41. Welcome To NHS Direct Online NHS Direct Online Health Encyclopaedia. kidney stones kidney stones can moveto lower down in the urinary system to the ureters which carry urine down http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/en.asp?TopicID=275

42. Kidney Stones In Adults Overview pamphlet including clear illustrations, causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment options from the National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/kidney/pubs/stonadul/stonadul.htm

Email To A Friend Also see: What are Kidney Stones? Home : Kidney Stones in Adults Kidney Stones in Adults On this page: Introduction to the Urinary Tract What is a kidney stone? Who gets kidney stones? What causes kidney stones? ... For More Information Kidney stones, one of the most painful of the urologic disorders, are not a product of modern life. Scientists have found evidence of kidney stones in a 7,000-year-old Egyptian mummy. Unfortunately, kidney stones are one of the most common disorders of the urinary tract. In 2000, patients made 2.7 million visits to health care providers and more than 600,000 patients went to emergency rooms for kidney stone problems. Men tend to be affected more frequently than women. Most kidney stones pass out of the body without any intervention by a physician. Stones that cause lasting symptoms or other complications may be treated by various techniques, most of which do not involve major surgery. Also, research advances have led to a better understanding of the many factors that promote stone formation. Top Introduction to the Urinary Tract The urinary tract The urinary tract, or system, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. The kidneys remove extra water and wastes from the blood, converting it to urine. They also keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood. The kidneys produce hormones that help build strong bones and help form red blood cells.

43. Ventura County Urology Medical Group Treatment for prostate disorders, kidney stones, and impotence. Dr. Cedric Emery and Dr. Mark Beaghler. http://www.venturaurology.com

44. Hardin MD : Kidney Stones From the University of Iowa, the *best* lists of Internet sources in kidney stones. http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/kidneystones.html

Kidney Stones A service of the University of Iowa Site Map Diseases Home ... Diseases Search Hardin MD See also: Home Kidney Diseases Popular Women's Health Dermatology Nursing Pharm Infect Disease AIDS +Pictures Crohns Disease +Pictures Cushings Disease +Pictures Gout +Pictures Kidney Diseases Kidney Infection +Pictures Lupus +Pictures Medical Pictures Ulcerative Colitis +Pictures Urinary Tract Infections +Pictures Pictures of Kidney Stones Kidney Stone Symptoms LookSmart : Kidney stones or renal stones MEDLINE plus Kidney stones National Library of Medicine Open Directory Project : Health : ... : Genitourinary disorders : Kidney stones (Other versions: Google Yahoo : Kidney stones healthfinder® : Kidney stone US Government Pictures of Kidney Stones Kidney stone photographs MEDLINEplus Health Encyclopedia : Nephrolithiasis A.D.A.M. / National Library of Medicine Animation of urinary tract lithiasis Edward C. Klatt, WebPath, Univ Utah ( Renal pathology index What I need to know about kidney stones Kidney stones in adults National Inst Diabetes, Digestive, Kidney Diseases Kidney Stone Symptoms MEDLINE plus Health Encyclopedia : Nephrolithiasis : Symptoms A.D.A.M. / National Library of Medicine

45. Kidney Stone - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia kidney stones, also known as nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis or renal calculi, kidney stones typically leave the body in the urine stream; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone

You did it! Over US$240,000 was donated in the 21 day fund drive. Thank you for your generosity! You are still welcome to make a donation or purchase Wikimedia merchandise Kidney stone From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Ultrasonic instrument and kidney stone Kidney stones , also known as nephrolithiasis urolithiasis or renal calculi , are solid accretions ( crystals ) of dissolved minerals in urine found inside the kidneys or ureters . They vary in size from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. Kidney stones typically leave the body in the urine stream; if they grow relatively large before passing (on the order of millimeters), obstruction of a ureter and distention with urine can cause severe pain most commonly felt in the flank, lower abdomen and groin. Conventional wisdom has held that consumption of too much calcium can aggravate the development of kidney stones, since the most common type of stone is calcium oxalate . However, strong evidence has accumulated demonstrating that low-calcium diets are associated with higher stone risk and vice-versa for the typical stone former. The relatively dense calcium renders these stones radio-opaque and they can be detected by a traditional X-ray of the abdomen that includes K idneys

46. Scott A. Horner, M.D. Urology, Ltd. And Reading Urology - Welcome Specializing in bladder cancer, incontinence, kidney cancer, kidney stones, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, and vasectomy, located in Reading. Information on physician, services, patient resources, and contacts. http://www.scotthornermd.com

Scott A. Horner, M.D. Urology, Ltd. and Reading Urology Scott A. Horner, M.D. has extensive experience in the diagnosis and treatment of urological diseases and conditions. He combines clinical services and expertise with state-of-the-art therapies. Dr. Horner specializes in bladder cancer, incontinence, kidney cancer, kidney stones, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, and vasectomy; he also diagnoses and treats general adult and pediatric urological disorders. A urologist is a physician who is highly trained to treat disorders of the male and female urinary tract (bladder, ureter, kidney, and urethra) and the male reproductive system. The following are some of the more common conditions that a urologist treats: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Bladder control problems Erectile dysfunction (impotence) Prostate cancer Prostate disorders Urinary incontinence Urology is classified as a surgical subspecialty, but since a wide variety of clinical problems are encountered when treating urological conditions, knowledge of internal medicine, pediatrics, gynecology, and other specialties is required. Use these pages to learn more about our practice, Dr. Horner, our services, and urology. We hope you will find these pages helpful and informative as you make health care and medical decisions.

47. National Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Welcome to the National Kidney Foundation s Kidney Learning System. http://www.kidney.org/kls/public/kidneystones.cfm

@import "../../../c/main2d.css"; Search Find local offices and events. Change colors and text size A to Z Health Guide How Your Kidneys Work ... Home Kidney Disease The Facts About Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) 20 million Americans - 1 in 9 US adults - have CKD and another 20 million more are at increased risk. Early detection can help prevent the progression of kidney disease to kidney failure. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best estimate of kidney function. Hypertension causes CKD and CKD causes hypertension. Persistant proteinuria means CKD. High risk groups include those with diabetes, hypertension and family history of kidney disease. African Americans, Hispanics, Pacific Islanders, Native Americans and Seniors are at increased risk. Three simple tests can detect CKD: blood pressure, urine and serum creatinine. What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)? Chronic kidney disease includes conditions that damage your kidneys and decrease their ability to keep you healthy by doing the jobs listed. If kidney disease gets worse, wastes can build to high levels in your blood and make you feel sick. You may develop complications like high blood pressure, anemia (low blood count), weak bones, poor nutritional health and nerve damage. Also, kidney disease increases your risk of having heart and blood vessel disease. These problems may happen slowly over a long period of time. Chronic kidney disease may be caused by diabetes, high blood pressure and other disorders. Early detection and treatment can often keep chronic kidney disease from getting worse. When kidney disease progresses, it may eventually lead to kidney failure, which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to maintain life.

48. General Photos Pictures of kidney stones and their chemical compositions. http://www.herringlab.com/photos/

Kidney Stone Photographs Photos 1-28 - click the photos for a larger image - Uric Acid Brushite Carbonate Apatite Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate deposited over Silica Silica (Canine) Struvite Uric Acid Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Stuvite with staple Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate with superficial Dihydrate Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (coated with Triamterene) Xanthine Brushite Struvite (Ferret) Calcium Carbonate Uric Acid Dihydrate Struvite (Feline) Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate deposited over Apatite Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate partially encrusted w/ Dihydrate Struvite Carbonate Apatite Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Cholesterol (Biliary) Cystine Struvite More Stone Photographs! Photos 1-28 Photos 29-56 Photos 57-84 Photos 85-112 [coming soon!] Scanning Electron Micrographs Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Drugs and Metabolites ... stones@herringlab.com. No part of this information may be reproduced without written permission.

49. Kidney Stones - Information - Physician Referrals - Kidney Stone Treatment Provides information on kidney stones, treatment, and prevention. Also provides physician referrals. http://www.urostonecenter.com

Kidney Stones Kidney Stones have been around for a long time. Hippocrates said, "I will not cut, even for stone, but leave such procedures to the practitioner of the craft." Knowledge of stone prevention and treatment has come a long way since then. We know that kidney stones affect approximately 12% of the population in the United States. Men appear to be afflicted with kidney stones more often than women, with the ratio being about 3 to 1. In addition, those who develop kidney stones have a 50% risk of having another stone within 5-10 years. White patients are affected by kidney stones more than African American, and the maximum incidence occurs in the 30-50 year old age group. The etiology of kidney stone formation varies with inborn errors of metabolism, congenital urological abnormalities, dehydration, diet, urinary tract infection-all being factors. Briefly, we know that diets high in protein and salt lead to a higher incidence of stone formation. Inhibitors of kidney stone formation have been identified with citrate being one of the most important.

50. National Kidney Foundation: A To Z Health Guide Welcome to the National Kidney Foundation s Kidney Learning System. http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=41

51. Mantu Gupta, M.D. - Urology - Welcome Specializes in minimally invasive urology, especially the treatment of kidney stones, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and urinary tract obstruction from cancer or BPH. http://www.mantuguptamd.com/

Mantu Gupta, M.D., and staff members are dedicated to serving the urological needs of New York and the surrounding communities. We strive to provide state-of-the-art diagnosis and treatment and believe in rendering the least invasive, most efficacious treatment of urological disorders in a kind, empathetic, manner. We treat each patient as a partner in his or her medical care and make patient education a central component of our care. Because many urological conditions are accompanied by social discomfort or embarrassment, we emphasize sensitivity and discretion when dealing with all of our patients' concerns. A urologist is a physician who is highly trained to treat disorders of the male and female urinary tract (bladder, ureter, kidney, and urethra) and the male reproductive system. We specialize in a full range of urologic conditions and procedures, including the following: Hematuria Kidney stones Laparoscopic surgery Upper tract tumors Dr. Gupta has been in private practice for the past six years. He specializes in minimally invasive urology, especially the treatment of kidney stones, uretero-pelvic junction obstruction, and urinary tract obstruction from cancer or BPH. For more information about Dr. Gupta, please see the Physician page.

52. Diagnosis And Initial Management Of Kidney Stones - April 1, 2001 - American Fam Stone location, Common symptoms. Kidney, Vague flank pain, hematuria The firstkidney stone. Ann Intern Med 1989;11110069. Curhan GC, Willett WC, http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010401/1329.html

Advanced Search AAFP Home Page Journals Vol. 63/No. 7 (April 1, 2001) Diagnosis and Initial Management of Kidney Stones ANDREW J. PORTIS, M.D., and CHANDRU P. SUNDARAM, M.D. Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri A PDF version of this document is available. Download PDF now (10 pages / 58 KB). More information on using PDF files. U rolithiasis is a problem that has confronted clinicians since the time of Hippocrates, and many family physicians have extensive experience in its clinical management. In recent years, technological advancements have greatly facilitated the diagnosis of stone disease. Physicians can now conclusively identify and, perhaps more importantly, exclude stone disease within minutes of considering the diagnosis. The management of urolithiasis is also becoming increasingly well defined. Clear indications for urologic referral are based on a recognition of the few urgent situations and a solid understanding of the natural history of stone progression. Epidemiology Urinalysis findings consistent with urolithiasis include hematuria and limited pyuria.

53. NIDDK Error 404 - Page Not Found Information on when to call the doctor, what the kidneys do, what kidney stones are, what they look like, what can be done about them, diagnosis, prevention and some points to remember. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/kidney/pubs/whastone/whastone.htm

Quick Links for Investigators Office of the Director Extramural Activities Intramural Research Update Intramural Pages - Staff Only Nutrition Research Coordination Office of Minority Health Research Advanced Search We are sorry, but the page you requested was not found Please check the URL to ensure it is correct or link directly to: NIDDK Home Page Health Information Diabetes Digestive Kidney diseases Urologic diseases ... NIDDK Laboratories If you still cannot find the page you sought, please contact us at dkwebmaster@extra.niddk.nih.gov and let us know what you were looking for. Home Welcome Health Information Research Funding Opportunities ... Search Director: Dr. Allen Spiegel Contact NIDDK National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) is part of the National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA. General inquiries may be addressed to Office of Communications and Public Liaison, NIDDK, NIH, Building 31, room 9A04 Center Drive, MSC 2560, Bethesda, MD 20892-2560, USA. Privacy FOIA Accessibility

54. DoctorYourself.com - Kidney Stones Does vitamin C cause kidney stones? No, it prevents and often actually dissolveskidney stones. http://www.doctoryourself.com/kidney.html

Kidney Stones Kidney Stones Home KIDNEY STONES (Renal Calculi) AND THEIR RELATION TO DIET There are five types of kidney stones: 1. Calcium phosphate stones are common and easily dissolve in urine acidified by Vitamin C. 2. Calcium oxalate stones are also common but they do not dissolve in acid urine. 3. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite stones) are much less common, often appearing after an infection. They dissolve in vitamin C acidified urine. 4. Uric acid stones result from a problem metabolizing purines (the chemical base of adenine, xanthine, theobromine [in chocolate] and uric acid). They may form in a condition such as gout. 5. Cystine stones result from a hereditary inability to reabsorb cystine. Most children's stones are this type, and these are rare. The Role of Vitamin C in Preventing and Dissolving Kidney Stones: The very common calcium phosphate stone can only exist in a urinary tract that is not acidic. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C's most common form) acidifies the urine, thereby dissolving phosphate stones and preventing their formation. Acidic urine will also dissolve magnesium ammonium phosphate stones, which would otherwise require surgical removal. These are the same struvite stones associated with urinary tract infections. Both the infection and the stone are easily cured with vitamin C in large doses. BOTH are virtually 100% preventable with daily consumption of much-greater-than-RDA amounts of ascorbic acid. Think grams, not milligrams! A gorilla gets about 4,000 mg of vitamin C a day in its natural diet. The US RDA for humans is only 60 mg. Someone is wrong, and I don't think it's the gorillas.

55. Oliver Urology Associates, PC, Athens Georgia Specialize in treatment of impotence, incontinence, infertility, and kidney stones. Located in Athens. http://www.oliverurology.com/

56. Kidney Stones kidney stones are a painful disorder of the urinary tract. kidney stonesoccur because the small bowel absorbs too much calcium, your diet is too high http://www.umm.edu/altmed/ConsConditions/Urolithiasiscc.html

var MenuLinkedBy='AllWebMenus [2]', awmBN='530'; awmAltUrl=''; Maryland Medical Center Programs Complementary Medicine Program Home Medical Reference Alternative / Complementary Medicine ... Conditions Kidney Stones Also Listed As: Signs and Symptoms What Causes It? What to Expect at Your Provider's Office Treatment Options ... Supporting Research Kidney stones are a painful disorder of the urinary tract. Urolithiasis is the medical term used to describe stones occuring in the urinary tract. These stones occur four times more often in men than in women, with 240,000 to 720,000 Americans affected yearly. The pain of having a stone has been compared to that of childbirth. The stones can be made of calcium, uric acid, oxalate, struvite, or cystine. Signs and Symptoms You may have no symptoms if the stone is noted on an X ray for an unrelated condition. Or you may have some or all of the following. Sudden onset of excruciating pain in the buttocks area Abdominal pain Nausea and vomiting You are constantly moving to relieve the pain Pain in the genital area as the stone moves Fever and chills What Causes It?

57. Charles Bamberger, M.D. - Urologist - Fort Worth, Texas - Welcome Services include a lithotripsy unit for the treatment of kidney stones and a prostatron thermotherapy unit (microwaveheat therapy) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. http://www.drbamberger.com

Charles Bamberger, M.D. Ambulatory Urological Surgery Center of Fort Worth 416-418 South Henderson Ft. Worth, Texas 76104-5421 Tel: 817.338.4636 Fax: 817.335.5421 [view map] Dr. Charles Bamberger is dedicated to serving the urological needs of Ft. Worth and the surrounding communities. We strive to provide state-of-the-art diagnosis and treatment. We have a lithotripsy unit for the treatment of kidney stones, and a prostatron thermotherapy unit (microwave-heat therapy) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We treat each patient as a partner in his or her medical care and make patient education a central component of our care. Because many urological conditions are accompanied by social discomfort or embarrassment, we emphasize sensitivity and discretion when dealing with all of our patients' concerns. A urologist is a physician who is highly trained to treat disorders of the male and female urinary tract (bladder, ureter, kidney, and urethra) and the male reproductive system. Dr. Bamberger specializes in the following conditions and procedures: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate) Bladder control problems Bladder suspension for the treatment of female incontinence Erectile dysfunction Incontinence Infertility and sperm retrieval for artificial insemination in conjunction with in vitro fertilization Kidney stones Lithotripsy for the treatment of kidney stones TUMT - microwave therapy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Vasectomy Vasectomy reversal Urology is classified as a surgical subspecialty, but since a wide variety of clinical problems are encountered when treating urological conditions, knowledge of internal medicine, pediatrics, gynecology, and other specialties is required.

58. Kidney Stones - Urological Disorders Health Guide kidney stones are one of the most painful disorders to afflict humans, Caucasians are more prone to kidney stones than are AfricanAmericans. http://www.umm.edu/urology-info/stones.htm

var MenuLinkedBy='AllWebMenus [2]', awmBN='530'; awmAltUrl=''; Urological Disorders Urogenital Disorders... Analgesic Nephropathy Cystocele ... Site Index Related Resources Within UMM Urology Translate using Google to Spanish German French Italian Portuguese Urological Disorders Kidney Stones What is a kidney stone? A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms out of substances in the urine in the kidney. The stone may remain in the kidney or break loose and travel down the urinary tract. A small stone may pass all of the way out of the body, but a larger stone can get stuck in a ureter, the bladder, or the urethra. This may block the flow of urine and cause great pain. A kidney stone may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pearl, and some are as big as golf balls. They may be smooth or jagged, and are usually yellow or brown. Who is often affected by kidney stones? Kidney stones are one of the most painful disorders to afflict humans, and one of the most common disorders of the urinary tract. It is estimated that 10 percent of all people in the United States will have a kidney stone at some point in time. Caucasians are more prone to kidney stones than are African-Americans. Although stones occur more frequently in men, the number of women who get kidney stones has been increasing. Kidney stones strike most people between the ages of 20 and 40. Once a person gets more than one stone, he or she is more likely to develop others. What are some of the types of kidney stones?

59. Kidney Stones Not all kidney stones cause symptoms. They re often discovered when you have Xrays kidney stones usually form when your urine becomes too concentrated. http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/DS/00282.html

var cnnSiteWideCurrDate = new Date(2005, 8, 9); International Edition Member Services Home Page World ... Contact Us In association with: MEN'S HEALTH Urinary System Prostate cancer Kidney stones INFORMATION CENTERS: Pick a category Health Centers Family Health Men's Health Women's Health Children's Health Seniors' Health Working Life Pain Management Condition Centers Immune System Allergy Alzheimer's Arthritis Respiratory System Cancer Endocrine System Digestive System Heart and Blood Infectious Disease Mental Health Note: All links within content go to MayoClinic.com Diseases and Conditions Kidney stones From MayoClinic.com Special to CNN.com Overview Not all kidney stones cause symptoms. They're often discovered when you have X-rays for an unrelated condition or when you seek medical care for problems such as blood in your urine or recurring urinary tract infections. The pain becomes agonizing only when a stone breaks loose and begins to work its way down from your kidneys to your bladder. Kidney stones usually form when your urine becomes too concentrated. This causes minerals and other substances in urine to form crystals on the inner surfaces of your kidneys. Over time, these crystals may combine to form a small, hard mass, or stone. Most small kidney stones pass into your bladder without causing any permanent damage. Still, it's important to determine the underlying cause so that you don't form more stones in the future. In many cases, you can prevent kidney stones simply by drinking more water and making a few dietary changes.

60. Milton F. Armm, M.D. - Urologist, Bridgeport, Connecticut (CT) - Welcome Practice based in Bridgeport and specializing in prostate cancer, kidney stones and vasectomy. http://www.marmmmdurologist.com/

Milton F. Armm, M.D. Urologist Bridgeport, Connecticut Milton F. Armm, M.D. is a urologist based in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in Fairfield County. Dr. Armm has extensive experience in the diagnosis and treatment of general urological disorders and conditions . Providing urological education to the patients we serve is the focus of our practice. We are dedicated to offering quality service with the least-invasive and most promising solutions available. Urology is the medical and surgical specialty that deals with problems of the male and female urinary tract (kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra) and the male reproductive system. These problems include kidney stones, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, enlarged prostate, impotence, male infertility, and urinary incontinence. We hope you find this website helpful in your health and medical care decisions. Please contact us with any questions or for an appointment. Milton F. Armm, M.D. Urologist 3180 Main Street Suite 305 Bridgeport, CT 06606 Tel: 203.371.8651 Fax: 203.371.8930

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