81. Scapular Fixation In Muscular Dystrophy (Cochrane Review) Abstract of a systematic review of the effects of health care prepared by theCochrane Collaboration. http://www.update-software.com/Abstracts/AB003278.htm

From The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2005 Scapular fixation in muscular dystrophy (Cochrane Review) Mummery CJ, Copeland SA, Rose MR ABSTRACT What's new in this issue Search abstracts Browse alphabetical list of titles Browse by Review Group A substantive amendment to this systematic review was last made on 14 May 2003. Cochrane reviews are regularly checked and updated if necessary. Background: Winging of the scapula is caused by weakness of the thoracoscapular muscles, which allows the scapula to lift off the chest wall during shoulder movements. In facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (and occasionally in other muscular dystrophies) there is selective weakness of the thoracoscapular muscles which may spare other shoulder muscles such as the deltoid muscle. This imbalance results in significant winging and loss of shoulder function. Historically, a number of different surgical and non-surgical interventions have been used to achieve scapular stability. This review examines the evidence available for the use of all scapular fixation techniques in muscular dystrophy, especially facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Objectives: To examine the evidence for the relative efficacy of scapular fixation techniques in muscular dystrophy (especially facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy) in improving upper limb function.

82. Muscular Dystrophy CHC Wausau Hospital s Medical Library and Patient Education Center providesresearch services and healthcare information to physicians, http://www.chclibrary.org/micromed/00057310.html

Main Search Index Definition Description Causes ... Resources Muscular dystrophy Definition Muscular dystrophy is the name for a group of inherited disorders in which strength and muscle bulk gradually decline. Nine types of muscular dystrophies are generally recognized. Description The muscular dystrophies include: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): DMD affects young boys, causing progressive muscle weakness, usually beginning in the legs. It is the most severe form of muscular dystrophy. DMD occurs in about 1 in 3,500 male births, and affects approximately 8,000 boys and young men in the United States. A milder form occurs in very few female carriers. Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD): BMD affects older boys and young men, following a milder course than DMD. BMD occurs in about 1 in 30,000 male births. Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD): EDMD affects young boys, causing contractures and weakness in the calves, weakness in the shoulders and upper arms, and problems in the way electrical impulses travel through the heart to make it beat (heart conduction defects). Fewer than 300 cases of EDMD have been identified. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD): LGMD begins in late childhood to early adulthood and affects both men and women, causing weakness in the muscles around the hips and shoulders. It is the most variable of the muscular dystrophies, and there are several different forms of the disease now recognized. Many people with suspected LGMD have probably been misdiagnosed in the past, and therefore the prevalence of the disease is difficult to estimate. The number of people affected in the United States may be in the low thousands.

83. Muscular Dystrophy Duchenne s muscular dystrophy (DMD) 1 per 3000 male births Birth to infancyCongenital muscular dystrophy with or without cerebral involvement, http://www.5mcc.com/Assets/SUMMARY/TP0604.html

Muscular dystrophy DESCRIPTION: Inherited, progressive diseases of muscle with wide ranges of clinical expression. Included: Congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) Congenital myotonic dystrophy Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) Becker's muscular dystrophy (BMD) Myotonic dystrophy Fascioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) Limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (ED) Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) System(s) affected: Musculoskeletal, Nervous Genetics: See Causes and Risk factors Incidence/Prevalence in USA: Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD): 1 per 3000 male births Myotonic dystrophy: 1 per 10,000 births Predominant age: Birth to infancy: Congenital muscular dystrophy with or without cerebral involvement, congenital myotonic dystrophy Infancy to early childhood: Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker's muscular dystrophy (BMD), fascioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FHSD) Late childhood to adolescence: BMD, FSHD, myotonic dystrophy Predominant sex: CAUSES: X-linked: Some ED have mutation of gene at Xq28 for production of "Emerin" Autosomal dominant: Myotonic dystrophy have expanded CTG repeat of the gene at chromosome 19 ("Myotonin"); OPMD have mutation of gene at chromosome 14 ("PolyA-binding protein 2"); LGMD: Caveolin-3 gene mutation. Anticipation in successive generations were seen in myotonic dystrophy and OPMD. Autosomal dominant forms of ED can be resulted from mutation of Lamin A/C at chromosome 1.

84. Information About Muscular Dystrophy This site contains information about muscular dystrophy. http://www.mamashealth.com/bodyparts/musdys.asp

Mamashealth.com Home Muscle Injuries Achilles Tendonitis Back Pain Relief Back Surgery Back Pain Treatment ... Whiplash Links Email Mama What is Muscular Dystrophy? The muscular dystrophies (MD) are a group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles which control movement. There are many forms of muscular dystrophy. Some types are, some noticeable at birth (congenital muscular dystrophy). Other types are develop in adolescence (Becker MD). The three most common types of muscular dystrophy are: Duchenne, facioscapulohumeral, and myotonic. These three types differ in terms of pattern of inheritance, age of onset, rate of progression, and distribution of weakness. Duchenne muscular dystrophy primarily affects boys and is the result of mutations in the gene that regulates dystrophin - a protein involved in maintaining the integrity of muscle fiber. Onset is between 3-5 years and progresses rapidly. Most boys become unable to walk at 12, and by 20 have to use a respirator to breathe. Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy appears in adolescence and causes progressive weakness in facial muscles and certain muscles in the arms and legs. It progresses slowly and can vary in symptoms from mild to disabling.

85. Drug Treatment For Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (Cochrane Review) Abstract of a systematic review of the effects of health care prepared by theCochrane Collaboration. http://www.cochrane.org/cochrane/revabstr/AB002276.htm

From The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2005 Drug treatment for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (Cochrane Review) Rose MR, Tawil R ABSTRACT What's new in this issue Search abstracts Browse alphabetical list of titles Browse by Review Group A substantive amendment to this systematic review was last made on 10 February 2004. Cochrane reviews are regularly checked and updated if necessary. Background: Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is a progressive muscle disease which has no agreed treatment. Early suggestions that corticosteroids might be helpful were not supported by a subsequent open label study. The beta 2 adrenergic agonist albuterol, also known as salbutamol, is known to have anabolic effects which might be beneficial for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Creatine has been used as a muscle performance enhancer by athletes and it might be helpful in muscular dystrophies including facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Objectives: The objective of the review was to determine whether there is any drug treatment which alters the progression of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group specialised register (searched August 2003), MEDLINE (January 1966 to August 2003) and EMBASE (January 1980 to August 2003) for any references to facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Abstracts from the major neurological meetings and trial bibliographies were also searched for further references to trials. Experts were contacted for information regarding unpublished trials or trials in progress.

86. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) Duchenne muscular Dystrophy (DMD) Updated April 5, 2005 Duchenne Beckermuscular Dystrophy Your Genes, Your Health Flash application http://www.noah-health.org/en/bjm/md/types/dmd.html

Skip navigation About NOAH Help English Spanish Both Advanced NOAH Bone, Joint and Muscle Change text size: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) Updated: April 5, 2005 Duchenne and Becker MD Types Australian Muscular Dystropy Association Duchenne Becker Muscular Dystrophy Your Genes, Your Health Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Muscular Dystrophy Association of Canada (also in French Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Muscular Dystrophy Campaign Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Genes and Disease Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) (Also known as Pseudohypertrophic) Muscular Dystrophy Association Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Glossary Foundation to Eradicate Duchenne Facts About Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies (DMD and BMD) Muscular Dystropy Association (also in Spanish Introduction to DMD Parent Project Journey of Love: A Parent's Guide To Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Muscular Dystrophy Association Manifesting Carriers of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Muscular Dystrophy Campaign A Teacher's Guide To Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Muscular Dystrophy Association Researched by NOAH Contributing Editor: NOAH Team NOAH Bone, Joint and Muscle

87. What Is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? Duchenne muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is the most common but severe of the The muscles of a boy with Duchenne muscular Dystrophy act in an opposite manner. http://www.ikm.jmu.edu/Buttsjl/ISAT493/Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy/duchenneintro

Main X-linked page Symptoms Incidence Severity ... Guillaume Duchenne Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is the most common but severe of the Muscular Dystrophies known. The disease is generally diagnosed by muscle biopsy The characteristics of this disease are severe skeletal and heart muscle deterioration as a male ages, and grossly enlarged calves. Intellectual impairment is sometimes present as well. Generally, as young males age, their skeletal and heart muscles add mass and tone to aid with strength and growth. The muscles of a boy with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy act in an opposite manner. They start strong and waste away over time. A boy that has DMD is missing an essential protein known as dystrophin. Click above to listen to a pronunciation of the disease. When prompted, click 'open from current location'! The figure shown above is a model of N-Terminal Actin-Binding Domain Of Human Dystrophin. It was created in RasMol version 2.7.1.2 by Herbert Bernstein using the pdb coordinates from the pdb file 1DDX. The 3D coordinates were determined from X-ray Diffraction. Structure by Norwood, F. L., Sutherland-Smith, A. J., Keep, N. H., Kendrick-Jones, J.: The Structure of the N-Terminal Actin-Binding Domain of Human Dystrophin and How Mutations in This Domain May Cause Duchenne or Becker Muscular Dystrophy Structure (London) 8 pp. 481 (2000). Click on the picture for an enlarged version of the above picture.

88. Muscular Dystrophy Links to resources relating to muscular dystrophy. http://www.healthinsite.gov.au/topics/Muscular_Dystrophy

Skip to Content Advanced Search About Health Insite A-Z Health Topics ... Conditions and Diseases Topics such as asthma, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, depression Health and Wellbeing Topics such as fitness, nutrition, drugs, preventing suicide, health insurance, women's health, living with a disability Life Stages and Events Topics such as menopause, pregnancy, ageing, going into hospital Health Services Includes links to State/Territory Health Services and other services News Health Insite Newsletter ... Home Muscular Dystrophy Here you will find links to information on muscular dystrophy. Printer friendly page 17 Resources Found Results 1 to 17 displayed. Title: Muscular dystrophy Publisher: Child and Youth Health - CYH (South Australia) Description: The Muscular Dystrophies are a group of muscle diseases which are caused by changes in genes. Date: Jul 2005 Title: Muscular dystrophy - late onset Publisher: Better Health Channel Description: Muscular dystrophy is the name given to a group of inherited muscle diseases that cause progressive degeneration and weakness of voluntary muscles. Many people think that muscular dystrophy is exclusively a childhood disorder. However, it can occur at any point in a person's life span. Date: Jun 2005 Title: Muscular dystrophy explained Publisher: Better Health Channel Description: Neuromuscular disorders involve the progressive and irreversible wasting of muscle tissue. There are approximately 60 separate diseases which can be classed as neuromuscular disorders. People affected by neuromuscular disorders - or muscular dystrophy - have different degrees of independence, mobility and carer needs.

89. Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSH) Scapular fixation in muscular dystrophy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. More detailed information is also available on the muscular Dystrophy Canada web http://www.muscle.ca/content/index.php?id=153

90. BBC - Health - Conditions - Muscular Dystrophy A guide to muscular dystrophy. They include congenital muscular dystrophy,Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy and http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/muscular1.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index FRIDAY 9th September 2005 Text only BBC Homepage Lifestyle Health ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Muscular dystrophy (MD) Dr Trisha Macnair Dr Rob Hicks Muscular dystrophies are a group of more than 20 different genetic neuro-muscular disorders, some more debilitating than others. They include congenital muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy and facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. In this article What goes wrong? How does the condition progress? Who's affected? What can be done to help? ... Further help What goes wrong? Most MDs are caused by mutations in genes involved in muscle structure and function - in Duchenne MD for example, there is a single genetic fault in the production of a protein in muscle fibres called dystrophin. These abnormal genes may be passed on from parents or may appear for the first time without any warning. Unlike other conditions that make muscles weak, in the muscular dystrophies it's not the muscle-stimulating nerves that causes the problem but changes within the muscle cells themselves. These muscle cells degenerate and are destroyed. This means they are unable to process the food and oxygen that is normally converted into the energy needed to make the muscle contract. Hence, the muscles don't work properly. How does the condition progress?

91. Muscular Dystrophy - Duchenne And Becker There are a number of different types of muscular dystrophy. All are inheritedand cause a specific pattern of weakness. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Muscular_dystroph

92. Muscular Dystrophy - DrGreene.com - Caring For The Next Generation Dr. Greene talks about muscular Dystrophy, including it s causes and treatments. http://www.drgreene.com/21_1443.html

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93. UCSF Children's Hospital | Muscular Dystrophy Clinic The muscular Dystrophy Clinic at UCSF Children s Hospital, sponsored by the muscular Our muscular Dystrophy Clinic is the only center of its kind in San http://www.ucsfhealth.org/childrens/special/m/36209.html

University of California, San Francisco About UCSF Search Welcome Hospitals and Clinics Appointments Billing ... Specialized Services Specialized Services Print Format A B C ... All Services Muscular Dystrophy Clinic The Muscular Dystrophy Clinic at UCSF Children's Hospital, sponsored by the Muscular Dystrophy Association, specializes in the diagnosis, treatment and research of muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disorders, which affect muscles and nerves. Muscular dystrophies (MD) are a group of 30 inherited disorders, which cause the muscles that help us move to weaken and degenerate over time. Our Muscular Dystrophy Clinic is the only center of its kind in San Francisco that is tailored specifically to children. It offers children and their family's access to doctors, nurses and therapists who are experienced in treating children with neuromuscular diseases. Because we realize that your child's needs are complex, we offer a team approach to care. This means that our team of experts includes a pediatric neuromuscular specialist, orthopedic surgeon, respiratory specialist, genetics counselor, orthotics specialist and physical and occupational therapists, who can address all aspects of your child's care in one place. Unfortunately at this time, there is no cure for MD and many other neuromuscular diseases. However, there are various new therapies available to help manage the conditions and their complications. We work with each child and his or her family to develop an individualized treatment plan that aims to improve their mobility, comfort and quality of life. Treatments may include physical therapy, orthopedic surgery, medications and orthoses, or the supportive movement and stability devices.

94. Job Accommodation Network According to the muscular Dystrophy Association, the standard Myotonic The term muscular dystrophy refers to a group of genetic diseases marked by http://www.jan.wvu.edu/media/MD.html

This publication is funded under a contract supported by the Office of Disability Employment Policy of the U.S. Department of Labor, contract #J-9-M-2-0022. The opinions contained in this publication are those of the contractor and do not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Department of Labor. Job Accommodation Network Register for the JAN 2005 Conference in San Francisco, CA, September 26 - 27, 2005! ACCOMMODATING PEOPLE WITH MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY By Beth Loy, Ph.D. , and Linda Carter Batiste, J.D. Preface According to the Muscular Dystrophy Association, the standard Myotonic Dystrophy is among the most common of Muscular Dystrophies with an incident of 1 in 7000 or 1 in 8000. Today, many individuals are living and working with MD, and employers are seeing more incidents of MD among their employees. This coupled with the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) show why knowing about workplace accommodations for people with MD is important. When considering accommodations for people with MD, the accommodation process must be conducted on a case-by-case basis. Symptoms caused by MD vary so when determining effective accommodations, the person's individual abilities and limitations should be considered and problematic job tasks must be identified. Therefore, the person with MD should be involved in the accommodation process.

95. Muscular Dystrophy-FAQ The following information is excerpted from muscular Dystrophy Association,Australia. The term muscular dystrophy covers over 40 separate neuromuscular http://ericec.org/faq/muscdyst.html

Muscular Dystrophy (updated July 2003) The ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education (ERIC EC) The Council for Exceptional Children 1110 N. Glebe Rd. Arlington, VA 22201-5704 Toll Free: 1.800.328.0272 E-mail: ericec@cec.sped.org Internet: http://ericec.org What is muscular dystrophy? The following information is excerpted from Muscular Dystrophy Association, Australia The term "muscular dystrophy" covers over 40 separate neuromuscular disorders which have in common the progressive and irreversible wasting of muscle tissue. Some of these diseases are known as dystrophies, the wasting of the muscles from within themselves. Others are atrophies, wasting arising from a disorder originating in the nerve system which causes loss of the ability to use muscles. Various Myopathies, Peripheral Nerve and Metabolic Disorders also fall into the realm of disorders covered by the MDA's program. These neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) are generally, incorrectly, termed "muscular dystrophy." Following are links to related Internet resources and Internet discussion groups, as well as selected citations from the ERIC database and the search terms we used to find the citations.

96. $7.3 Million NIH Grant Establishes Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Research Center The University of Iowa has received a fiveyear, $7. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=26894

97. Geneticist Awarded For Research On Muscular Dystrophy Dr Louis M Kunkel, director of the Program in Genomics at Children s HospitalBoston and a wellknown muscular dystrophy scientist, has received the major http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=15501

98. EMJA: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Hopes For The Sesquicentenary (Medical Journal of Australia) Duchenne muscular dystrophy hopes for thesesquicentenary. http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/179_09_031103/byr10494_fm.html

Home Issues Email alerts Classifieds ... Search PubMed for related articles Editorials Duchenne muscular dystrophy: hopes for the sesquicentenary Edward Byrne Andrew J Kornberg and Robert Kapsa MJA We understand the molecular basis, and a cure may soon be possible The French neurologist in 1861, outlining the key clinical features, including lordosis and calf hypertrophy. Success in delineating the basis of the dystrophies awaited the molecular era. Kunkel and coworkers identified a patient with a cytologically recognisable deletion on the X chromosome (Xp21) and realised that, if they allowed this to hybridise (pair) with normal DNA, they could find the gene. By ingenious use of their novel techniques, they created probes containing part of the Duchenne gene and found that one detected submicroscopic deletions in some affected boys. This led to the identification of the gene and eventual delineation of its sequence. Boys with DMD were found to have mutations that produced non-functional dystrophin protein. BMD patients were identified as having mutations that produced dystrophin protein with some function.

99. HHMI News: Researchers Identify Defect That Causes Rare Muscular Dystrophies In the most common form of muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, In addition to muscular dystrophy, this mouse had neuronal migration defects http://www.hhmi.org/news/campbell4.html

Human Brain Is Still Evolving One Shot: Researchers Capture Pictures of Fusion Events That Enable Sperm to Penetrate Egg's Coating Human Y Chromosome Preserves Itself Better Than the Chimp Y More July 25, 2002 Researchers Identify Defect that Causes Rare Muscular Dystrophies Subtle defects in the processing of a single protein that provides structural integrity to muscle cells can lead to several devastating forms of muscular dystrophy, according to studies by Howard Hughes Medical Institute researchers and their colleagues at the University of Iowa. The scientists reported in two papers published in the July 25, 2002, issue of the journal Nature that defects in enzymes responsible for the processing of the structural protein dystroglycan are the underlying cause of several rare forms of muscular dystrophy that affect muscles and cause additional developmental brain abnormalities including mental retardation. Kevin P. Campbell The new findings will immediately help doctors in providing accurate diagnosis and appropriate genetic counseling to patients and their families. In the longer term, knowing the underlying cause of the muscular dystrophies will help researchers tailor their interventions, according to Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Kevin Campbell In the two articles, Campbell and his colleagues describe experiments that demonstrate that dystroglycan is defective in muscle-eye-brain disease and Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy. Separate genes had already been identified as defective in these syndromes, but researchers did not understand the underlying mechanism despite having information on the genes involved.

100. Muscular Dystrophy Campaign The muscular Dystrophy Campaign funds research into treatments and cures. Your donation will allow the muscular Dystrophy Campaign to fund a project http://www.jeansforgenes.com/2_about/2008_aboutmd.php

What is Jeans for Genes? About the Charities Why Support Us Personal Stories ... Site Map Muscular Dystrophy Campaign What is muscular dystrophy? Muscular dystrophy is an umbrella term for around 60 conditions that cause muscles to progressively weaken and waste away. In severe cases this shortens life expectancy. What is the Muscular Dystrophy Campaign? The Muscular Dystrophy Campaign funds research into treatments and cures. The charity also provides practical and emotional support to people affected by the condition. How will Jeans for Genes donations help? Your donation will allow the Muscular Dystrophy Campaign to fund a project researching a group of severely disabling neuromuscular conditions called the congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs). CMDs vary in their severity, children will tend to suffer from muscle weakness, some may also have breathing difficulties and mental disabilities and sadly other children will die in early childhood. It is essential that an accurate diagnosis is achieved so that the implications of the specific condition are understood and families can be helped to plan for the future and manage their child's condition effectively. With your help, this research project would enable a precise diagnosis of new forms of CMD and would continue to shed light on the causes of CMDs.

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