121. EMedicine Health - Smallpox Introduction smallpox (also called variola) is the only disease that has been completely wiped out throughout the world. smallpox is also potentially one of the most http://www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/8770-1.asp

Search September 9, 2005 Registration Healthcare Professionals You are in: Bacterial and Viral Infections Smallpox Smallpox Introduction Smallpox (also called variola) is the only disease that has been completely wiped out throughout the world. Smallpox is also potentially one of the most devastating biological weapons ever conceived. Due to the success of an intense worldwide public health initiative, not one documented naturally occurring case of this highly infectious, deadly disease has occurred since October 26, 1977. (An unvaccinated hospital cook in Somalia was the last person to naturally contract smallpox.) The World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. At that time, all remaining collected supplies of the smallpox virus were supposed to be destroyed or sequestered in two laboratories, one in the United States and one in Russia. Geopolitical events in the last decade and revelations concerning offensive biological warfare programs by certain foreign governments have raised concern that this virus may have fallen into the hands of other foreign states who might seek to use the virus as a biological weapon. History of smallpox: For centuries, smallpox affected political and social agendas. Smallpox epidemics plagued Europe and Asia until 1796, when Edward Jenner tested his theory of disease protection. He did this by inoculating a young boy with material obtained from a milkmaid who was infected with the milder cowpox virus. The success of that experiment led to the development of a vaccine (from

122. CDC Vaccinates Workers Against Smallpox CNN http://cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/11/05/cdc.smallpox.ap/index.html

123. Coming Soon! Happy Go Daddy Customer! Click Here to Register a New Domain Compare us! Click Here to Transfer Domains NEW! Rapid Transfer System! http://www.allaboutsmallpox.com/

124. Facts About Anthrax And Smallpox As Bioterrorism Weapons Concern about deliberate use of disease agents as bioterrorism weapons presently focuses on anthrax and smallpox. http://healthlink.mcw.edu/content/article/1004505206.html

Search Articles: search tips Please Take the HealthLink Survey Email this article Print this article Find related articles: By topic: Infections/Infectious Diseases Public Health By keywords: anthrax bioterrorism smallpox Receive Health Link via email! Subscribe now >> Facts About Anthrax and Smallpox as Bioterrorism Weapons Concern about deliberate use of disease agents as bioterrorism weapons presently focuses on anthrax and smallpox, although there have been no smallpox attacks to date. As part of its bioterrorism-response plans, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently expanding its stockpiles of pharmaceuticals and other medial supplies. Anthrax Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium. The serious forms of human anthrax are inhalation anthrax, cutaneous anthrax and intestinal anthrax. Symptoms of disease vary depending on how the disease was contracted, but usually occur within seven days after exposure. Initial symptoms of inhalation anthrax infection may resemble a common cold. After several days, the symptoms may progress to severe breathing problems and shock. Inhalation anthrax is often fatal. Cutaneous anthrax may occur when the skin surface is exposed to the bacterium and a sore or swelled area appears on the skin. A central area of ulceration develops and a very dark, brownish scab forms. It can be painless and it may be accompanied by a fever.

125. SMALL POX - THE DREAM AND THE REALITY In the case of smallpox, the bug is fairly slow to cause disease symptoms In that year, a devastating disease called smallpox was introduced into http://www.greatdreams.com/smallpox.htm

SMALL POX THE DREAM AND THE REALITY by Dee Finney updated 5-16-2004 6-7-00 - DREAM - I don't know what house I was living in, but my kids and first husband was there. The kids were in their early teens it seemed. I was supposed to go to work, but I wasn't feeling very well and decided to stay home. My oldest son Michael was sick in bed, but I didn't go check on him. He was old enough to take care of himself and ask for help if he needed it. Then I saw that my son Ken was standing half hidden behind a piece of furniture and he was shaking uncontrollably. I asked him what was wrong. He started to cry and said that his arms hurt really bad. I felt his forehead and it was rather on the hot side. Then I looked at his arms and he had huge swollen pustules on them with huge red swollen rings around them. I took one look and my mind automatically said, "Small Pox!". I freaked out. I knew I had had a Small Pox vaccination when I was a kid. I looked for it on my upper left arm to make sure the scar was still there. My pink sweater kept getting in the way and falling over the spot so I didn't see it, but I knew it was there.

126. Healthfinder® - Smallpox smallpoxPenn State Hershey Medical Center provides world class care and services to patients. http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=14339&refine=1

127. Edward Jenner Museum Mortality Rates from smallpox in the 18th century smallpox was the most feared and greatest killer of Jenner s time. In today s terms it was as deadly as http://www.jennermuseum.com/sv/smallpox.shtml

128. Ontario Ministry Of Health And Long-Term Care - Public Information - Publication DISEASES smallpox. Printable version. smallpox is caused by the variola virus. This virus is spread from person to person in much the same way that http://www.health.gov.on.ca/english/public/pub/disease/smallpox.html

Public Information Health Care Providers News Media Text Only Version DISEASES : Smallpox Smallpox is caused by the variola virus. This virus is spread from person to person in much the same way that chickenpox is spread, that is, through contact or inhalation of saliva droplets from an infected person. The last known case of smallpox in the world occurred in 1977. Symptoms Smallpox first appears as flu-like symptoms (high fever, fatigue, headaches and backaches). Abdominal pain and vomiting may also occur. These symptoms usually start between seven to 19 days following exposure to the virus. When the fever comes down (about two to four days after these initial symptoms) a rash appears, beginning on the face, arms and legs, and then spreading to the chest and abdomen. The rash starts with flat red spots that gradually become raised and pus-filled, and start to crust over early in the second week of the illness. The scabs then separate and fall off after about three to four weeks, leaving a light spot and eventually a scar on the skin. This rash may look like chickenpox, but unlike chickenpox the spots caused by smallpox do not start on the chest and abdomen, are not present in the armpit area, and only one stage of the rash is seen at one time (for example, you do not see early red bumps occurring at the same time as scabs).

129. Smallpox The first serious outbreak of smallpox occurred in Rome in AD 165. smallpox first arrived in England in the 16th century. Symptoms include fever and http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/DISsmallpox.htm

Smallpox Spartacus USA History British History Second World War ... Email The first serious outbreak of smallpox occurred in Rome in AD 165. It is estimated that in a fifteen year period about a third of Rome's population died of the disease. Smallpox first arrived in England in the 16th century. Symptoms include fever and skin-eruptions. If patients recovered they suffered permanent scaring of the skin. In the 18th century smallpox was responsible for more than 10% of all deaths. About 15% of people who caught smallpox died of the disease. In 1796 Edward Jenner made the first successful vaccination against the disease. In the 19th century vaccination provided a highly effective means for controlling the disease. Smallpox has now been eradicated throughout the world. Edwin Chadwick The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population The registered mortality from all specified diseases in England and Wales was, during the year 1838, 282,940, or 18 per thousand of the population. These deaths are exclusive of the deaths from old age, which amounted to 35,564, and the deaths from violence, which amounted to 12,055. The deaths from causes not specified were 11,970. The total amount of deaths was 342,529 for that year. In the year following the total deaths were 338,979, of which the registered deaths from old age were 35,063, and the deaths from violence 11,980. The proportion of deaths for the whole population was 21 per thousand.

130. Smallpox smallpox, Vaccinia, and Other Poxviruses. In Harrison s Principles of Internal Medicine, Henderson, DA smallpox Clinical and Epidemiologic Features. http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/smallpox.jsp

131. EPO Index Page For Smallpox Information Entry to smallpox information area. The World Health Organization declared smallpox to be eradicated in 1980. Although the risk of a smallpox outbreak http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/ddwem/environmental/epo/EPOSmallpoxMain.html

California Home EPO Home EPO Programs Administration of Disaster Planning Strategic National Stockpile Training and Events ... Links and Phone Numbers For CDHS Partners and Health Care Providers About CAHAN Log into CAHAN BT Lead Registration form Contact web staff Smallpox Information My CA This Site Contact EPO at: Phone: 916.650.6416 Fax: 916.650.6420 Email: EPOInfo@dhs.ca.gov Smallpox and Smallpox Vaccination Programs A Message from the California Department of Health Services The California Department of Health Services (CDHS) is undertaking extensive preparations to protect Californians from the potential threat of smallpox, a deadly disease. In close cooperation with the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and local health departments, CDHS is implementing plans for responding to a potential outbreak of the disease. Those plans include vaccinating thousands of health care workers who would care for individuals who were exposed to smallpox, investigate any potential new cases of the disease and vaccinate others. There has not been a case of smallpox in the United States since 1949. The World Health Organization declared smallpox to be eradicated in 1980. Although the risk of a smallpox outbreak is low, the consequences of such an event would be great. Therefore, CDHS is taking responsible actions to ensure the health and safety of all Californians.

132. SMALLPOX: The Weapon // Viewzone In 1977 Ali contracted smallpox, a deadly virus that has claimed millions of It has been alleged that smallpox was also used as a weapon during the http://www.viewzone.com/smallpox.html

by Dan Eden Ali Mao Maalin [left], was a cook in Merca, Somalia. In 1977 Ali contracted smallpox, a deadly virus that has claimed millions of lives throughout human history. But Ali's infection was different. According to the World Health Organization, Ali was the last known case of smallpox on planet Earth. Ali's immune system successfully eradicated the last strain of this horribly infectious disease on 26th October 1977, forever ridding the world of this virus... Or did it? Smallpox had quite a history. The first recorded case was 2000 years ago in China. The Pharaoh Ramses V died of smallpox in 1157 B.C. The disease reached Europe in 710 A.D. and was transferred to America by Hernando Cortez in 1520. It was so deadly that 3,500,000 Aztecs died from it in the next 2 years. The virus behind many of Europe's dark plagues, smallpox killed five reigning European monarchs during the 18th century. The last known case of smallpox in the U.S. was in Texas in 1949. With the heightened fear of bio-terrorism following September 11th, 2001, scientists have been trying to imagine potential microbes that could be used by terrorists groups or individuals against large populations, such as American cities. Smallpox, because of its deadly reputation and history, has become the prime focus of this fear. But is this fear justified? Smallpox is usually contracted through inhaling the virus and causes skin eruptions called papules (elevated bumps) and pustules (bumps containing fluid). An infected person is only contagious AFTER the skin eruptions have started. The disease usually runs a course of two weeks, punctuated by high fever both prior to and during the skin eruptions. Early symptoms often resemble the flu. The effected skin is usually left with multiple scars. Mortality of smallpox varies from 10 percent to 30 percent, depending on the age of the population. Death is usually the result of generalized toxemia or complications of skin sloughing, similar to a severe burn. Once infected, there is immunity to further infection.

133. SMALLPOX smallpox Most people associate it with the word eradication , with a scourge long gone Following this recent and topical rise in interest on smallpox, http://www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/session4/32/index2.htm

OPERATION SMALLPOX History and Eradication Virology and Lab. Diagnosis Spread Pathogenesis ... Further Reading The investigation team: Hannah Brindle Victoria Ferguson Cecile Wabnitz Jenny Brooke ... Victoria McClelland Why should we worry about smallpox ? Smallpox: Most people associate it with the word 'eradication', with a scourge long gone and that we need not think about- much less spend a few weeks researching. These ideas are fading very quickly as newspapers flash headlines about release of the smallpox virus and vaccination programmes for all health staff. So why is smallpox a threat? Since the attacks of September 11th 2001 on the US, the fear is that the virus may be released as a biological weapon during warfare. This is the major risk, but not the only one: Other poxviruses may undergo genetic variation to virulence. There may be a persistent, unrecognised form of variola. The virus may be present in buried organisms. Following this recent and topical rise in interest on smallpox, we have decided to design this website. Its aim is to give healthcare staff all the information relating to smallpox, in case of an outbreak. An effective response will depend on: the capability of healthcare staff to rapidly recognise the clinical signs and symptoms of smallpox: The pathogenesis of the virus and clinical features of the disease are described here the ability of laboratory technicians to confirm the diagnosis by detecting the smallpox virus, also known as variola virus. Its properties and laboratory techniques to identify it are detailed

134. American Public Health Association - Smallpox Vaccination Policy Statement The smallpox virus is one infectious agent that, whether intentionally or Planning for a smallpox outbreak and implementing a vaccination effort must http://www.apha.org/legislative/policy/smallpox.htm

APHA Policy Statement on Smallpox Vaccination The American Public Health Association (APHA) is the leading professional association that promotes and protects the health of all people. Throughout its 130-year history, APHA has been in the forefront of numerous efforts to prevent disease and promote health. As such, the Association has affirmed the importance of immunizations as one of the most effective means of preventing infectious disease. The smallpox virus is one infectious agent that, whether intentionally or unintentionally released, presents a grave threat to the public's health. Planning for an outbreak of smallpox and implementing a safe and effective vaccination policy is essential to ensure the health and safety of the American people. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recently issued recommendations for smallpox vaccination, including recommendations on who should receive the smallpox vaccination and guidance on implementation issues. The American Public Health Association concurs with the general principles of the ACIP recommendations and believes that any voluntary smallpox vaccination program should be based in science. To ensure the nation is equipped to respond to a smallpox outbreak, the American Public Health Association asserts the following:

135. American Public Health Association - APHA New Online Training smallpox Vaccine Storage Handling Amendment to Extend 2003 Declaration on Administration of smallpox Countermeasures http://www.apha.org/preparedness/smallpox.htm

Smallpox Latest News and Upcoming Events Helpful Links and Resources APHA Action APHA Publications Latest News and Upcoming Events Lessons learned from smallpox vaccination campaign (The Nation's Health May 2005) Helpful Links and Resources MMWR: Secondary and Tertiary Transfer of Vaccinia Virus Among U.S. Military PersonnelUnited States and Worldwide, 2002-2004 Amendment to Extend 2003 Declaration on Administration of Smallpox Countermeasures Smallpox Vaccine Injury Compensation Program Implemented Smallpox Pre-Vaccination Information Packet ... Links to state and local health departments Note: These sites are not APHA sites and will be opened in a new browser window. APHA is not responsible for the content of Web pages found at these links. These links are provided solely as a service to our users. These links do not indicate an endorsement of these organizations by APHA. APHA Action APHA plays an integral role in providing important information about vaccinations. The following information will help the public health community evaluate the risks and benefits associated with the smallpox vaccine and to further improve our public health preparedness efforts. American Public Health Association Applauds Smallpox Protection Agreement National Public Health Associations Urge Legislative Action To Protect Smallpox Vaccine Volunteers (March 07, 2003)

136. WHO Smallpox Eradication Programme The World Health Organization smallpox Eradication Programme. smallpox is the only major human disease to have been eradicated. Epidemics of smallpox had http://choo.fis.utoronto.ca/fis/courses/lis2102/KO.WHO.case.html

The World Health Organization Smallpox Eradication Programme Smallpox is the only major human disease to have been eradicated. Epidemics of smallpox had inflicted mankind throughout history, and as recently as 1967, some 10-15 million cases were still occuring annually in more than 30 endemic countries (Fenner et al 1988). Of these some two million died and millions of survivors were left disfigured or even blind. There is no treatment for smallpox once it has been contracted. The more serious strain of the smallpox virus (variola major) causes fatality of 20-40 percent among unvaccinated persons. On January 1, 1967, the World Health Organization launched the Intensified Smallpox Eradication Programme. At that time the plan was to rely entirely on mass vaccination of susceptible persons in endemic countries the problem was defined as one of mass vaccination A 1966 outbreak in Nigeria started the evolution of a new strategy. In Western Nigeria, where over 90 percent of the population had been vaccinated, another smallpox outbreak had occurred, apparently originating in a religious group which had resisted vaccination. Vaccine supplies were delayed, forcing program staff to quickly locate new cases and isolate infected villages which could then be vaccinated with the limited supplies. A reporting network using the available radio facilities was established to locate new cases. Containment teams moved swiftly to isolate infected persons and to vaccinate susceptible villages. The Nigerian experience demonstrated that an alternative strategy of surveillance and containment could break the transmission chain of smallpox, even when less than half the population was eventually vaccinated (Hopkins 1989).

137. Smallpox Vaccination Dangers Vaccination does not protect. It actually renders its subjects more susceptible by depressing vitality and diminishing natural resistance. http://www.naturodoc.com/library/public_health/truth_re_smallpox_vaccine.htm

Home NaturoDoc Library Health News About Us ... Partners The Dangers of Smallpox Vaccination Compiled by Gary Krasner The public is now getting lots of medical propaganda about the eradication of smallpox through vaccination. But in fact, the consensus among leading medical historians that have studied the question have maintained that the eradication of the zymotic, or "filth" diseases, like cholera, dysentery, typhus, plague, in the past that are popularly attributed to mass vaccination campaigns, had actually been due to improvements in diet, hygiene, sanitary measures, non-medical public health laws, and to a host of new non-medical technologies, like refrigeration, faster transportation, removing horse manure from cities, and the like (McKinlay, 1977; McKeown, 1979; Moberg & Cohen, 1991; Oppenheimer, 1992; Dubos, 1959). The CDC reported ( Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , July 30, 1999, 48:621-628) that improvements in sanitation, water quality, and hygiene had been the most important factors in control of infectious diseases in the past century. Although vaccines were mentioned, they were not included among the major factors. One of the conclusions in Thomas McKeown's seminal work

138. NNii. Vaccine Information A new and probably safer smallpox vaccine is under development by the National The smallpox vaccine later developed and administered today in very http://www.immunizationinfo.org/vaccineInfo/vaccine_detail.cfv?id=26

139. Smallpox Outbreak 7/10/02 Free twiceweekly natural health newsletter of top medical news on subjects including splenda, soy, sucralose, statins, insulin, aspartame, prevention and http://www.mercola.com/2002/jul/10/smallpox_outbreak.htm

Dr. Joseph Mercola Author of the Total Health Program Enter your e-mail address below to subscribe to my free newsletter: Previous Issues What This Means Health Rankings Essential Info Health Blog My Vision My Qualifications #1 Natural Health Website ... More... Health Resources Nutrition Plan Fewer Grains/Sugars More Omega-3 More Water ... E-mail to a Friend Smallpox Outbreak By Sherri Tenpenny, DO "We interrupt the current programming to bring you this important news update ... there has been a reported case of smallpox in Washington, D.C ... " What will happen next? Pandemonium. The press has done its job over the last few months reinforcing the belief that an epidemic is about to occur, potentially causing millions of deaths. Americans thousands of miles from Washington will demand the smallpox vaccine, a vaccine with the highest risk of complications of any vaccine ever manufactured and with a dubious track record for success. Various physicians and researchers associated with the CDC presented by public participants and many testimonies and comments. Noting that two weeks have past since the June 20th meeting and the media has still not reported on this historic event, I decided it was imperative to report the content and outcome of this meeting to the general public. After reading this report you will gain a new perspective on smallpox and, hopefully, in the event of an outbreak, you will understand that you have nothing to fear.

140. Smallpox And Smallpox Vaccination Information Project Updated smallpox Vaccine Injury and Law Guide, 7 June 2004. 42 CFR Part 102 smallpox Vaccine Injury Compensation Program Administrative http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox.htm

Public Health Law Online Courses Legal Topics Search Site ... Terrorism and Bioterrorism Resources Smallpox Vaccine Injury Law Project Presented by Louisiana State University School of Law Professor Edward P. Richards Breaking News - This page deals with issues that have not yet been incorporated into the Smallpox Vaccine Injury and Legal Guide. It also contains links to new documents and resources. Always check here first. Updated - Smallpox Vaccine Injury and Law Guide, 7 June 2004 (This consolidates and replaces the Smallpox Vaccine Injury and Law Guide, 19 May 2003 Smallpox Vaccine Injury and Law Guide, 24 Jan 2003 The Risks of Vaccinating Health Care Workers for Smallpox - Legal Issues - 30 Nov 2002, 9 Dec 2002. and Legal Issues related to Smallpox Immunizations under the Homeland Security Act as passed by the House - 17 Nov 2002 , 9 Dec 2002, 14 Dec 2002.) Bioterrorism and related public health related public health articles Quick Links AHLA Teleconference Slides US Military Smallpox Vaccine Policies FDA: Recommendations for Deferral of Donors and Quarantine and Retrieval of Blood and Blood Products in Recent Recipients of Smallpox Vaccine (Vaccinia Virus) and Certain Contacts of Smallpox Vaccine Recipients New!! -

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