61. Visualizing Trachoma In Sudan: A Photo Essay Visualizing trachoma in Sudan A Photo Essay Click here to view. The Carter Center s trachoma Control Program works with ministries of health and other http://www.cartercenter.org/doc1538.htm

Visualizing Trachoma in Sudan: A Photo Essay 2 May 2004 ALL PHOTOS: MARK PELLETIER Visualizing Trachoma in Sudan: A Photo Essay Click here to view The Carter Center's Trachoma Control Program works with ministries of health and other partners around the world to promote improvements in personal and environmental sanitation, and to deliver antibiotics to people at risk for blinding trachoma. The photo essay, "Visualizing Trachoma in Sudan," ( at right ) shows the impact of the disease and the strides being made by the Center and its partners. Learn more about the Trachoma Control Program Read the latest Summary Proceedings: Fourth Annual Program Review of Carter Center-Assisted Trachoma Control Programs, ... director of the Carter Center's Trachoma Control Program Site Designed by DeepBlue Digital

62. Publications - Trachoma ICEH Research Publications List for trachoma. Guide to trachoma Control in Programmes for the Prevention of Blindness. http://www.iceh.org.uk/res_pu09.asp

Search ICEH I Contact us I Site directory Current Research I Research Publications I Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Research Publications ICEH research publication lists, organised by topic: Blindness I Cataract I Childhood Eye Diseases I Cornea I Glaucoma I Onchocerciasis I Refractive errors I Retina and Optic Nerve diseases I Trachoma I Others Trachoma Books and Chapters Papers: 2000 onwards I I Books and Chapters Dawson CR, Jones BR, Tarizzo ML. Guide to Trachoma Control in Programmes for the Prevention of Blindness. 1981, Geneva: World Health Organization. Reacher M, Foster A ,Huber J.. Trichiasis Surgery for Trachoma. The Bilamellar Tarsal Rotation Procedure WHO/PBL/93.29 Solomon A, Mabey D. Trachoma. In: Southall, D, (ed.) International Child Health Care: a Practical Manual for Hospitals Worldwide. BMJ Books. 2001. Papers 2000 onwards Bowman RJC, Jatta B, Faal H, Bailey R, Foster A, Johnson GJ.

63. Trachoma Definition - Medical Dictionary Definitions Of Popular Medical Terms Online Medical Dictionary and glossary with medical definitions. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11991

64. About Blindness - Trachoma Sight is life in the developing world — blindness, or low vision can be devastating for individuals, families, communities and entire countries. http://www.operationeyesight.ca/menu/About_Blindness_-_Trachoma/

Operation Eyesight About Blindness Trachoma Visual Accessibility Donate Now Get Involved Shop Now ... Login Search the site: About Blindness - Trachoma What is trachoma? Trachoma is the most common infectious cause of blindness and the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. It is responsible for more than six million cases of blindness, and more than 400 million people are believed to be afflicted with this disease. Where is trachoma found most commonly? Trachoma is endemic to underdeveloped countries of the world, including North Africa, Southeast Asia, India and the Middle East. It occurs almost exclusively in areas where standards of living are low and medical care is poor. Trachoma is rarely diagnosed in North America, except in immigrants from underdeveloped nations. What causes trachoma? Trachoma is caused by chlamydia trachomatis, a microorganism that spreads through contact with eye discharge from the infected person (on towels, handkerchiefs, fingers, etc.) and through transmission by eye-seeking flies. If untreated, the infection eventually leads to scarring of the eyelids and the front surface of the eye, with the eyelashes scraping against the eye. In time, the scratches on the surface of the eye cause blindness. Trachoma — a global perspective Trachoma is one of the oldest infectious diseases known to humankind. It is responsible for 10–15% of the world's blindness, primarily in Africa.

65. Trachoma trachoma is an eye infection caused by which may result in chronic scarring and if left untreated. http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/001486.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zCMt='a00' About Healthcare Center Healthcare Center Essentials ... Surgeries and Procedures zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Allergies Arthritis Asthma Breast Cancer ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); Search Healthcare Center ENCYCLOPEDIA INDEX Injury Disease Nutrition Poison ... Z Trachoma Overview Symptoms Treatment Prevention Definition: Trachoma is an eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis which may result in chronic scarring and blindness if left untreated. Alternative Names: Granular conjunctivitis; Egyptian ophthalmia Causes, incidence, and risk factors: Trachoma is caused by infection with the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis . It has an incubation period of 5 to 12 days and begins slowly as conjunctivitis (irritation near the eye, "pink eye"), which if untreated may become chronic and lead to scarring. If the eyelids are severely irritated, the eyelashes may turn in and rub against the cornea. This can cause eye ulcers, further scarring, visual loss, and even blindness Trachoma occurs worldwide primarily in rural settings in developing countries. It frequently affects children, although the consequences of scarring may not be evident until later in life. While trachoma is rare in the United States, certain populations marked by poverty, crowded living conditions, and/or poor hygiene are at higher risk for this illness.

66. Trachoma. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 trachoma. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 200105. http://www.bartleby.com/65/tr/trachoma.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. trachoma (tr k KEY ) , infection of the mucous membrane of the eyelids caused by the bacterium

67. BBC - Health - Ask The Doctor - Trachoma Dr Trisha Macnair looks at trachoma, which is common in the Third World. http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/ask_the_doctor/trachoma.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index FRIDAY 9th September 2005 Text only BBC Homepage Lifestyle Health ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Trachoma My penfriend in India has problems with her eyes because of something called trachoma. What is this? Debs Dr Trisha Macnair responds Trachoma is a chromic inflammation of the conjunctiva, or tissues, which cover the surface of the eye (apart from over the iris and pupil) and line the back of the eyelids. It's caused by an infection with an organism called Chlamydia trachomatis Repeated infections cause scarring. The upper eyelid becomes distorted and short so that it doesn't fully protect the eye. The eyelashes turn in and scratch the surface of the eye, leading to damage to the cornea, which is the delicate layer covering the iris and pupil. This damage makes the cornea opaque rather than transparent, so light can't pass through as it should and the person become blind. The production of tears is also affected by the scarring caused by the infection. This makes the eyes dry, aggravating the damage. Common in the developing world Trachoma is very common in the developing world. It's the leading cause of preventable blindness, and affects more than 150 million people, mostly children.

68. BBC Worldservice Trust A clean face and eyes helps prevent trachoma. trachoma is the world s leading cause of preventable blindness. Almost 6 million people are blind worldwide http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/trust/news/story/2003/09/020306_trachoma.shtml

Text Only Version Help BBC World Service Trust Projects in depth ... Media coverage SERVICES Feedback RELATED SITES BBC World Service Trust Using communications for development Last updated: 05 December, 2002 - Published 10:30 GMT Email a friend Printable version Preventing Trachoma A clean face and eyes helps prevent trachoma Trachoma is the world's leading cause of preventable blindness. Almost 6 million people are blind worldwide due to the disease and almost 10% of the world's population are at risk of blindness or severe visual impairment if the disease is not controlled. International Trachoma Initiative (ITI) In 2001, the BBC World Service Trust organised a health communications campaign to support the elimination of blinding trachoma in Ghana. The campaign was implemented with the support of the ITI, in partnership with national radio broadcasters. IN PICTURES: TRACHOMA CAMPAIGN Following the success of this project, the Trust was awarded further funds by ITI to conduct simultaneous campaigns in Ethiopia, Nepal and Niger from late 2001. After hearing one of our dramas, a few people went to the eye hospital with eye complaints. It turned out they had trachoma. People in the village now tease each other about poor cleanliness and how it can lead to trachoma.

69. Water Related Diseases, Trachoma - Lenntech General information about trachoma, origin, symptoms, distribution. http://www.lenntech.com/Waterborne-diseases/trachoma.htm

Trachoma Search : Contact us Anaemia Arsenicosis Ascariasis ... Schistomiasis Trachoma Trichuriasis Typhoid Trachoma is an infection of the mucous membrane of the eyelids caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis It begins as congestion and swelling of the eyelids with tearing and disturbance of vision. The cornea is often involved. If left untreated, scar tissue forms, which causes deformities of the eyelids and, if there is corneal involvement, partial or total blindness. Trachoma is highly contagious in its early stages and is transmitted by direct contact with infected persons or articles (e.g., towels, handkerchiefs) and possibly also by flies. Trachoma is the world leading cause of preventable blindness and occurs where people live in overcrowded conditions with the limited access to water and health care. Blinding trachoma is widespread in the Middle East, North and Sub Sahara Africa part of the Indian subcontinent, Southern Asia and China. The WHO estimates that 6 million worldwide are blind due to trachoma and more than 150 million people are in need of treatment. Click here to learn for more information about waterborne diseases , dimension of the problem, transmission, prevention.

70. Trachoma CBMI is an independent Christian development organisation dedicated to preventing and curing blindness, as well as to the education and rehabilitation of http://www.cbmi.org.au/default_page.php?doc_id=89

71. Trachoma Traveller's Health Prevention Against Diseases Abroad; Vaccination, Dis trachoma description occurrence, manifestations, diagnose and treatment, prevention of the disease. http://www.traveldoctoronline.net/diseases/trachoma.htm

Diseases Trachoma Trachoma is a chronic follicular conjunctivitis that leads to scarring in the conjunctiva and cornea. The disease is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis WHO estimates that approximately 6 million cases of blindness due to trachoma and 11 million cases of trichiasis occur yearly. Transmission is primary from person-to-person by ocular and respiratory secretions. Secondary: insect vectors such as house flies. Third from transmission by oral sexual practices. Manifestation: Diagnose and treatment: Diagnose is verified by demonstrating the agent. Treatment with antibiotics is available. Prevent trachoma by: Good hygiene Do not use handkerchiefs for eye care Avoid contact with flies in the face Refrain from oral sex. To top Back to list of diseases Home Show map ... webmaster The contents within traveldoctoronline are presented only for informational purposes and cannot substitute for professional health care or any other medical treatment.All users of this website with health problems should be oblige always to consult their medical doctor before starting any treatment.

72. Trachoma trachoma 2nd edition. A guide to trachoma and the SAFE strategy. The new edition, produced in collaboration with international partners, has been fully http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/node5822.html

var g_HttpRelativeWebRoot = "/stellent/"; var SSContributor = false; g_HttpRelativeWebRoot = "/stellent/";SSContributor = false; About this site Sitemap Contact us Funding ... Topics in international health Trachoma News and features Reports Guides to science and medicine Newsletters ... Education resources Trachoma 2nd edition A guide to trachoma and the SAFE strategy The new edition, produced in collaboration with international partners, has been fully revised and expanded. It now includes coverage of the SAFE strategy for the elimination of blinding trachoma. This fully revised and updated disc contains 11 interactive tutorials which provide an introduction to the diagnosis, control, prevention and treatment of trachoma: overview - NEW aetiology and pathology - NEW epidemiology and transmission - NEW antibiotics - NEW health promotion - NEW environmental improvement - NEW clinical signs and grading community assessment surgery 1 surgery 2 The tutorials include objectives, self-assessment tests, a list of key references to encourage further reading, and summary screens to reinforce the crucial points. Photographs, graphics, animations and video clips help explain details of the disease, its treatment and control.

73. Trachoma - Introduction. trachoma is a chronic conjunctivitis caused by intracellular infection of epithelial Active trachoma, associated with intermittent shedding of viable http://www.chlamydiae.com/restricted/docs/infections/trachoma_introduction.asp

Home News FAQ Chlamydiales ... Links Introduction to trachoma Trachoma is a chronic conjunctivitis caused by intra-cellular infection of epithelial cells with Chlamydia trachomatis , usually chlamydial strains belonging to the so called ocular serovars A, B, Ba or C. Trachoma is one of the world's leading causes of preventable blindness [see: prevalence ] and is currently the target of a WHO campaign to eradicate the disease by the year 2020 [see: prevention ]. Active trachoma, associated with intermittent shedding of viable chlamydiae, ranges from a mild asymptomatic inflammation with collections of immune cells visible on the upper tarsal conjunctiva [follicular trachoma grade TF ; see: trachoma in pictures for the clinical grading] to an intense inflammatory response [grade TI ] in which most of the tarsal plate is obscured by capillary congestion. Repeated ocular infections cause scarring of the conjunctiva (scarring trachoma grade TS ; often referred to as cicatricial trachoma ). This leads to distortion of the eye-lids ( entropion ) and deviation of the eyelashes so that they beat the orb of the eye ( trichiasis , grade TT ), resulting ultimately in corneal abrasion. opacity and visual loss (grade

74. Prevalence And Distribution Of Trachoma. Fig 2. Detail of trachoma distribution in Africa. Key factors in the geographical distribution of trachoma are a lack of adequate clean water supplies for http://www.chlamydiae.com/restricted/docs/infections/trachoma_prevalence.asp

Home News FAQ Chlamydiales ... Links Trachoma epidemiology: Prevalence Trachoma is a disease of poverty, with some 6 million people afflicted by trachoma-induced blindness or severe visual loss in some of the world's poorest communities (at least 15% of the world's blind people) [ Thylefors et al ]. Approximately 146 million people are estimated by WHO to be affected by trachoma. Some 540 million people, almost 10% of the world's population living in some of the world's poorest communities live in trachoma endemic areas and are at risk from the disease. However some of the difficulties in estimating the true prevalence of trachoma globally and the resulting disease burden are detailed in the studies of and Frick et al estimated the burden (disability-adjusted life years) and economic impact (productivity loss) of trachoma. The number of cases was based on the year 2000 while calculation of the years of life with disability used the age-sex distribution of trachomatous visual loss. The one-year potential productivity loss calculation used the agricultural value added per worker in 1998. They concluded that countries with known or suspected blinding trachoma have 3.8 million cases of blindness and 5.3 million cases of low vision and a potential productivity loss of $2.9 billion (1995 US $). Prevalent cases of trachomatous visual loss yield 39 million lifetime disability adjusted life years. It was concluded that from a resource allocation viewpoint, the economic burden of disease was roughly comparable with the expected costs of eradicating blindness due to trachoma.

75. Women's Eye Health Task Force How is trachoma transmitted and who is at risk for trachoma? What can be done to prevent and control trachoma and eliminate it as a cause of blindness? http://www.womenseyehealth.org/causes/trachoma.php

Age-Related Macular Degeneration Autoimmune Disease Cataract Diabetic Retinopathy ... Uncorrected Refractive Error type size: A A A Trachoma and Other Infectious Diseases What is Trachoma? How is trachoma transmitted and who is at risk for trachoma? What are the symptoms of trachoma? What can be done to prevent and control trachoma and eliminate it as a cause of blindness? ... Where can I get more information? What is Trachoma? Chlamydia trachomatis. This process of infection and re-infection begins in early childhood and may continue to adulthood if the cycle is not broken. Repeated infection and inflammation lead to scarring of the conjunctiva, which may eventually cause the eyelid to turn inwards. As the eyelid turns inward, eye lashes begin to scratch the cornea (trichiasis). In addition to Chlamydia trachomatis , other organisms of a bacterial or fungal nature may also be present. The irritation and aggravation of the cornea leads to corneal opacities that impair vision. In hyperendemic communities, vision loss and blindness may occur in relatively young adults. Women have two to three times the rate of advanced trachoma and blindness than men, because as mothers, grandmothers and older sisters who care for children (the main source of active trachoma infection) they are excessively and continually exposed to the bacterium. Crowded living conditions, lack of sufficient water and sanitation services and contact with eye-seeking flies and fly breeding sites near the homes are some of the many risk factors for trachoma. Trachoma is an indicator of public health and community health issues as well as a pathway to blindness for many individuals.

76. PH @ A Glance: Trachoma About 8 million people are visually impaired as a result of trachoma, trachoma is endemic in 55 countries, primarily in Africa and Asia. http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/HDNet/hddocs.nsf/0/5c6fbf6408fe7e8885256f6b0066dc1

77. Trachoma trachoma, an infection of the eye caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Furthermore, morbidity arising from trachoma is estimated to cost US $2.9 billion per http://www.medicalecology.org/water/trachoma/trachoma.htm

Introduction Background Cholera Trachoma Schistosomiasis Medical Ecology Main Page View Printable Version Prepared in collaboration with Timothy M Tan Outline of Sections Trachoma Seminar Section 1 Introduction Section 2 Early History Section 3 Clinical features Chlamydia trachomatis and trachoma Transmission of ... Chlamydia trachomatis Section 4 Ecology of vectors Section 5 The human perspective Risk factors Distribution of trachoma within population Section 6 Medical ecology of trachoma The SAFE strategy The example of Marakissa, The Gambia Section 7 References Introduction Back to Outline of Sections Trachoma, an infection of the eye caused by Chlamydia trachomatis , ranks worldwide as the most common preventable cause of blindness and the second most common cause of blindness after cataract. It has been estimated to cause 15% of the world's blindness. The disease is endemic in 48 countries in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Australasia [see Fig. 1], and is most prevalent in poor, rural communities with lower standards of hygiene and sanitation. The WHO currently estimates that 6 million people are blind due to trachoma, and that an additional 146 million people have active forms of the disease. Furthermore, morbidity arising from trachoma is estimated to cost US $2.9 billion per year in lost workforce productivity.

78. IFPMA Health Initiatives: Blinding Trachoma The world s leading cause of preventable blindness, blinding trachoma affects 150 million people, blinding 6 million annually. http://www.ifpma.org/Health/other_infect/health_blind.aspx

Blinding Trachoma Contact Us Health Initiatives HIV/AIDS Malaria ... Participating Companies International Trachoma Initiative (ITI) Co-funded by Pfizer and the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, the International Trachoma Initiative (ITI) seeks to eliminate blinding trachoma, the world's leading cause of preventable blindness. The International Trachoma Initiative promotes the "SAFE" strategy, a community-based plan of action that emphasizes the medical, behavioral, and environmental changes, essential to the control of trachoma. The four action steps comprising SAFE are: S urgery, A F ace washing and E nvironmental change (e.g. access to clean water, strengthened by increased health education). More about this Initiative International Trachoma Initiative (ITI) Initiatives by Region Click on an area of the map to learn about regional health initiatives.

79. Disease Fact Sheet: Trachoma Disease fact sheet from the World Health Organization, prepared for World Water Day 2001. http://www.worldwaterday.org/wwday/2001/disease/trachoma.html

WWD home 2001 Home About WWD 2001 News ... Overview of disease fact sheets Disease fact sheet: Trachoma The disease and its effect on people Cause Distribution Scale of the Problem ... Global Alliance for the Elimination of Trachoma by the year 2020 (GET 2020) The disease and its effect on people Cause Trachoma is caused by an organism called Chlamydia trachomatis. Through the discharge from an infected child's eyes, trachoma is passed on by hands, on clothing, or by flies that land on the face of the infected child. Distribution Trachoma occurs worldwide and most often in poor rural communities in developing countries. Blinding trachoma is widespread in the Middle East, North and Sub-Sahara Africa, parts of the Indian subcontinent, Southern Asia and China. Pockets of blinding trachoma occur in Latin America, Australia (among native Australians) and the Pacific Islands. Scale of the Problem The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that six million worldwide are blind due to trachoma and more than 150 million people are in need of treatment. Intervention Primary interventions advocated for preventing trachoma infection include improved sanitation, reduction of fly breeding sites and increased facial cleanliness (with clean water) among children at risk of disease. The scaring and visual change for trachoma can be reversed by a simple surgical procedure performed at village level which reverses the inturned eyelashes.

80. ► Trachoma A medical encycopedia article on the topic trachoma. http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001486.htm

var MenuLinkedBy='AllWebMenus [2]', awmBN='530'; awmAltUrl=''; Disease Nutrition Surgery Symptoms Injury ... Encyclopedia (English) Toggle English Spanish Trachoma Overview Symptoms Treatment Prevention Definition: Trachoma is an eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis which may result in chronic scarring and blindness if left untreated. Alternative Names: Granular conjunctivitis; Egyptian ophthalmia Causes, incidence, and risk factors: Trachoma is caused by infection with the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis . It has an incubation period of 5 to 12 days and begins slowly as conjunctivitis (irritation near the eye, "pink eye"), which if untreated may become chronic and lead to scarring. If the eyelids are severely irritated, the eyelashes may turn in and rub against the cornea. This can cause eye ulcers, further scarring, visual loss, and even blindness Trachoma occurs worldwide primarily in rural settings in developing countries. It frequently affects children, although the consequences of scarring may not be evident until later in life. While trachoma is rare in the United States, certain populations marked by poverty, crowded living conditions, and/or poor hygiene are at higher risk for this illness. Trachoma is acquired via direct contact with eye or nose-throat secretions from affected individuals or by contact with inanimate objects which are contaminated with these secretions, such as towels or clothes. In addition, certain flies which have fed on these secretions can transmit trachoma.

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