ Prostate Biopsy RESOURCES Anatomy Clinical Trials Education Glossary ... What Is a Urologist? Videos FOR DOCTORS ONLY Website Services Get Listed in MDLocator CME ABOUT US Healthcommunities.com Testimonials Link to urologychannel Urologkanalen (Swedish) ... email this Overview Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the backup of urine from the organ that stores urine (bladder) into the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder (ureter) during urination. VUR may result in urine reflux into the renal pelvis, causing distention (hydronephrosis) and kidney damage. In children, this condition is usually caused by an abnormality that is present at birth (congenital) and is often diagnosed during prenatal ultrasound. Types There are two types of VUR: primary and secondary. Primary reflux is caused by a congenital (present at birth) abnormality, and secondary reflux is caused by a urinary tract infection (

18. Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection And Reflux - March 15, 1999 - VCUG=voiding cystourethrogram) Management of vesicoureteral reflux Reflux resolves spontaneously in some patients. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

19. PedsUroLogic - Vesicoureteral Reflux If your child has vesicoureteral reflux urine is moving in the wrong direction,and has backed up from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys. http://www.pedsurologic.com/Parker/Pamphlets/VCUReflux/VCUReflux.html

Vesicoureteral Reflux by Richard M. Parker, M.D. If your child has vesicoureteral reflux... urine is moving in the wrong direction, and has backed up from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys. The condition varies in severity, from mild or grade I , with urine backing up into the lower ureter, to severe or grade V , where urine back up into a swollen kidney. Urine is produced in the kidneys and normally flows into the ureters and bladder. Upon urination, it goes through the urethra and is eliminated from the body. A valve mechanism located where the ureter enters the bladder prevents urine from backing up from the bladder into the ureters when the bladder empties. An abnormality in this valve may cause urine to flow back into the ureters. This abnormality is usually the result of a short length of ureter as it goes through the bladder. Reflux is usually a congenital condition (children are born with it). Other less common causes of reflux include blockage to the bladder, abnormal urination with very high pressure within the bladder, dysfunctional voiding, or urinary tract infections Diagnosis requires an x-ray...

20. University Of Michigan Health System A look at the normal urinary tract followed by vesicoureteral reflux, its problems, evaluation, non operative management, surgical correction and follow up. http://www.um-urology.com/patients/reflux.html

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