101. Painful Periods: Dysmenorrhea, Menstrual Cramps dysmenorrhea, Menstrual Cramps. What causes cramps and painful periods? Painful periods are common—more than half of all women who have periods have http://www.shs.unc.edu/library/articles/painfulp.html

Back to the Virtual Health Library Back to Student Health PAINFUL PERIODS Dysmenorrhea, Menstrual Cramps What causes cramps and painful periods? Painful periods are common—more than half of all women who have periods have menstrual cramps. The pain women experience from cramps is real and is caused by "prostaglandins." Prostaglandins are chemicals in the cells of the body that cause contractions of smooth muscles (i.e. the uterus) when excessive amounts are present. The level of prostaglandins increases during menstruation and increases uterine contractions causing cramps and pain. Some women experience more contractions of the uterus than others and subsequently have more cramping. It is important though, to distinguish normal cramping from unusual, debilitating pain and see your health care provider if you are concerned. What is endometriosis? Endometriosis is a common condition caused by an abnormal growth of endometrial cells. Endometrial tissue forms outside the uterus in other areas of the body. This tissue then develops into small growths or tumors. During menstruation, these growths respond to the hormonal cycle and start "shedding" which results in painful cramping. If your periods cause unusual pain or you are concerned about your cramping, you should see a health care provider. How can I alleviate menstrual cramps?

102. Dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea, or painful menses, is one of the most common gynecological Primary dysmenorrhea is due to the secretion of prostaglandin (PG) F2a in the http://www.cancergroup.com/dysmenorrhea.html

Dysmenorrhea Dysmenorrhea, or painful menses, is one of the most common gynecological complaints in young women, thought to affect 50% of all menstruating women. Ten percent of women have severe enough symptoms to necessitate missing work, school or other responsibilities. Peak incidence is between 20 and 24 years of age. Primary dysmenorrhea is due to the secretion of prostaglandin (PG) F2a in the lining of the uterus. PGF2a stimulates uterine contractions. It is also thought that chemicals called leukotrienes heighten sensitivity of pain fibers in the uterus. The goal of treatment of primary dysmenorrhea is the minimization of discomfort and preservation of fertility. If efforts to treat primary dysmenorrhea are unsuccessful after a few months, then the diagnosis, and the possibility of secondary causes, should be reconsidered. Treatment methods include medications for pain and oral contraceptive pills to regulate the menstrual cycle. Nutritional and lifestyle medications play an important role, as well. Several complementary and alternative therapies have been utilized in the management of the discomfort of dysmenorrhea, although there are few or no studies to support their effectiveness or safety. Surgery is required only when the dysmenorrhea is found to be secondary to an underlying cause.

103. PharmGKB: Dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea. Alternate Names, dysmenorrheas; Menstrual Pain; Menstrual Pains; Menstruation, Painful; Menstruations, Painful; Pain, Menstrual; http://www.pharmgkb.org/do/serve?objId=PA443962&objCls=Disease

104. Dysmenorrhea In The Adolescent dysmenorrhea is defined as painful menses. Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) Uterus Uterus http://www.lifespan.org/ADAM/English/HIE/001194.htm

Careers at Lifespan Volunteer your time Other ways to give Lifespan's A - Z Health Information Library Injury Disease Nutrition Poison ... Prevention Dysmenorrhea in the adolescent Definition Dysmenorrhea is defined as painful menses. Alternative Names Periods - painful (adolescent); Adolescent dysmenorrhea; Menstrual pain - adolescent; Painful menstrual periods - adolescent Causes Primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents usually begins 2 to 3 years following the onset of menses. It consists of crampy lower abdominal pain that generally begins several hours prior to the onset of a menstrual period, but may begin as much as 1 or 2 days in advance. The pain lasts 1 or more days into the period and then subsides. Pain may be mild to severe, and may be associated with nausea and vomiting and changes in bowel habits (either constipation or diarrhea ). Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by prostaglandin-induced uterine contractions. Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological complaint in adolescents, but the majority of cases are not associated with a disease, and the physical examination is normal. Dysmenorrhea has been reported to be significantly increased among mothers and sisters of women with dysmenorrhea.

105. Dysmenorrhea In The Adolescent Medical Information dysmenorrhea in the adolescent Information from Drugs.com. http://www.drugs.com/enc/dysmenorrhea_in_the_adolescent.html

Home New Drugs Latest News Drug Interactions ... Forum Drugs.com - prescription drug and medicine information available on over 24,000 approved- medications and pharmaceuticals, including side effects and drug interactions. Log-in Register Advertisement Buy a Link Now Special Offers From our sponsors Categories Diabetes Gastro Center Weight Loss AIDS/HIV ... Sexual Health Advertisement Advanced Search Or click the first letter of a drug name: A B C D ... Z Dysmenorrhea in the adolescent Injury Disease Nutrition Poison ... Normal uterine anatomy (cut section) Dysmenorrhea in the adolescent Definition Dysmenorrhea is defined as painful menses. Alternative Names Periods - painful (adolescent); Adolescent dysmenorrhea; Menstrual pain - adolescent; Painful menstrual periods - adolescent Causes Primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents usually begins 2 to 3 years following the onset of menses. It consists of crampy lower abdominal pain that generally begins several hours prior to the onset of a menstrual period, but may begin as much as 1 or 2 days in advance. The pain lasts 1 or more days into the period and then subsides. Pain may be mild to severe, and may be associated with

106. The Analyst - Internet Health Report: Condition: Dysmenorrhea, Painful Menstruat The Analyst Online Health Assessment. Holistic Naturopathic Doctors will analyze your questionnaire results regarding signs, symptoms, diet and medical http://www.digitalnaturopath.com/cond/C347097.html

Dysmenorrhea, Painful Menstruation Last updated: Aug 31, 2005 THE ANALYST TM Home FAQ Start The Analyst Dysmenorrhea, Painful Menstruation Contributing risk factors Other conditions that may be present Recommendations Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful periods or menstrual cramps. The majority of women are thought to experience some degree of dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is either primary or secondary. In cases of primary dysmenorrhea, no disease or other medical cause can be found for the pain and other symptoms, which may include backache, diarrhea , dizziness, headache, nausea , vomiting, and a feeling of tenseness. Primary dysmenorrhea frequently affects women in their teens and early 20s, who have never had a baby. The symptoms are caused by prostaglandin , a natural hormone produced by cells in the uterine lining. The level of prostaglandin increases in the second half of the menstrual cycle. When a woman’s period begins, the cells in the uterine lining release prostaglandin as they are shed. Women with severe primary dysmenorrhea have significantly higher prostaglandin levels in their menstrual fluid than do other women. Usually the symptoms do not last very long - one or two days, but rarely longer.

107. BioSpace News: Dysmenorrhea BioSpace News dysmenorrhea. Vitamin E Relieves Period Pain Taking vitamin E can significantly reduce the severity and duration of period pain, http://www.biospace.com/news_rxtarget.cfm?RxTargetID=40504

108. Breast Cyst Aspiration Gynecology Procedure Cervix Colposcopy Findings. http://www.fpnotebook.com/GYN149.htm

Home About Links Index ... Editor's Choice document.write(code); Advertisement Gynecology Procedure Breast Breast Cyst Aspiration Cervix Colposcopy Colposcopy Findings Colposcopy Protocol ... Intrauterine Device Insertion Breast Cyst Aspiration FNA of breast Fine Needle Aspirate of Breast Lesion Book Home Page Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Dermatology Emergency Medicine Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatric Medicine Gynecology Hematology and Oncology HIV Infectious Disease Jokes Laboratory Neonatology Nephrology Neurology Obstetrics Ophthalmology Orthopedics Otolaryngology Pediatrics Pharmacology Practice Management Prevention Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Sports Medicine Surgery Urology Chapter Gynecology Index Breast Cervix Contraception Dermatology Endocrinology Examination Hematology and Oncology Infectious Disease Laboratory General Menses Obstetrics Ovary Pharmacology Prevention Procedure Psychiatry Radiology Surgery Symptom Evaluation Uterus Vagina Vulva Page Procedure Index Breast Aspiration Cervix Colposcopy Cervix Colposcopy Findings Cervix Colposcopy Guidelines Uterus Endometrial Uterus Endometrial Interpret Uterus IUD Epidemiology Breast cysts are most common in ages 35 to 50 years Indications Palpable Breast Mass which appears cystic Technique Use skin marker to mark center of lesion Prepare breast skin with betadine or hibiclens Drape breast Immobilize lesion between index and middle finger Aspirate lesion 21-25 gauge needle and 5 cc syringe Draw back on syringe plunger while inserting Withdraw and redirect if no fluid aspirated

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