101. Strabismus - Kang Zhang Laboratory What is strabismus? strabismus is a disorder in which the two eyes are not strabismus and amblyopia are together the most common causes of visual http://zhang.hmbg.utah.edu/info/strabismus.html

Strabismus What is Strabismus? Strabismus is a disorder in which the two eyes are not correctly aligned. If untreated it can lead to amblyopia – also called 'lazy eye' – a condition in which the vision in one eye deteriorates. Strabismus and amblyopia are together the most common causes of visual impairment in children. Current treatment alternatives Current treatments for strabismus and amblyopia include: surgically realigning the eyes, patching one eye or performing eye exercises to strengthen the coordination of the two eyes. Although many children with strabismus or amblyopia can be effectively treated, a better understanding of the causes of these disorders would permit a more accurate assessment of which treatment plan is most likely to succeed for each child. Doctors Kang Zhang (University of Utah School of Medicine) and Jeremy Nathans (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine) are conducting a study to identify the role of inheritance in strabismus. It has long been known that strabismus tends to run in families, but the precise role that genes play in making some people more likely to develop strabismus is still unknown. If the mechanism of this genetic predisposition can be clarified, it is very likely to lead to improved treatment for future generations of strabismus patients. The goal of this study is to identify the genes that predispose some individuals to have a misalignment of the eyes, referred to as strabismus. A related disorder called amblyopia (“lazy-eye”) results in the loss of vision in one eye due to the preferential use of the other eye. Some people who have strabismus will eventually suffer from amblyopia, whereas others will not. Both of these disorders tend to run in families, and are likely to arise from the same basic problem with coordinating vision in the two eyes. If the genes responsible for a predisposition to strabismus or amblyopia can be identified, the knowledge gained will help identify children who are at higher risk for these problems and it will also help to improve decisions regarding which therapeutic approach is most likely to help each child.

102. Strabismus strabismus involves deviation of the alignment of one eye in relation to the other. http://www.healthcentral.com/ency/408/001004.html

Dr. Dean TV Specials Newsletters Home ... Health Tools Search Choose a Health Topic * All Health Topics * Acne Addictions AIDS/HIV Alcohol Abuse Allergies Alternative Medicine Alzheimer's Arthritis Asthma Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD) Backache Bipolar Affective Disorder Birth Control Blood Blood Pressure Bone/Joint/Tendon Bowel Brain Breast cancer Cancer Cerebral Palsy Cholesterol Cramps Crohn's Disease Cysts Dental/Oral Depression Diabetes Diet, Fitness, Looks Disabled/Special Needs Drug Abuse Ear/Nose/Throat Eating/Appetite Eczema Encephalitis Eye/Vision Fatigue Fever Flu Food Poisoning Foot Gallbladder Gastrointestinal Genetic/Congenital GERD/Heartburn Hair Loss Hair/Scalp Headache Hearing Heart Disease, Stroke Heat/Sunstroke Hepatitis Hernia Herpes High Blood Pressure Hormonal Immune Disorders Immunizations/Vaccines Impotence Incontinence/Bladder Infections Injuries Kidney/Urinary Kids Learning Disabilities Liver Lung Cancer Men Menopause, Postmenopause Migraine Mobility/Balance Multiple Sclerosis Muscle Neural Nosebleeds Pain Parasites Pituitary PMS Pregnancy Prostate Cancer Prostate Disorders Psoriasis Psychological Raynaud's Disease Respiratory Reye Syndrome Rheumatoid Arthritis Schizophrenia Seniors Sensory Sexually Transmitted Disease Skin Sleep Speech Disorders Spinal Thyroid Trauma Weight Loss Women Yeast Infections Home Health Encyclopedia Strabismus Strabismus Injury Disease Nutrition Poison ... Prevention Strabismus Definition: Strabismus involves deviation of the alignment of one eye in relation to the other.

103. BOTOX® > Healthcare Professionals > Approved Uses > Strabismus BOTOX® is indicated for the treatment of strabismus in adults. What is strabismus?strabismus is characterized by a deviation in alignment of one eye from http://www.botox.com/site/professionals/approved_uses/strabismus.asp

document.writeln(cssFile); var s_pageName=document.title; var s_server=""; var s_channel=""; var s_pageType=""; var s_prop1=""; var s_prop2=""; var s_prop3=""; var s_prop4=""; var s_prop5=""; var s_prop6=""; var s_prop7=""; var s_prop8=""; var s_prop9=""; var s_prop10=""; home find contact help BOTOX® is indicated for the treatment of strabismus in adults. Strabismus is characterized by a deviation in alignment of one eye from the other. In adults, strabismus can occur gradually or rapidly. The most common form of strabismus is esotropia (convergent strabismus), which occurs when the eye turns toward the nose. In exotropia (divergent strabismus) the eye turns away from the nose. One or both eyes may also turn up or down. Generally, the eyes turn in different directions. Diagnosis of strabismus is based primarily on the patient's medical history. Ophthalmologic and neurologic testing should be performed to rule out ocular or neurologic disease. Gradual onset of strabismus usually results in an outward movement of an eye. In acute onset strabismus, the eye can turn in almost any direction. Importantly, rapid onset of strabismus may be an indication of significant head trauma or systemic illness such as diabetes, cancer, or inflammation. In exotropia, the eye turns in to fixate; in esotropia, it turns out to fixate. As a therapy for strabismus in adults, BOTOX® (Botulinum Toxin Type A) Purified Neurotoxin Complex is thought to affect muscle pairs by inducing an atrophic lengthening of the injected muscle and a corresponding shortening of the muscle antagonist. The duration of effect lasts up to three months. If necessary, the neurotoxin can be reinjected as long as the patient continues to respond and does not have a serious allergic reaction.1

104. Health 24 - Eye, Squint (Strabismus) Squint (strabismus) in a nutshell Squint a misalignment of the eyes - is strabismus = an eye that is not straight. How can a squint be treated? http://www.health24.com/medical/Condition_centres/777-792-810-1696.asp

WIN CASH! Register now for a weekly tip on bone health - cash is up for grabs every month! Pregnancy Chatline Are you pregnant? Join the Pregnancy Chatline and meet others online. TERMS NEWSLETTER NEWS MEDICAL SCHEMES DIET FITNESS NATURAL MAN WOMAN CHILD MIND SEX TOOLS FIND SHOP EXPERTS TALK WIN function topNav(onoff) if onoff = 1 then if window.event.srcElement.classname = "top_nav_on" then window.event.srcElement.classname = "top_nav" else window.event.srcElement.classname = "top_nav_on" end if else if window.event.srcElement.classname = "top_nav_on" then window.event.srcElement.classname = "top_nav" else window.event.srcElement.classname = "top_nav_on" end if end if end function Medical Head 2 Toe Disease centres Acne ... Run/walk for health Links Find a buddy Sexuality Psychology Food as medicine ... Squint (Strabismus) You are in: Medical Disease centres Eye > Squint (Strabismus) Squint (Strabismus) in a nutshell Squint - a misalignment of the eyes - is usually the result of a problem with one or more of the muscles that move the eyes. One of the eyes turns in or out, much less commonly up or down. Squint in children and squint in adults have different causes and are treated differently. Strabismus or Squint All about stranismus.

105. SUNY State College Of Optometry: Strabismus Home Patient Education strabismus. Patient Education. strabismusstrabismus (crossedeyes) occurs when one or both eyes turn in or out, up or down, http://www.sunyopt.edu/uoc/strabismus.shtml

University Optometric Center 33 West 42nd Street at Bryant Park New York, NY 10036 Home Patient Education Strabismus Strabismus Strabismus (crossed-eyes) occurs when one or both eyes turn in or out, up or down, or may wander in several directions. An eye turn may be present all the time or may only appear when a child is tired, ill or concentrating intensely. Poor eye muscle control usually causes crossed-eyes. With strabismus, the eye-brain connection is not working properly. The signals traveling between the eyes and the brain can get mixed-up or confused. Since the two eyes point in different directions, each eye sends a different picture to the brain causing confusing visual signals. As a result, the brain will eventually ignore or suppress messages from one eye in order to make sense of what is seen. Because suppression cannot be felt, a child may be unaware that this is happening. The brain reacts as if one eye is closed. What causes strabismus? It can be caused by: Trauma Fever Infection Stroke Brain tumor or Uncorrected refractive errors such as hyperopia or myopia Some causes are not only sight-threatening but can be life-threatening. If you suspect your child has an eye turn, consult a pediatric optometrist immediately.

106. Strabismus What is strabismus? strabismus is a vision problem in which the eyes are misaligned,meaning they do not both look at the same point at the same time. http://www.bchealthguide.org/kbase/topic/mini/hw166670/overview.htm

var hwPrint=1;var hwDocHWID="hw166670";var hwDocTitle="Strabismus";var hwRank="1";var hwSectionHWID="hw166672";var hwSectionTitle="Topic Overview";var hwSource="en-caQ2_05";var hwDocType="Mini"; Strabismus Topic Overview What is strabismus? Strabismus is a vision problem in which the eyes are misaligned, meaning they do not both look at the same point at the same time. For example, while one eye looks straight ahead, the other may turn the wrong way (deviate), looking up, down, in, or out. Strabismus, which most often begins in early childhood, is sometimes called "crossed eyes," "walleye," or "squint." It may also be called "lazy eye," but this term is more appropriately associated with poor vision resulting from amblyopia , usually in one eye. Amblyopia may be the result of strabismus if misalignment makes using an eye physically difficult, or it may lead to strabismus if the child favors the good eye, permitting the other to drift. Normally, the muscles surrounding each eye work together to move the eyes so they both focus on a given object. By 3 or 4 months of age, most infants have developed the ability to control these muscles and merge the images from both eyes into a single image, even though the visual system will not be fully developed for a few years. When the eye muscles do not work correctly, the eyes may become misaligned and the brain may not be able to merge what the misaligned eyes see into a single image. While more complicated patterns can occur, many cases of strabismus fall into one of the following categories.

107. Strabismus strabismus is a visual defect in which the eyes are misaligned and point in When one eye turns, as in strabismus, two different pictures are sent to the http://ww3.komotv.com/global/story.asp?s=1230710

108. New England Eye Center - Pedatric Ophthalmology - Strabismus strabismus is a condition in which the eyes are misaligned, meaning one eye may strabismus affects about 4% of children and can continue through life, http://www.neec.com/Pedatric_Ophthalmology_Strabismus.html

Strabismus Strabismus is a condition in which the eyes are misaligned, meaning one eye may be straight while the other is turned inward, outward, upward, or downward. A visual defect commonly accompanies strabismus. Strabismus affects about 4% of children and can continue through life, or in some instances, can begin in adulthood. Good alignment of both eyes during childhood allows normal vision to develop. The first nine years of life are particularly important, since this is the Period when the brain is developing visually. In strabismus, the abnormal alignment may cause reduced vision, which is referred to as amblyopia. In addition, the brain will often use the image of the accurate eye while ignoring the image of the deviating eye, which can cause a loss of one component of depth perception known as binocular vision with stereopsis. Early diagnosis and treatment of strabismus is important and can directly affect outcome with respect to visual acuity and binocular vision. Children's eyes should be examined as part of regular check-ups by a pediatrician or family doctor from infancy through the school years . Infant's eyes are often slightly misaligned during the first month of life. However, large degrees of misalignment or misalignment persisting beyond about one month of age should be investigated. It is often difficult for parents to determine whether their babies' eyes are misaligned. The pediatrician and the ophthamologist can help determine whether an infant has strabismus.

109. Advances In Strabismus Research: Basic And Clinical Aspects - Portland Press Ltd Animal models in strabismus sensory aspects of a comitant strabismus MLJ Crawford;Cocontraction as a symptom in the strabismus syndrome W de Decker http://www.portlandpress.com/pcs/books/prod_det.cfm?product=1855781441

110. Strabismus paedophth-strabismus. A forum for the discussion of research and clinicaladvancement in the areas of Journal of pediatric ophthalmology strabismus http://omni.ac.uk/browse/mesh/D013285.html

low graphics Strabismus broader: Ocular Motility Disorders other: Nystagmus, Pathologic narrower: Esotropia Exotropia American orthoptic journal Table of contents and abstracts for the American Orthoptic Journal dating from 1991 to the present. It provides clinical studies, reviews and new material in the fields of amblyopia, strabismus, and related areas of eye movement disorders. The journal also acts as a forum for orthoptists and ophthalmologists. Published by the American Association of Certified Orthoptists. Strabismus Periodicals [Publication Type] Orthoptics Ophthalmology ... paed-ophth-strabismus A forum for the discussion of research and clinical advancement in the areas of paediatric ophthalmology, and strabismus in children and adults. (Description courtesy of JISCmail). Strabismus Ophthalmology Eye Diseases Eye ... Squint (strabismus) This is one of a series of resources produced by the Moorfields Eye Hospital, which provides public-orientated information on major eye conditions. This resource explains what a squint is, what causes a squint, and provides information about childhood and adult squints. Strabismus Patient Education Handout [Publication Type] Journal of AAPOS The Journal of AAPOS is the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, published by Mosby. This journal presents "expert information on children's eye diseases and on strabismus as it impacts all age groups", and includes clinical and investigative studies, treatments, case reports, surgical techniques, descriptions of instrumentation, current concept reviews, and new diagnostic techniques. Contents and abstracts are freely available online from 1997 (volume 1), with full-text access available via subscription or on a pay-per-view basis from 1999.

111. Pediatric Ophthalmology And Strabismus, 3rd Edition Eye Movements and strabismus Supranuclear Eye Movement Disorders Acquired andNeurological Nystagmus Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome Latent Nystagmus and DVD http://www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/catalogue/title.cfm?ISBN=0702027081

112. MetaPress - Publication Pediatric Ophthalmology and strabismus New York Eye Ear InfirmaryThe Pediatric Ophthalmology, strabismus and Specialty Testing Service at The Find a physician specializing in Pediatric Ophthalmology/strabismus at The http://www.metapress.com/link.asp?id=103119

113. Strabismus Comes Into Focus - Nature Cell Biology Here, a new study suggests that the transmembrane protein strabismus participates in The planar polarity gene strabismus regulates convergent extension http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ncb0102-e6

@import "/ncb/style.css"; NATURE.COM NEWS@NATURE.COM NATUREJOBS NATUREEVENTS ... Help E-MAIL: PASSWORD: Save password Forgotten password? SEARCH JOURNAL Advanced search Journal home Archive Table of Contents ... For librarians NPG Resources Nature Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology AfCS-Nature Signaling Gateway The Cell Migration Gateway ... Browse all publications News and Views Nature Cell Biology doi:10.1038/ncb0102-e6 Strabismus comes into focus Jeffrey D. Axelrod Jeffrey D. Axelrod is in the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA jaxelrod@cmgm.stanford.edu At least one member of the Frizzled (Fz) family of receptors, together with the downstream signalling protein Dishevelled, participates in several distinct, yet closely related signal transduction pathways. Activation of the correct signal transduction pathway is critical. Here, a new study suggests that the transmembrane protein Strabismus participates in this decision. MORE ARTICLES LIKE THIS These links to content published by NPG are automatically generated REFERENCE Signal Transduction Pathways in Development: Wnts and their Receptors Nature Encyclopaedia of Life Sciences See all 2 matches for Reference REVIEWS Wnts and TGF in synaptogenesis: old friends signalling at new places Nature Reviews Neuroscience Review (01 Feb 2003) NEWS AND VIEWS A role for Wnts in morpho-genesis and tissue polarity Nature Cell Biology News and Views (01 Jul 2000) Nature Genetics News and Views (01 Apr 2004)

114. Www.szp.swets.nl/szp/journals/st.htm http://www.szp.swets.nl/szp/journals/st.htm

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115. Www.szp.swets.nl/szp/journals/st-4.htm http://www.szp.swets.nl/szp/journals/st-4.htm

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116. Vocatus Atque Non Vocatus Deus Aderit . . . If you put your hands on this oar with me, they will never harm another,and they will come to find they hold everything you want. http://www.jungcircle.com/muse/alt.html

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