101. Leishmaniasis leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease acquired in tropical and subtropical Cutaneous leishmaniasis is characterized by one or more skin sores (either http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Disease/leishmaniasis.html

Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease acquired in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Persons become infected through the bite of some species of sand flies. In the Western Hemisphere, the infection usually is acquired in rural areas, but in the Eastern Hemisphere, infection may be acquired in some urban areas as well. The disease most commonly manifests either in a cutaneous (skin) form or in a visceral (internal organ) form. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is characterized by one or more skin sores (either open or closed) that develop weeks to months after a person is bitten by infected sand flies. The manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis, such as fever, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and anemia, typically develop months, but sometimes years after a person becomes infected. Vaccines and drugs for preventing infection are not currently available. Preventive measures for the individual traveler are aimed at reducing contact with sand flies. Outdoor activities should be avoided when sand flies are most active (dusk to dawn). Although sand flies are primarily night-time biters, infection may be acquired during the daytime if resting sand flies are disturbed. Sand fly activity in an area may easily be underestimated because sand flies are noiseless fliers, and rare bites may go unnoticed. Protective clothing and insect repellent should be used for supplementary protection. Clothing should cover as much of the body as possible and tolerable in the climate. Repellent with DEET (N,N-diethylmethyltoluamide) (DEET) should be applied to exposed skin and under the edges of clothing, such as under the ends of sleeves and pant legs. It should be applied according to the manufacturer's instructions; repeated applications may be necessary under conditions of excessive perspiration, wiping, and washing. Although impregnation of clothing with permethrin may provide additional protection, it does not eliminate the need for repellent on exposed skin and should be repeated after every five washings.

102. Researchers Hone In On Leishmaniasis Vaccine - September 15, 2001 leishmaniasis, a disabling and sometimes deadly illness, is caused by a parasite Visceral canine leishmaniasis outbreaks were reported in North American http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/sep01/s091501d.asp

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association September 15, 2001 AVMA Home AVMA Journals Home JAVMA online ... News Researchers hone in on leishmaniasis vaccine Researchers seeking to make a vaccine against a serious parasitic infection have discovered fly saliva might be the key. A study reported in the August 6 Journal of Experimental Medicine states that scientists from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases have developed a vaccine for a component of sand fly saliva that prevents leishmaniasis in mice. Leishmaniasis, a disabling and sometimes deadly illness, is caused by a parasite transmitted to people and animals through the bite of a sand fly. The disease is a major health problem in many tropical and desert climates. Visceral canine leishmaniasis outbreaks were reported in North American canine populations just last year ( see JAVMA Oct. 15, 2000 , page 1129). Until now, efforts to develop an effective vaccine were not promising. "[This] report describes a novel vaccine," said NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, MD. "Rather than targeting the parasite, as is typical, our researchers produced a vaccine to the saliva of the insect that transmits the parasite. This approach could potentially be used to develop vaccines for other insect- or tick-borne diseases." Leishmaniasis refers to a group of related diseases. Different species of the single-celled parasite

103. Army Treating Hundreds Of Leishmaniasis Cases Then if the antibiotics failed, we considered leishmaniasis. So far, more than 500 cases of leishmaniasis have been diagnosed. Magill said he hedges when http://www4.army.mil/ocpa/read.php?story_id_key=5726

104. Visceral Leishmaniasis: Successful Vaccine Trial In Dogs Visceral leishmaniasis, which is the most severe form of that group of diseases, affects 500 000 people in the world each year. In the most heavily affected http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-08/idrp-vl080205.php

Public release date: 2-Aug-2005 E-mail Article Contact: Marie Guillaume guillaum@paris.ird.fr Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement Visceral leishmaniasis: Successful vaccine trial in dogs Visceral leishmaniasis, which is the most severe form of that group of diseases, affects 500 000 people in the world each year. It is caused by a protozoan, Leishmania infantum, transmitted by sand fly bites. There is no vaccine for this disease, which can rapidly lead to death if no treatment is given. In the most heavily affected areas, the dog population is hit heavily by infection. It acts as parasite reservoir for humans. Development of a vaccine for dogs could help brake transmission of the disease to humans, by reducing this reservoir. Such prevention treatment has just been tested successfully on dogs by an IRD team in Montpellier, in conjunction with the Rocher veterinary clinic (La Garde, Var) and the biopharmaceutical company Bio Véto Test (La Seyne-Sur-Mer, Var). The first results showed total lasting protection of these animals against the disease, could open the way towards the development of a human vaccine. Visceral leishmaniasis, which is the most severe form of the leishmaniases, hits an annual total of 500 000 people, mostly in the developing countries. It is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum. A flagellate protozoan, it uses as vector an insect resembling a midge, the sand fly, colonizing the intestine and then the salivary glands. The female insect feeds on mammals' blood. It can thus pass the parasite on to humans by a single bite. Once in the blood stream, L. infantum passes into particular cells of the immune system, the macrophages. These eventually burst, releasing the parasites which move on to penetrate other cells. The infected subject suffers bouts of fever, anaemia, enlarged spleen and liver, and weight loss. In the absence of treatment, these clinical signs usually announce a fatal outcome.

105. LEISHMANIOSIS LEISHMANIOSIS. Resenha Histórica das Pesquisas em Leishmaniose A Contribuicao do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Do inicio do seculo a decada de 1930. (Dra. http://www.dbbm.fiocruz.br/tropical/leishman/leish.html

LEISHMANIOSIS Resenha Histórica das Pesquisas em Leishmaniose - A Contribuicao do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Do inicio do seculo a decada de 1930. (Dra. Marli de Albuquerque e Laurinda Rosa Maciel) Textos sobre leishmaniose World map of dermotropic Leishmaniosis World map of viscerotropic Leishmaniosis

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