21. Hemorrhagic Fevers CHC Wausau Hospital s Medical Library and Patient Education Center provides research services and healthcare information to physicians, http://www.chclibrary.org/micromed/00050730.html

Main Search Index Definition Description Causes ... Resources Hemorrhagic fevers Definition Hemorrhagic fevers are caused by viruses that exist throughout the world. However, they are most common in tropical areas. Early symptoms, such as muscle aches and fever , can progress to a mild illness or to a more debilitating, potentially fatal disease. In severe cases, a prominent symptom is bleeding, or hemorrhaging, from orifices and internal organs. Description Although hemorrhagic fevers are regarded as emerging diseases, they probably have existed for many years. This designation isn't meant to imply that they are newly developing, but rather that human exposure to the causative viruses is increasing to the point of concern. Hemorrhagic fevers are generally endemic, or linked to specific locations. If many people reside in an endemic area, the number of cases may soar. For example, dengue fever , a type of hemorrhagic fever, affects approximately 100 million people annually. A large percentage of those infected live in densely populated southeast Asia; an area in which the disease vector, a mosquito, thrives. Some hemorrhagic fevers are exceedingly rare, because people very infrequently encounter the virus. Marburg hemorrhagic fever, which has affected fewer than 40 people since its discovery in 1967, provides one such example. Fatality rates are also variable. In cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever-dengue shock The onset of hemorrhagic fevers may be sudden or gradual, but all of them are linked by the potential for hemorrhaging. However, not all cases progress to this very serious symptom. Hemorrhaging may be attributable to the destruction of blood coagulating factors or to increased permeability of body tissues. The severity of bleeding ranges from petechiae, which are pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin surface, to distinct bleeding from body orifices such as the nose or vagina.

22. Safety And Health Topics: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) are a group of disease caused by ribonucleic These diseases include Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever, http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/vhf/

U.S. Department of Labor www.osha.gov MyOSHA [skip navigational links] Search Advanced Search A-Z Index Safety and Health Topics Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) are a group of disease caused by ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses from four distinct families. These diseases include Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever, Lassa fever, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, and Yellow Fever. Symptoms vary with the disease, but often include fever, fatigue, and muscle aches. There may be bleeding, although death from blood loss is rare. Severe cases can include shock and coma. Although some types of VHFs are relatively mild illnesses, many of them can cause severe, life-threatening disease with high fatality rates. Along with smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism, and tularemia, hemorrhagic fever viruses are among the six agents identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the most likely to be used as biological weapons. Many VHFs can cause severe, life-threatening disease with high fatality rates. The following questions link to safety and health information relative to VHFs.

23. Safety And Health Topics: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) - Hazard Recognition Risk factors for viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) include travel to Viral hemorrhagic fevers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/vhf/recognition.html

U.S. Department of Labor www.osha.gov MyOSHA [skip navigational links] Search Advanced Search A-Z Index Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) Hazard Recognition Risk factors for viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) include travel to geographic areas where these diseases may naturally occur, handling of animal carcasses, contact with animals or people with the disease, and arthropod bites. The following references aid in recognizing disease characteristics and hazards associated with VHFs. Disease Recognition Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Travelers' Health, (2003, June 30). Provides a thorough description of VHFs including disease occurrence and risk factors for travelers. Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Special Pathogens Branch, (2002, October 18). Provides a table that charts the outbreaks of Ebola virus chronologically by year, country, number of cases, and percentage of deaths. Disease Information . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Special Pathogens Branch, (2003, March 3). Provides an explanation of the types of VHFs that the CDC Special Pathogens Branch primarily deals with. The following links provide specific disease information including symptoms, occurrence, and transmission: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers . (2002, January 29).

24. Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Essential Data Safety Precautions for Ebola hemorrhagic fever Casualties Marburg and other viral hemorrhagic fevers; Malaria. None. Return to Top http://www.cbwinfo.com/Biological/Pathogens/EBOV.html

25. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers hemorrhagic fevers make blood vessels more permeable — that is, more likely to Argentine, Bolivian, Brazilian and Venezuelan hemorrhagic fevers are less http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/DS/00539.html

International Edition MEMBER SERVICES The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Autos SERVICES Video E-mail Newsletters Your E-mail Alerts RSS ... Contact Us SEARCH Web CNN.com In association with: INFECTIOUS DISEASE Viral Illnesses Chickenpox Viral gastroenteritis Shingles Meningitis ... Hand-foot-and-mouth disease INFORMATION CENTERS: Pick a category Health Centers Family Health Men's Health Women's Health Children's Health Seniors' Health Working Life Pain Management Condition Centers Immune System Allergy Alzheimer's Arthritis Respiratory System Cancer Endocrine System Digestive System Heart and Blood Infectious Disease Mental Health Note: All links within content go to MayoClinic.com Diseases and Conditions Viral hemorrhagic fevers From MayoClinic.com Special to CNN.com Overview A deadly outbreak of Marburg virus in the African nation of Angola has created widespread attention and kept public health officials busy trying to keep the epidemic under control. For all the attention, Marburg is only one of a group of related illnesses called viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs). These highly contagious diseases are caused by viruses from four distinct families and range in severity from relatively mild to life-threatening. Although all begin with fever and muscle aches, some VHFs progress to far more serious problems, including severe internal and external bleeding, widespread tissue death and shock.

26. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Detailed information on viral hemorrhagic fever, including symptoms, treatment, and prevention. http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/adult_travel/viral.cfm

[ Skip Navigation ] Health System Home For Health Answers Healthcare Professionals ... Advanced Search Health System Search Search for Information People UVa Home Health System News Health System Events (all) Health System Publications ... Making a Gift Topics All About Cancer Blood Disorders Bone Disorders Breast Health Cancer Cardiovascular Disease Dermatology Diabetes Digestive Disorders Endocrinology Environmental Medicine Eye Care Glossary Gynecological Health Infectious Diseases Kidney Disease Men's Health Mental Health Nervous System Disorders Non-Trauma Emergency Oral Health Orthopaedics Otolaryngology Pathology Pediatrics, General Health Prostate Health Radiology Respiratory Disorders Skin Cancer Surgical Care Urology Women's Health UVa Health Topics A to Z FIND A DOCTOR Center for Global Health MAKE AN APPOINTMENT CALENDAR OF EVENTS ... WHY CHOOSE UVA Search This Site Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers What are viral hemorrhagic fevers? Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) is a term that refers to a group of illnesses caused by several distinct families of viruses. While some types of hemorrhagic fever viruses cause illnesses that are relatively mild, many of these cause severe, life-threatening diseases with no known cures. Perhaps the most known of this group of diseases is the Ebola virus, made famous by the movie "Outbreak." Hemorrhagic fever viruses are caused by viruses of four distinct families: arenaviruses filoviruses bunyviruses flaviviruses These viruses share the following common features: The viruses are geographically restricted to the areas where the host species live.

27. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Rare viruses Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, and Crimean-Congo - that can cause hemorrhaging and death. Links to information and resources. http://rarediseases.about.com/cs/viralhemorrhagic/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zfs=0;zCMt='a70' About Rare / Orphan Diseases Rare Diseases Essentials ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Rare / Orphan Diseases newsletter! See Online Courses Search Rare / Orphan Diseases Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Guide picks Rare viruses - Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, and Crimean-Congo - that can cause hemorrhaging and death. Ebola Resurfaces in Republic of Congo 2/03 At the time of this article, the deadly hemorrhagic disease, Ebola, had claimed more than 50 lives in the past two weeks in the Republic of Congo. Here are the details, from the About.com Guide to Rare/Orphan Diseases. Ebola Outbreak Spreads to Central Africa 12/01 At the time of this article, 15 people in Gabon had died of Ebola virus infection. In neighboring Republic of Congo, 6 more died. International physicians and Gabon's health ministry were trying to keep this outbreak of the deadly virus from becoming an epidemic. Here are the details, from the About.com Guide to Rare/Orphan Diseases. Feature article on Ebola outbreak 11/00 "Ebola Virus Kills 110So Far" details the events of the Ebola outbreak in Uganda in October - November 2000. From the About.com Guide to Rare/Orphan Diseases.

28. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Links to information and resources for rare viruses Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, and Crimean-Congo - that can cause hemorrhaging and death. http://rarediseases.about.com/od/viralhemorrhagicfevers/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zfs=0;zCMt='a70' About Rare / Orphan Diseases Information by Disease Type Infectious Diseases Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Rare Diseases Essentials Rare Diseases: Basic Information Rare Diseases Support Groups ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Rare / Orphan Diseases newsletter! See Online Courses Search Rare / Orphan Diseases Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Rare viruses - Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, and Crimean-Congo - that can cause hemorrhaging and death. Alphabetical Recent Up a category Ebola Resurfaces in Republic of Congo 2/03 At the time of this article, the deadly hemorrhagic disease, Ebola, had claimed more than 50 lives in the past two weeks in the Republic of Congo. Here are the details, from the About.com Guide to Rare/Orphan Diseases. Ebola Outbreak Spreads to Central Africa 12/01 At the time of this article, 15 people in Gabon had died of Ebola virus infection. In neighboring Republic of Congo, 6 more died. International physicians and Gabon's health ministry were trying to keep this outbreak of the deadly virus from becoming an epidemic. Here are the details, from the About.com Guide to Rare/Orphan Diseases. Feature article on Ebola outbreak 11/00 "Ebola Virus Kills 110So Far" details the events of the Ebola outbreak in Uganda in October - November 2000. From the About.com Guide to Rare/Orphan Diseases.

29. Canadian Contingency Plan For Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers And Other Related Disease Canadian Contingency Plan for Viral hemorrhagic fevers and Other Related Diseases CCDR Volume 26S3 May 1997. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/97vol23/23s1/

Volume: 23S1 - January 1997 Canadian Contingency Plan for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers and Other Related Diseases Table of Contents PREFACE INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE RATIONALE ... LINES OF COMMUNICATION FOR SUSPECTED OR CONFIRMED CASES Site of Case Identification Ports of Entry Presentation Within the Local Health Care System HOSPITALIZATION OF THE PATIENT TRANSPORT OF THE PATIENT ... APPENDIX - PROVINCIAL RESPONSE COORDINATORS (Provincial and Territorial Epidemiologists) REFERENCES Table of Contents Next Last Updated: 2002-11-08 Important Notices

30. FOXNews.com - U.S. & World - Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) In general, the term viral hemorrhagic fever is used to describe a severe While some types of hemorrhagic fever viruses can cause relatively mild http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76858,00.html

OAS_AD('Top'); document.write(secTimeStamp); SEARCH writeFeature(0); writeFeature(1); writeFeature(2); RESPOND TO EDITOR E-MAIL STORY PRINTER FRIENDLY FOXFAN CENTRAL Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) Tuesday, January 28, 2003 BACKGROUND LINKS writeScroll(openTab2,'2'); What Is It? VHFs refer to a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. In general, the term "viral hemorrhagic fever" is used to describe a severe multi-system syndrome, where multiple organ systems in the body are affected. VHFs include four families of viruses: filiviruses such as the Ebola and Marburg viruses, arenaviruses such as Lassa, bunyavirus such as Rift Valley Fever and flaviviruses such as yellow fever and dengue. They can all cause serious, life-threatening illnesses. Some, including Ebola, Marburg and Lassa, are contagious. Although the Ebola virus gained notoriety in various films such as Outbreak and books, VHFs aren't expected to be prime bioweapon candidates since people die so quickly from them and often don't get a chance to infect others. During World War II, the Japanese army fed botulinum toxin to prisoners of war in Manchuria, with lethal results.

31. Emergency Preparedness & Response Viral hemorrhagic fevers are more common in Africa; however, Some viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread from personto-person through close contact with http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/EPR/Agents_Biological_VHF.asp

VDH Programs Find It! A-Z Index Newsroom Local Health Districts ... Contact Us Updated: 10-Jan-2005 Contact Info Agents, Diseases, Planning Training/Education ... Other Resources Viral Hemorrhagic Fever English Version What is viral hemorrhagic fever? Viral hemorrhagic fever is a disease caused by viruses that live, for the most part, in rodents (e.g., rats and mice) and arthropods (e.g., mosquitoes and ticks). There are four distinct viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, and flaviviruses. Who gets viral hemorrhagic fever? Anyone can get viral hemorrhagic fever, but it generally occurs in people living in or visiting areas with infected rodents or arthropods. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are more common in Africa; however, infected rodents and arthropods carry some of the viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers in many parts of the world, including North and South America, Europe and Asia. How is viral hemorrhagic fever spread?

32. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers - MayoClinic.com Notorious diseases such as Ebola, Hantavirus, dengue fever and yellow fever belong to a group of potentially deadly illnesses called viral hemorrhagic http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00539

33. Hemorrhagic Fevers Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses as Biological Weapons Medical and Public Health Management; filoviruses eg, Plague, Tularemia and Viral hemorrhagic fevers http://terrorism.library.musc.edu/page.php?id=22

34. Public Health Preparedness & Response What Are Viral hemorrhagic fevers? From the Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, NCID, CDC. •. Viral hemorrhagic fevers Fact Sheets http://www.dph.state.ct.us/PHP/VHF/VHF.htm

Topics of Interest: Bioterrorism Drinking Water Family Preparedness Plan Food Safety ... Public Health Preparedness Volunteers West Nile Virus - Fact Sheets: Anthrax Botulism Brucellosis Cholera ... Translate Office of Public Health Preparedness Address: 410 Capitol Avenue, MS# 12/PHP P.O. Box 340308, Hartford, Connecticut 06134-0308 (Tele) (Fax) (860) 509-7987 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) CDC Links: What Are Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers? From the Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, NCID, CDC Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Fact Sheets From the Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, NCID, CDC

35. Introduction: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers - WrongDiagnosis.com Introduction to Viral hemorrhagic fevers as a medical condition including symptoms, diagnosis, misdiagnosis, treatment, prevention, and prognosis. http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/v/viral_hemorrhagic_fevers/intro.htm

Home Symptoms Diseases Risks ... Diseases Search our medical database Subscribe to our free Newsletter sample Send this page to a friend Condition Lists By Organ By Symptom By Class By Prevalence ... List A-Z Current chapter: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Next sections Basic Summary for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Prevalence and Incidence of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Types of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Incidence of Types of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers ... Causes of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Next chapters: Youth risk behavior Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis Herpes stomatitis Hendra Virus ... Feedback Introduction: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Viral infections causing hemorrhagic fever (i.e. bleeding) Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: The term viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) refers to a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. While some types of hemorrhagic fever viruses can cause relatively mild illnesses, many of these viruses cause severe, life-threatening disease. Researching symptoms of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Further information about the symptoms of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers is available including a list of symptoms of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers , or alternatively return to research other symptoms in the symptom center Treatments for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Various information is available about treatments available for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers prevention of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers , or research treatments for other diseases.

36. Article: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: DVRD - WrongDiagnosis.com Medical article Viral hemorrhagic fevers DVRD including all symptom, diagnosis, misdiagnosis, treatment and prevention information. http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/artic/viral_hemorrhagic_fevers_dvrd.htm

Home Symptoms Diseases Risks ... Newsletter Search our medical database Subscribe to our free Newsletter sample Send this page to a friend Condition Lists By Organ By Symptom By Class By Prevalence ... List A-Z Current chapter: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: DVRD Next chapters: Viral Hepatitis A to E and Beyond: NIDDK Wegener's Granulomatosis, NIAID Fact Sheet: NIAID Weight Cycling: NIDDK Weight Loss: NWHIC ... Feedback Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: DVRD Article title: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: DVRD Conditions: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers scrub typhus arenaviruses bunyaviruses ... yellow fever Source: DVRD Special Pathogens Branch CONTENTS Main Index Disease Information - What Is a VHF? - Fact Sheets - Arenaviruses - Lassa Fever - LCM - Rift Valley Fever - Filoviruses - Ebola HF - Marburg HF All About HPS Teaching and Prevention Materials Recent Research Other Resources Glossary of Terms Site Index GO TO... CDC Home Page NCID Home Page Disease Information Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Fact Sheets Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers What are viral hemorrhagic fevers?

37. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Information For Health Care Providers Viral hemorrhagic fevers Information for health care providers. http://www.metrokc.gov/health/bioterrorism/facts/vhf-providers.htm

Site Directory Public Health Webpage Directory For Care Providers For Health Care Providers For Educators Health Educators Toolbox About Us Jobs Employee Directory Contact Us Public Health 999 3rd Ave, Ste. 1200 Seattle, WA 98104 Phone: 206-296-4600 TTY Relay: 711 Click here to email us Subscribe to Free Email Alerts! Click here to learn more Successful Search Tips Home Bioterrorism Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers facts for health care providers Bioterrorism preparedness Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Information for health care providers Webmaster's Note: If you need to print this page, go to your printing options menu and set your left and right printing margins to 0.25" so the whole page will print on your paper. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers facts also available in Adobe PDF format Adobe Acrobat Reader must be installed on your computer to open PDFs. Click the icon at the left to download and install Reader for free. Epidemiology and microbiology Clinical presentation Screening Diagnosis ... Web resources Epidemiology and microbiology Virus family Virus/syndrome Geographic occurrence of natural disease Reservoir or vector Incubation period Mortality Arena-viruses Machupo (Bolivian hemorrhagic fever) Junin (Argentine hemorrhagic fever) Guanarito (Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever) Sabia (Brazilian hemorrhagic fever) South America Rodents 7-16 days Lassa Fever West Africa 5-16 days Bunya-viruses Crimean-Congo HF Crimea, parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia

38. THE MERCK MANUAL--SECOND HOME EDITION, Hemorrhagic Fevers In Ch. 198, Viral Infe hemorrhagic fevers are a group of serious infections caused by certain viruses and Lassa fever and the South American hemorrhagic fevers are infections http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch198/ch198h.html

var externalLinkWarning = "The link you have selected will take you to a site outside Merck and The Merck Manuals.*n*nThe Merck Manuals do not review or control the content of any non-Merck site. The Merck Manuals do not endorse and are not responsible for the accuracy, content, practices, or standards of any non-Merck sources."; Search The Second Home Edition , Online Version Search Index A B C D ... Z Sections Accidents and Injuries Blood Disorders Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders ... Women's Health Issues Resources Anatomical Drawings Multimedia Pronunciations Weights and Measures ... , Online Version Section Infections Chapter Viral Infections Topics Introduction Common Cold Cytomegalovirus Infection Dengue Fever ... Hantavirus Infection Hemorrhagic Fevers Herpes Simplex Virus Infections Influenza Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Shingles ... Yellow Fever Hemorrhagic Fevers Buy The Book Print This Topic Email This Topic Pronunciations cytomegalovirus Ebola filovirus hantavirus ... ribavirin Hemorrhagic fevers are a group of serious infections caused by certain viruses and characterized by bleeding. Ebola and Marburg virus are two dangerous African viruses classified as filoviruses. The natural hosts (reservoir or species that maintains the virus in nature) of these viruses are not known. To date, no infections of people have occurred in the United States.

39. Hemorrhagic Fevers hemorrhagic fevers Viral hemorrhagic fevers. Advances in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 12 (1997) 21. Le Guenno, Bernard. Emerging Viruses. http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/hemorrhagic_fevers.jsp

40. Virtual Naval Hospital: USAMRIID’s Medical Management Of Biological Casualt The viral hemorrhagic fevers are a diverse group of illnesses caused by RNA Bolivian, Brazilian, and Venezuelan hemorrhagic fevers are caused by the http://www.vnh.org/BIOCASU/15.html

Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed SUMMARY Signs and Symptoms: VHFs are febrile illnesses which can feature flushing of the face and chest, petechiae, bleeding, edema, hypotension, and shock. Malaise, myalgias, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur in any of the hemorrhagic fevers. Diagnosis: Definitive diagnosis rests on specific virologic techniques. Significant numbers of military personnel with a hemorrhagic fever syndrome should suggest the diagnosis of a viral hemorrhagic fever. Treatment: Intensive supportive care may be required. Antiviral therapy with ribavirin may be useful in several of these infections (Available only as IND under protocol). Convalescent plasma may be effective in Argentine hemorrhagic fever (Available only as IND under protocol). Prophylaxis: The only licensed VHF vaccine is yellow fever vaccine. Prophylactic ribavirin may be effective for Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, CCHF, and possibly HFRS (Available only as IND under protocol). Isolation and Decontamination: Contact isolation, with the addition of a surgical mask and eye protection for those coming within three feet of the patient, is indicated for suspected or proven Lassa fever, CCHF, or filovirus infections. Respiratory protection should be upgraded to airborne isolation, including the use of a fit-tested HEPA filtered respirator, a battery powered air purifying respirator, or a positive pressure supplied air respirator, if patients with the above conditions have prominent cough, vomiting, diarrhea, or hemorrhage. Decontamination is accomplished with hypochlorite or phenolic disinfectants.

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