21. Dysmenorrhea - David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. (Hons), M.N.I.M.H. - HealthWorld Online, HealthWorld Online is the Internet s leading resource on alternative medicine, wellness, and mind/body health, featuring the Wellness Inventory whole person http://www.healthy.net/scr/article.asp?ID=1184

22. Welcome To UCLA Student Health Services Menstrual Cramps (dysmenorrhea) Handouts http://www.saonet.ucla.edu/health/healthed/HANDOUTS/cramps.htm

23. Primary Dysmenorrhea - August 1999 - American Academy Of Family Primary dysmenorrhea. ANDREW S. COCO, M.D. Lancaster General Hospital. Lancaster, Pennsylvania http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

24. Dysmenorrhea - Painful Periodsor Painful Menstruation dysmenorrhea is painful periods or painful menstruation that can be the result of many causes. http://www.inletmedical.org/html/dysmenorrhea.htm

Send this link to a friend Search this site What is Dysmenorrhea? Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for pain during menstruation. Painful periods may be caused by a number of reasons. Sometimes a combination of factors may be responsible. Medical history and a careful physical exam are helpful in diagnosing the problem. The Causes of Painful Periods Include: Tipped uterus or retroverted uterus A tipped uterus may also cause pain during intercourse Endometriosis The tissue lining the uterus – the endometrium – may grow outside the uterus causing pain during periods. Hormonal changes and imbalances – A hormone produced by cells in the uterine lining called prostaglandin causes uterine contractions. Women with severe dysmenorrhea have higher prostaglandin levels in their menstrual fluid than other women. Adenomyosis – A condition where the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows into the muscle of the uterus.

25. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Dysmenorrhea In The Adolescent dysmenorrhea in the adolescent Contents of this page Illustrations. Alternative names. Definition. Causes, incidence, and risk factors http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

26. Log In Problems In a randomized trial, a lowdose oral contraceptive relieved dysmenorrhea-associated pain more effectively than did placebo. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/509614

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27. Dysmenorrhea What is dysmenorrhea? This condition refers to the pain or discomfort SelfMassage is often useful with dysmenorrhea, see the abdomen http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

28. Log In Problems All measures of chronic dysmenorrhea diminished in a cohort of women using a topical lidocaine vaginal gel, according to investigators. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/504800

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29. Primary Dysmenorrhea - August 1999 - American Academy Of Family Physicians Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as cramping pain in the lower abdomen Initial presentation of primary dysmenorrhea typically occurs in adolescence. http://www.aafp.org/afp/990800ap/489.html

Advanced Search AAFP Home Page Journals Vol. 60/No. 2 (August, 1999) Primary Dysmenorrhea ANDREW S. COCO, M.D. Lancaster General Hospital Lancaster, Pennsylvania P rimary dysmenorrhea is a very common problem in young women. It is usually defined as cramping pain in the lower abdomen occurring at the onset of menstruation in the absence of any identifiable pelvic disease. It is distinguished from secondary dysmenorrhea, which refers to painful menses resulting from pelvic pathology such as endometriosis. A relative lack of physician awareness of the very high rates of prevalence and the substantial morbidity of dysmenorrhea often leads to inadequate treatment of this problem. With the widespread availability of over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), it is often assumed that women are treating themselves adequately. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. Menstrual Fluid Prostaglandin Levels The rightsholder did not grant rights to reproduce this item in electronic media. For the missing item, see the original print version of this publication. FIGURE 1.

30. Dysmenorrhea - January 15, 2005 - American Family Physician dysmenorrhea is the leading cause of recurrent shortterm school absence in illustration Primary dysmenorrhea, which is defined as painful menses in http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050115/285.html

Advanced Search AAFP Home Page Journals Vol. 71/No. 2 (January 15, 2005) Dysmenorrhea LINDA FRENCH, M.D., Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan Patient information: A handout on dysmenorrhea, written by the author of this article, is provided on page 292. A PDF version of this document is available. Download PDF now (7 pages /188 KB). See page 225 for definitions of strength-of-recommendation labels. P rimary dysmenorrhea, which is defined as painful menses in women with normal pelvic anatomy, usually begins during adolescence. It is characterized by crampy pelvic pain beginning shortly before or at the onset of menses and lasting one to three days. Dysmenorrhea also may be secondary to pelvic organ pathology. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea is highest in adolescent women, with estimates ranging from 20 to 90 percent, depending on the measurement method used. About 15 percent of adolescent girls report severe dysmenorrhea, and it is the leading cause of recurrent short-term school absenteeism in adolescent girls in the United States.

31. Dysmenorrhea - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia dysmenorrhea refers to menstrual pain severe enough to limit normal activities or require medication. There are two general types of dysmenorrhea http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysmenorrhea

You did it! Over US$240,000 was donated in the 21 day fund drive. Thank you for your generosity! You are still welcome to make a donation or purchase Wikimedia merchandise Dysmenorrhea From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Dysmenorrhea (or dysmenorrhoea cramps or painful menstruation , involves menstrual periods that are accompanied by either sharp, intermittent pain or dull, aching pain, usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen Painful menstruation affects approximately 40% of menstruating women, and 10% are incapacitated for up to 3 days. Painful menstruation is the leading cause of lost time from school and work among women of childbearing age. This pain may precede menstruation by several days or may accompany it, and it usually subsides as menstruation tapers off. Although some pain during menstruation is normal, excessive pain is not. Dysmenorrhea refers to menstrual pain severe enough to limit normal activities or require medication. There are two general types of dysmenorrhea: Primary dysmenorrhea refers to menstrual pain that occurs in otherwise healthy women. This type of pain is not related to any specific problems with the uterus or other pelvic organs. Secondary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain that is attributed to some underlying disease process or structural abnormality either within or outside the uterus (for example

32. Menstrual Cramps (dysmenorrhea) - MayoClinic.com Most women experience menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) at some time. The discomfort ranges from merely annoying to severe enough to disrupt everyday http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00506

33. Dysmenorrhea Penn State Hershey Medical Center provides world class care and services to patients. http://www.hmc.psu.edu/healthinfo/d/dysmenorrhea.htm

34. Dysmenorrhea Detailed information on dysmenorrhea, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, risk factors, and treatment. http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/peds_adolescent/dysmn.cfm

[ Skip Navigation ] Health System Home For Health Answers Healthcare Professionals ... Advanced Search Health System Search Search for Information People UVa Home Health System News Health System Events (all) Health System Publications ... Making a Gift Topics Adolescent Medicine Allergy/Asthma/Immunology Blood Disorders Burns Cancer Common Injuries/Poison Tips Craniofacial Anomalies Dermatology Diabetes/Endo/Metabolism Eye Care Genitourinary/Kidney High-Risk Newborn High-Risk Pregnancy Infectious Diseases Medical Genetics Mental Health Nervous System Disorders Normal Newborns Oral Health Orthopaedics Pediatric Surgery Respiratory Disorders Terminal Illness in Children Transplantation UVa Health Topics A to Z FIND A DOCTOR Adolescent and Teen Psychiatry Child-Parent Attachment General Pediatrics ... WHY CHOOSE UVA Search This Site Dysmenorrhea What is dysmenorrhea? Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual condition characterized by severe and frequent menstrual cramps and pain associated with menstruation. Dysmenorrhea may be classified as primary or secondary. primary dysmenorrhea - from the beginning and usually lifelong; severe and frequent menstrual cramping caused by severe and abnormal uterine contractions.

35. CSHC - Dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea is the medical name for the pain of severe and disabling menstrual Approximately 52% of women are affected by dysmenorrhea and about 10% of http://healthcenter.ucdavis.edu/topics/dysmenorrhea.html

Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstrual Cramps) Cowell Home Health Education Program Health Topics ... Index Dysmenorrhea What is it? Dysmenorrhea is the medical name for the pain of severe and disabling menstrual cramps. Approximately 52% of women are affected by dysmenorrhea and about 10% of these are incapacitated each month for up to three days. The pain usually starts as menstruation starts, but mild cramping or lower abdominal pain may begin 24 to 48 hours before the flow begins. It may last only a few hours until the flow is well-established, but some women are troubled for several days. What causes Dysmenorrhea? The exact cause of dysmenorrhea is still unknown, but a group of substances called prostaglandins have been the focus of recent attention. Prostaglandins are produced by the lining of the uterus and cause the muscle wall of the uterus to contract, producing the type of pain most women with dysmenorrhea have. Women with severe cramps appear to produce more of these chemicals than women with mild or no cramps, especially just before and on the first day of their periods. Are there other symptoms?

36. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Dysmenorrhea In The Adolescent Primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents usually begins 2 to 3 years following the onset of dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological complaint in adolescents, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001194.htm

@import url(/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Dysmenorrhea in the adolescent Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Female reproductive anatomy Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) Uterus Normal uterine anatomy (cut section) Alternative names Return to top Periods - painful (adolescent); Adolescent dysmenorrhea; Menstrual pain - adolescent; Painful menstrual periods - adolescent Definition Return to top Dysmenorrhea is defined as painful menses. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents usually begins 2 to 3 years following the onset of menses. It consists of crampy lower abdominal pain that generally begins several hours prior to the onset of a menstrual period, but may begin as much as 1 or 2 days in advance. The pain lasts 1 or more days into the period and then subsides. Pain may be mild to severe, and may be associated with nausea and vomiting and changes in bowel habits (either constipation or diarrhea ). Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by prostaglandin-induced uterine contractions.

37. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Painful Periods (dysmenorrhea) Painful periods (dysmenorrhea). Painful periods (dysmenorrhea). Primary dysmenorrhea is a normal cramping of the lower abdomen caused by hormoneinduced http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/17054.htm

@import url(/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) Primary dysmenorrhea is a normal cramping of the lower abdomen caused by hormone-induced uterine contractions before the period. Secondary dysmenorrhea may be caused by abnormal conditions such as endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease. Unless one of these potentially serious conditions is present, the treatment for painful periods is pain relief. If a hormone imbalance is detected, birth control pills may restore the proper hormone levels. Update Date: 8/12/2004 Updated by: J. Gordon Lambert, MD, Associate Medical Director; G. Eric Morgan, MS3; RxRemedy and A.D.A.M. Medical Illustration Team. Home Health Topics Drug Information Encyclopedia ... U.S. National Library of Medicine , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 National Institutes of Health Page last updated: 18 August 2005

38. Virtual Hospital: University Of Iowa Family Practice Handbook, Fourth Edition: G Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as menstrual pain in the absence of pelvic pathology, Primary dysmenorrhea usually improves after childbirth. http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/familymedicine/FPHandbook/Chapter13/07-13.html

University of Iowa Family Practice Handbook, Fourth Edition, Chapter 13 Gynecology: Dysmenorrhea Alicia M. Weissman, MD Department of Family Medicine University of Iowa College of Medicine and Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa Peer Review Status: Externally Peer Reviewed by Mosby Characteristics and Etiology Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as menstrual pain in the absence of pelvic pathology, resulting from excessive prostaglandin production with the onset usually before age 20. Pain is crampy and spasmodic in the lower abdomen or back and begins within a day of onset of flow, lasts 24 to 72 hours, and may be associated with headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, thigh pain, dizziness. Primary dysmenorrhea usually improves after childbirth. Secondary dysmenorrhea is defined as menstrual pain associated with pelvic pathology. Secondary dysmenorrhea usually has an onset after age 20, progresses with age, and is less characteristically timed with menses. Causes include endometriosis, leiomyomas, endometrial cancer, IUD use, polyps, PID, cervical stenosis, ovarian cysts, imperforate hymen or other obstructive malformation, uterine synechiae. Evaluation History . Past menstrual history, need for contraceptives, family history, review of systems, effect on daily activities or work, and psychologic effect.

39. Dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps. Primary dysmenorrhea is the pain, that accompanies periods only when secondary dysmenorrhea, due to underlying http://uuhsc.utah.edu/obgyn/rei/ISdysmenorrhea.html

REI Home Mission Organization Services ... UUHSC Home Dysmenorrhea Dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps. Primary dysmenorrhea is the pain, that accompanies periods only when secondary dysmenorrhea, due to underlying pathology, is excluded. Primary dysmenorrhea is the direct result of the peak levels of prostaglandins at menses in an ovulatory cycle. This results in increased rhythmic uterine contractions from vasoconstriction of the small vessels in the uterine wall. Increased prostaglandins synthesis may also cause gastrointestinal symptoms. Secondary dysmenorrhea may include the effects of excess prostaglandins, as well as excessive uterine contractions secondary to an underlying pathology such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, infection, or another underlying problem. Your reproductive endocrinologist will carefully evalute your condition and recommend effective therapies for your individual situation. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Utah Health Sciences Center Salt Lake City, Utah. 84132-2209

40. Dysmenorrhea - Vitacost dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation. It is classified as either primary or secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea generally occurs within a couple of years of the http://www.vitacost.com/science/hn/Concern/Dysmenorrhea.htm

My account View cart / Checkout Help Since 1994 Over 1.5 Million Served! Email us Enter keyword or item number Products Health Library Clearance New Products Products Categories ... VitaBlog New! eNewsletter Archives Your Right to Privacy Customer Service Ordering Methods Shipping Information EZShip! 5 Star Guarantee ... Download Order Forms Still have questions? Talk to one of our friendly customer service representatives using Live Chat Science Health Notes Encyclopedia Product Reviews Age Related Macular Degeneration News News Room eNewsletter Archives Vitacost News Releases Additional Resources Physician's Reference Guide and Discount Program Special Discounts walkerdiet.com drkoop.com ... Join our affiliate program! Healthnotes Index: All Healthnotes Indexes Foodnotes Health Concerns Herbal Remedies Homeopathy Recipes Recipes by Course Recipes by Main Ingredient Recipes International Recipes Seasonal Safetychecker Skin Conditions Special Diets Special Recipes Vitamin Guide Weight Control Health Center Search Healthnotes: Dysmenorrhea Also indexed as: Menstrual Cramps, Painful Menstruation

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