1. Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Cramps) A military pamphlet about the causes, symptoms, risk factors, prevention, treatment and danger signs of painful menstruation. http://www.wramc.amedd.army.mil/departments/gyn/text_files/menstrual health/DYSM

DYSMENORRHEA (Menstrual Cramps) DESCRIPTION Severe, painful cramps during menstruation. Primary dysmenorrhea means pain has recurred regularly or within a year or two of the first period (puberty). Secondary dysmenorrhea means pain began years after periods started. Women with dysmenorrhea are generally fertile. Severity of symptoms varies greatly from woman to woman, and from one time to the next in the same woman. Dysmenorrhea usually is less severe after a woman has had a baby. FREQUENT SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Cramping and sometimes sharp pains in the lower abdomen, lower back and thighs. The pain starts at onset of menses and lasts for hours to days. Nausea and vomiting (sometimes). Diarrhea(occasionally). Sweating Lack of energy. Urinary frequency. Irritability, nervousness, depression. CAUSES Strong or prolonged contractions of the muscular wall of the uterus. These may be caused by concentration of prostaglandins (hormones found in the cervix and uterus). Research shows that women with dysmenorrhea produce and excrete more prostaglandins than those who don't have as much discomfort. Dilation (stretching) of the cervix to allow passage of blood dots from the uterus to the vagina in cases where the cervix is narrowed or constricted Other causes include: Pelvic infections.

2. Dysmenorrhoea - Period Pain Symptoms And Treatment A concise fact sheet on causes, symptoms and treatment of dysmenorrhea. http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/Mosby_factsheets/Dysmenorrhoea.html

search home services health information ... BUPA Products and services Health insurance Financial protection Hospitals Care homes ... International cover Visitor interest areas Individuals Business Intermediaries Health professionals ... BUPA members Facilities finder Find local health and fitness facilities World of BUPA BUPA services around the world at bupa.com health information health factsheets Painful periods Published by BUPA's Health Information Team June 2003 Period pains are cramping abdominal pains experienced during, and sometimes just before, a woman's monthly period. They affect 80% of women at some time in their lives. Usually they are not a sign of a serious underlying problem and can be treated with self-help methods. Painful periods The medical term for painful periods is dysmenorrhoea. There are two types. Primary dysmenorrhoea This term is used to describe normal period pain experienced by many women around the time of their period. There is no underlying medical problem. It most commonly affects teenagers and young women. This is the type of period pain discussed in this factsheet. Secondary dysmenorrhoea This term is used to describe pain around the time of the period that’s caused by an underlying problem. It is less common than primary dysmenorrhoea, and tends to affect women later in their reproductive lives.

3. EMedicine - Dysmenorrhea : Article By Alan D Clark, MD dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps. Primary dysmenorrhea is the pain, often incapacitating, that accompanies periods only when http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic156.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Obstetrics And Gynecology Dysmenorrhea Last Updated: April 8, 2005 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: menstrual cramps, painful menstrual cramps, cramps, menorrhalgia, painful menstruation, menstruation, primary dysmenorrhea AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Alan D Clark, MD , Director, StJohns.com/Healthy People Magazine, Former Department Chairman, St. John's Emergency Trauma Center, St John's Regional Health Center, Springfield, Missouri Coauthor(s): , Former Instructor, Department of Emergency and Trauma Services, Saint John's Regional Health Center Alan D Clark, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Forensic Examiners American Medical Association Missouri State Medical Association , and Southern Medical Association Editor(s): Steven A Conrad, MD, PhD

4. Dysmenorrhea - HealthWorld Online A brief overview is outlined by Dr. Hoffman. http://www.healthy.net/library/books/hoffman/REPRODUCTIVE/dysmenorrhea.htm

5. Dysmenorrhea BUPA Factsheet A concise fact sheet on causes, symptoms and treatment of dysmenorrhea. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

6. EMedicine - Dysmenorrhea : Article By Nahrain Alzubaidi, MD dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecologic complaints in young women who present to clinicians (Jamieson, 1996). http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic606.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Obstetrics/gynecology Dysmenorrhea Last Updated: December 29, 2004 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: primary dysmenorrhea, secondary dysmenorrhea, painful menstruation, painful menses, spasmodic dysmenorrhea, congestive dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, PID, ovarian cysts, ovarian tumors, cervical stenosis, cervical occlusion, adenomyosis, fibroids, uterine polyps, intrauterine adhesions, congenital malformations, bicornate uterus, subseptate uterus, intrauterine contraceptive devices, IUCDs, intrauterine devices, IUDs, transverse vaginal septum, pelvic congestion syndrome, Allen-Masters syndrome AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Nahrain Alzubaidi, MD

7. Laparoscopic Surgical Therapies And Kits By Inlet Medical, Inc. Treating collision dyspareunia and dysmenorrhea related to a retroverted uterus. Preventing adhesions after endometriosis surgery. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

8. Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) - Female Health Information Female health information discussing menstrual cramps, primary a more common type of dysmenorrhea, and secondary - defined as menstrual pain due to pelvic http://www.mckinley.uiuc.edu/health-info/womenhlt/mencramp.html

Go to PDF Version Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) Dysmenorrhea means painful menstruation and is classified as primary (from the onset of menstruation) or secondary (due to some physical cause and usually of later onset). The uterus is a muscle. Like all muscles, it contracts and relaxes. Most uterine contractions are never noticed, but strong ones are painful. During strong contractions, the uterus may contract too strongly or too frequently, causing the blood supply to the uterus to be temporarily cut off. This deprives the muscle of oxygen, causing pain. In addition to painful uterine cramping with menses, women with dysmenorrhea may experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, weakness, and/or fainting. Symptoms may vary in severity from cycle to cycle, but generally continue throughout the reproductive years. Dysmenorrhea can be an incapacitating problem, causing significant disruption in a woman's life each month. PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA Primary dysmenorrhea is the more common type of dysmenorrhea and is due to the production of prostaglandins. These are natural substances made by cells in the inner lining of the uterus and other parts of the body. The prostaglandins made in the uterus make the uterine muscles contract and help the uterus shed the lining that has built up during the menstrual cycle. If excessive prostaglandins are produced, the woman may have excessive pain or dysmenorrhea with her menstrual cycle. Prostaglandins can also cause headaches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

9. BEXTRA (valdecoxib Tablets) Manufacturer's information on this medication, which is used to treat osteoarthritis and adult rheumatoid arthritis, as well as moderate to severe menstrual pain (primary dysmenorrhea). http://www.bextra.com

var primaryNav = "home"; var secondaryNav = ""; Important News About BEXTRA (valdecoxib tablets) On April 7, the Food and Drug Administration requested that Pfizer suspend sales of BEXTRA in the United States. As a result, BEXTRA will no longer be available to patients in the United States. The FDA is requiring all manufacturers of prescription non-steroidal anti-inflammatory arthritis medicines to provide additional information about cardiovascular and gastrointestinal risks. The FDA is also asking all the manufacturers of over-the-counter NSAIDs to revise their labels to include more information on cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and skin risks. Why will BEXTRA no longer be available? In light of the FDA's position that there is an increased cardiovascular risk for all prescription non-steroidal anti-inflammatory arthritis medicines, as well as the increased rate of rare, serious skin reactions with BEXTRA, the FDA has requested that sales of BEXTRA be suspended. What should you do? You should contact your physician to discuss alternative treatments.

10. International Pelvic Pain Society Provides information on treating and diagnosing chronic pelvic pain to help women begin leading pelvic pain free lives. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. Dysmenorrhea pain Many teens don t suffer from dysmenorrhea, as their uterus is still Sometimes, though, more help is needed for primary dysmenorrhea than just http://www.coolnurse.com/dysmenorrhea.htm

//This is the TopRight Button DisplayAds ("Top,Bottom,TopRight,Left1,x02!TopRight", "120", "60"); //This is the Top Banner DisplayAds ("Top,Bottom,TopRight,Left1,x02!Top", "468", "60"); //This is the Left Skyscraper DisplayAds ("Top,Bottom,TopRight,Left1,x02!Left1", "120", "600"); What is Dysmenorrhea? This condition refers to the pain or discomfort associated with menstruation Many teens don't suffer from dysmenorrhea, as their uterus is still growing, and yet they may get it several years after their first period begins. Symptoms may begin one to two days before menses, peak on the first day of flow, and subside during that day or over several days. T he pain is typically described as dull, aching, cramping and often radiates to the lower back. The pain from your period that is severe enough to be given this name by your health care provider is thought to be the result of uterine contractions, caused by prostaglandins (a hormone-like substance, normally found in your body). Prostaglandins are known to stimulate uterine contractions. In addition to pain other symptoms may include, headache , diarrhea, constipation, and urinary frequency and fainting How Can I Get Relief?

12. EHP 108-11, 2000: Science Selections Secondhand smoke increases the occurrence of dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain) in nonsmoking women; moreover, the more secondhand smoke a woman is exposed to daily, the higher her risk for dysmenorrhea. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2000/108-11/ss.html#smoke

Author Keyword Title Full Environmental Health Perspectives EHP ) is a monthly journal of peer-reviewed research and news on the impact of the environment on human health. EHP content is free online and available in print issues through paid subscription. Volume 113, Number 9 September 2005 Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 108, Number 11, November 2000 Science Selections Smoke-Filled Rooms A Clearer Look at PM Childhood Tooth Decay Smoke-Filled Rooms ETS Causes Menstrual Pain Studies show that women who smoke are twice as likely to experience dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) as nonsmokers, and smoking prolongs the symptoms of this condition. Fewer data are available on whether secondhand exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home or work also raises the risk for dysmenorrhea in nonsmoking women. In this issue, a team of environmental researchers headed by epidemiologist Changzhong Chen of the Harvard School of Public Health report that ETS exposure does indeed increase the occurrence of dysmenorrhea in nonsmoking women EHP . Moreover, the more ETS a woman is exposed to daily, the higher her risk for dysmenorrhea.

13. Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) - Health Information Health information discussing menstrual cramps, primary a more common type of dysmenorrhea, and secondary - defined as menstrual pain due to pelvic http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

14. ŒŽŒo¢“ïÇAƒEƒBƒ‹ƒ\ƒ“•aAV¶Ž™‚¯‚¢‚ê‚ñ‚âŠó Conducts research and development on new drugs, such as for dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and Wilson's disease. http://www.nobelpharma.co.jp/

15. BEXTRA (valdecoxib Tablets) Manufacturer's information on this medication, which is used to treat osteoarthritis and adult rheumatoid arthritis, as well as moderate to severe http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

16. Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Cramps) Primary dysmenorrhea means pain has recurred regularly or within a year or two of Secondary dysmenorrhea means pain began years after periods started. http://www.wramc.amedd.army.mil/education/pat_edu/womenhlth/Menstrual Health/dys

Women's Health Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Cramps) Basic Information Description Severe, painful cramps during menstruation. Primary dysmenorrhea means pain has recurred regularly or within a year or two of the first period (puberty). Secondary dysmenorrhea means pain began years after periods started. Women with dysmenorrhea are generally fertile. Severity of symptoms varies greatly from woman to woman, and from one time to the next in the same woman. Dysmenorrhea usually is less severe after a woman has had a baby. Frequent Signs and Symptoms Cramping and sometimes sharp pains in the lower abdomen, lower back and thighs. The pain starts at onset of menses and lasts for hours to days. Nausea and vomiting (sometimes). Diarrhea(occasionally). Sweating Lack of energy. Urinary frequency. Irritability, nervousness, depression. Causes Strong or prolonged contractions of the muscular wall of the uterus. These may be caused by concentration of prostaglandins (hormones found in the cervix and uterus). Research shows that women with dysmenorrhea produce and excrete more prostaglandins than those who don't have as much discomfort. Dilation (stretching) of the cervix to allow passage of blood dots from the uterus to the vagina in cases where the cervix is narrowed or constricted Other causes include: Pelvic infections.

17. Dysmenorrhea - Painful Periodsor Painful Menstruation A web site for women experiencing pain during menstruation as a result of a tipped or retroverted uterus. http://www.dysmenorrhea.org/html/dysmenorrhea.htm

Send this link to a friend Search this site What is Dysmenorrhea? Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for pain during menstruation. Painful periods may be caused by a number of reasons. Sometimes a combination of factors may be responsible. Medical history and a careful physical exam are helpful in diagnosing the problem. The Causes of Painful Periods Include: Tipped uterus or retroverted uterus A tipped uterus may also cause pain during intercourse Endometriosis The tissue lining the uterus – the endometrium – may grow outside the uterus causing pain during periods. Hormonal changes and imbalances – A hormone produced by cells in the uterine lining called prostaglandin causes uterine contractions. Women with severe dysmenorrhea have higher prostaglandin levels in their menstrual fluid than other women. Adenomyosis – A condition where the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows into the muscle of the uterus.

18. EMedicine - Dysmenorrhea Article By Alan D Clark, MD dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps. Primary dysmenorrhea is the pain, often incapacitating, that accompanies periods only when http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

19. Dysmenorrhea And Traditional Chinese Medicine In China Describes in detail how TCM practitioners in China solve dysmenorrhea with traditional strategies and herbs. http://www.tcmtreatment.com/images/diseases/dysmenorrhea.htm

TCM Hospital: Dysmenorrhea And Traditional Chinese Medicine In China Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) means that women have periodic pain during or prior to or after menstrual period in the lower abdomen or even faint in severe cases. It has been customary to classify cases of dysmenorrhea into two main groups: primary or functional dysmenorrhea referring to the one which is not caused by organic diseases, and secondary dysmenorrhea referring to the one caused by organic diseases in reproductive system. Main Points of Diagnosis 1. The pain in the lower abdomen appears with menstrual cycle. 2. The pain can spread over the whole abdomen, lumbosacral region or there is dragging pain in the vulva and anus. It varies in degrees and can be relieved when the menstrual blood flows smoothly. 3. Gynecological examination: Those without organic diseases in the pelvic cavity are primary dysmenorrhea; those with organic diseases in the pelvic cavity are secondary dysmenorrhea.

20. EMedicine - Dysmenorrhea Article By Nahrain Alzubaidi, MD dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecologic complaints in young women who present to clinicians (Jamieson, 1996).The term http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

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