1. The International Trachoma Initiative Includes information on trachoma, prevention, treatment, initiative and programs. Founded by Pfizer Inc and The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation. http://www.trachoma.org/

Cheryl Tiegs Joins Forces with ITI ... click for more Trachoma Highlighted at 2005 Global Health Council Conference ... click for more Saving Sight: Surgery in Tanzania ... click for more ABOUT TRACHOMA ABOUT ITI ITI PROGRAMS PRESS CENTER ... CONTACT ITI

2. Trachoma Brief, technical clinical definition. Leading cause of blindness worldwide, and afflicts over 400 million people; preventable with adequate diet, proper sanitation, and education. http://www.spedex.com/resource/documents/veb/trachoma.html

TRACHOMA DESCRIPTION: A form of bilateral keratoconjunctivitis which causes corneal scarring; at its onset, it resembles conjunctivitis with symptoms of tearing, photophobia, pain, swelling of the eyelids, and superior keratitis; as it passes through four stages, the conjunctival tissues become follicular, heal, and finally scar. Lacrimal glands and ducts are often affected as well; the upper lid may turn inward and the lashes then abrade the cornea; corneal ulceration results, becomes infected, and ultimately scars. When scarring is extensive, blindness results. The disease is spread by contact; flies and gnats may also transmit it. TREATMENT: If treated early (with antibiotics, usually tetracycline drugs or sulfonamides), the prognosis is excellent. Untreated, it can cause blindness. IMPLICATIONS: This disease is one the earliest recorded eye diseases; it was identified as early as the 27th century B.C. It is the leading cause of blindness worldwide, and afflicts over 400 million people (primarily in underdeveloped countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia). It is preventable with adequate diet, proper sanitation, and education. It is rare in the United States. Back to Contents or Back to SpEdEx Home

3. EMedicine - Trachoma : Article By Anthony Solomon, MBBS, PhD, DTM&H Article by Denise Mabey, FRCOphth, MBBS. http://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic118.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Ophthalmology Infectious Disease Trachoma Last Updated: March 17, 2005 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: Chlamydia trachomatis, C trachomatis, chronic keratoconjunctivitis, SAFE strategy for trachoma, trichiasis, simplified trachoma grading scheme, trachomatous scarring, corneal opacity AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: , Lecturer, Clinical Research Unit, Coauthor(s): Denise Mabey, FRCOphth, MBBS , Consulting Staff, Department of Ophthalmology, St Thomas Hospital of London; Hugh Taylor, MD , Managing Director of the Center for Eye Research, Ringland Anderson Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne in Australia Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology , and Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Editor(s): Anastasios J Kanellopoulos, MD

4. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Trachoma Features cause, symptoms, diagnosis, risk factors, prognosis, complications, prevention, and treatment. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001486.htm

@import url(/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Trachoma Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Eye Alternative names Return to top Granular conjunctivitis; Egyptian ophthalmia Definition Return to top Trachoma is an eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis which may result in chronic scarring and blindness if left untreated. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Trachoma is caused by infection with the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis . It has an incubation period of 5 to 12 days and begins slowly as conjunctivitis (irritation near the eye, "pink eye"), which if untreated may become chronic and lead to scarring. If the eyelids are severely irritated, the eyelashes may turn in and rub against the cornea. This can cause eye ulcers, further scarring, visual loss, and even blindness. Trachoma occurs worldwide primarily in rural settings in developing countries. It frequently affects children, although the consequences of scarring may not be evident until later in life. While trachoma is rare in the United States, certain populations marked by poverty, crowded living conditions, and/or poor hygiene are at higher risk for this illness. Trachoma is acquired via direct contact with eye or nose-throat secretions from affected individuals or by contact with inanimate objects that are contaminated with these secretions, such as towels or clothes. In addition, certain flies that have fed on these secretions can transmit trachoma.

5. Eatonweb Blog Directory Portal :: Search And Find Blog Sites Includes disease information, programs, resources, and news. In English and French. http://www.trachomahki.org/

category language country alphabet ... Blog Directory Home 32599 weblogs as of 09.09.05 Web portal.eatonweb.com Portal Home - Blog Directory Top 50 Recently Updated New Additions ... About Blog Directory Listings Categories Academic acting Advice animals ... Zookeeping Languages Arabic Armenian Cambodian Catala ... Vietnamese Alphabetical a b c d ... z Countries Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa ... Zimbabwe Eatonweb portal is now running smoothly on the new server. We also have a sister site - Blog Flux Portal If you have any comments or suggestions, do not hesitate to contact me -AhmedF Login* Email: Password: Forgot your password?

6. The International Trachoma Initiative Includes information on trachoma, prevention, treatment, initiative and programs. Founded by Pfizer Inc and The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. TRACHOMA See the different stages of trachoma. trachoma is the world s leading cause of preventable blindness. trachoma is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia http://www.trachoma.org/trachoma.asp

8. Trachoma trachoma. DESCRIPTION A form of bilateral keratoconjunctivitis which causes corneal scarring; http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents All visitors over one year of age arriving from infected areas must have a yellow fever vaccination certificate. Hepatitis B, malaria, cholera, trachoma, schistosomiasis, river blindness, and sleeping sickness are all hazards. http://www.traveldocs.com/ao/tips.htm

Angola Africa TRAVEL TIPS Driving U.S Driving Permit Required Currency (AOA) Kwanza Electrical 127/220 Volts Telephones Country Code 244, City Code Luanda 2+6D, Zaire 32+5D, Huambo 41+5D Health Precautions : All visitors over one year of age arriving from infected areas must have a yellow fever vaccination certificate. Hepatitis B, malaria, cholera, trachoma, schistosomiasis, river blindness, and sleeping sickness are all hazards. Tapwater is not potable. Sophisticated medical treatment is not available. Health requirements change; check latest information. Weather and clothing : Angola's climate is tropical, with wet and dry seasons that vary little in temperature. While it is very hot and rainy in the coastal region, temperatures in the inland areas are milder. Casual attire, safari suits are the norm in hot, humid climate. Telephone : When direct dialing to Angola from the U.S., dial 011(international access code) + 244 [country code] + local number, or use international operator.

10. EMedicine - Trachoma Article By Anthony Solomon, MBBS, PhD, DTM H trachoma trachoma is the leading infectious cause of ocular morbidity. This disease is a chronic keratoconjunctivitis caused by the obligate http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. DBMD - Trachoma - Technical Information Clinical Features, trachoma is a chronic follicular conjunctivitis that leads to Blindness due to trachoma has been eliminated from the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/node.do/id/0900f3ec80007625

Trachoma Clinical Features Trachoma is a chronic follicular conjunctivitis that leads to scarring in the conjunctiva and cornea. Repeat active infections occur in children < 10 years of age. Subsequently, conjunctival scarring (cicatricial disease) and inversion of the eyelashes so they irritate the cornea (trichiasis) develops as a result of earlier infections. Trichiasis predisposes to corneal ulceration and corneal opacities resulting in decreased vision and blindness. Etiologic Agent Chlamydia trachomatis , serovars A, B, Ba, and C. First description of disease in 16th-century BC in the Ebers Papyrus. Infectious potential demonstrated by experimental transmission of agent from a case-patient to an orangutan in 1907. Incidence WHO estimates that approximately 6 million cases of blindness due to trachoma and 11 million cases of trichiasis occur yearly. Prevalence of active disease in children varies from 10-40% in some African countries to 3-10% in several Asian countries. The overall incidence is unknown.

12. CNN.com - Health - Plan Underway To Squash Preventable Blindness Disease - Decem CNN http://cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/12/04/health.trachoma.reut/index.html

health Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web HEALTH TOP STORIES New treatments hold out hope for breast cancer patients MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters confront police MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Plan underway to squash preventable blindness disease LONDON (Reuters) Pilot studies in Morocco and Tanzania have more than halved the number of cases of trachoma as doctors start a drive to eliminate the world's biggest cause of preventable blindness. The success of the International Trachoma Initiative (ITI), health experts said Monday, means the plan will be extended to other countries where the bacterial infection threatens millions of people with blindness, including patients in Ghana, Mali, Sudan and Vietnam.

13. Sight Savers International - International Charity Fighting A charity that combats blindness globally. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

14. CDC - Eliminating Trachoma In Areas With Limited Disease The common wisdom is that a trachoma program cannot eliminate ocular A more attainable goal would be to reduce clinically active trachoma to some http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no5/02-0577.htm

Past Issue Vol. 9, No. 5 May 2003 EID Home Ahead of Print Past Issues EID Search ... Figure Dispatch Eliminating Trachoma in Areas with Limited Disease Bruce D. Gaynor,* Yinghui Miao,* Vicky Cevallos,* Hem Jha,† JSP Chaudary,† Ramesh Bhatta,† Susan Osaki-Holm,* Elizabeth Yi,* Julius Schachter,* John P. Whitcher,* and Thomas Lietman* *University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; and †Geta Eye Hospital, Geta, Nepal Suggested citation for this article: Gaynor BD, Miao Y, Cevallos V, Jha H, Chaudary JSP, Bhatta R, et al. Eliminating trachoma in areas with limited disease. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online] 2003 May [date cited]. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no5/02-0577.htm The common wisdom is that a trachoma program cannot eliminate ocular chlamydia from a community, just reduce infection to a level where blindness would be minimal. We describe the success of multiple mass antibiotic treatments, demonstrating that complete elimination of infection may be an attainable goal in an area with modest disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) and a number of its partners have initiated a program to eliminate blinding trachoma by the year 2020 ( ). Many healthcare workers feel that attempting to eradicate the ocular strains of chlamydia that cause trachoma (serovars A, Ba, B, and C) would be unrealistic and perhaps even unnecessary. A more attainable goal would be to reduce clinically active trachoma to some threshold, below which scarring and blindness would never occur or at least would become so rare that trachoma would no longer be a major public health concern (

15. CNN - Carter Sees Worthy Cause In Fighting Eye Disease In Africa - October 23, 1 CNN http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/africa/9910/23/carter.trachoma/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD africa americas ... daily almanac MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists. Enter your address: document.write(' '); Or: Get a free e-mail account E-MAIL DISCUSSION: message boards chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: AsiaNow Svenska Norge Danmark ... Italian FASTER ACCESS: europe japan TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: more networks transcripts SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Carter sees worthy cause in fighting eye disease in Africa Carter talks about trachoma in Selingue, Mali October 23, 1999 Web posted at: 8:19 a.m. EDT (1219 GMT) From Correspondent Brian Cabell ATLANTA (CNN) Former President Jimmy Carter and his wife Rosalynn are lending their clout to an African public health campaign designed to control a blinding eye disease called trachoma. Trachoma, a highly contagious bacterial infection of the upper eyelid, affects 146 million people worldwide. Six million people are sightless because of the disease. The trachoma bacterium causes the eyelid to turn inward. As a result, the eyelashes scratch the cornea, causing blindness. Children living in poverty are especially vulnerable.

16. Helen Keller International Helps blindnessrelated organizations and institutions in countries where the need is great. Includes resources, programs and general information. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

17. BLINDING TRACHOMA PREVENTION WITH THE SAFE STRATEGY WEST 69 (5 BLINDING trachoma PREVENTION WITH THE SAFE STRATEGY SHEILA K. WEST http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

18. DBMD - Trachoma - Technical Information Factsheet on the disease with cause, incidence, and symptoms. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/trachoma_t.htm

Trachoma Clinical Features Trachoma is a chronic follicular conjunctivitis that leads to scarring in the conjunctiva and cornea. Repeat active infections occur in children < 10 years of age. Subsequently, conjunctival scarring (cicatricial disease) and inversion of the eyelashes so they irritate the cornea (trichiasis) develops as a result of earlier infections. Trichiasis predisposes to corneal ulceration and corneal opacities resulting in decreased vision and blindness. Etiologic Agent Chlamydia trachomatis , serovars A, B, Ba, and C. First description of disease in 16th-century BC in the Ebers Papyrus. Infectious potential demonstrated by experimental transmission of agent from a case-patient to an orangutan in 1907. Incidence WHO estimates that approximately 6 million cases of blindness due to trachoma and 11 million cases of trichiasis occur yearly. Prevalence of active disease in children varies from 10-40% in some African countries to 3-10% in several Asian countries. The overall incidence is unknown.

19. BLINDING TRACHOMA PREVENTION WITH THE SAFE STRATEGY WEST 69 (5 BLINDING trachoma PREVENTION WITH THE SAFE STRATEGY SHEILA K. WEST http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

20. WHO | Water-related Diseases trachoma is an infection of the eyes that may result in blindness after repeated Primary interventions advocated for preventing trachoma infection http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/trachoma/en/

All WHO This site only Home About WHO Countries Health topics ... Publications Water Sanitation and Health (WSH) About us Databases Guidelines Training ... printable version Water-related Diseases Trachoma The disease and how it affects people Trachoma is an infection of the eyes that may result in blindness after repeated re-infections. It is the world's leading cause of preventable blindness and occurs where people live in overcrowded conditions with limited access to water and health care. Trachoma spreads easily from person to person and is frequently passed from child to child and from child to mother within the family. Infection usually first occurs in childhood but people do not became blind until adulthood. The disease progresses over years as repeated infections cause scarring on the inside of the eyelid, earning it the name of the “quiet disease” The eyelashes eventually turn in. This causes rubbing on the cornea at the front of the eye. The cornea becomes scarred leading to severe vision loss and eventually blindness. The cause Trachoma is caused by an organism called Chlamydia trachomatis. Through the discharge from an infected child's eyes, trachoma is passed on by hands, on clothing, or by flies that land on the face of the infected child.

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