41. Pediatric Neurosurgery - Craniofacial Anomalies This condition is known as craniosynostosis or craniostenosis. Some of theseconditions are inherited and associated with other developmental problems. http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/nsg/PNS/Craniofacial.html

Craniofacial Anomalies Included under this heading are a rather large number of conditions that can affect the shape of a child's head and face. An extensive review can not be presented here but rather some basic features. When a baby is born the skull bone is really a collection of many smaller bones which abut one another at sites known as sutures . The most noticeable is the anterior fontanel or "soft spot" where four bones meet. As the brain grows, the sutures allow for rapid expansion in a symmetrical fashion. It is the brain that essentially determines the head size and shape under normal circumstances. If for any reason one or more sutures closes to early the brain is forced to grow in a different direction where the bones are not resisting growth. This is like blowing up a balloon but pinching it as it inflates. The air goes in but the balloon inflates in the direction away from where you are pinching it. This condition is known as craniosynostosis or craniostenosis . Some of these conditions are inherited and associated with other developmental problems. The majority however are sporadic and not associated with developmental problems. Certain craniosynostses can be detected at birth while others are not obvious for several months. Since it is in the first year of life that the most rapid head growth occurs, it is usually the only significant time to diagnose and treat these conditions.

42. Craniosynostosis - DrGreene.com craniosynostosis, an often misdiagnosed condition, is discussed at lengthincluding what a parent should do if infant surgery is recommended. http://www.drgreene.com/21_767.html

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43. Genome.gov | Talking Glossary: "craniosynostosis" Easyto-use, talking glossary of genetic terms, produced by the National HumanGenome Research Institute. http://www.genome.gov/glossary.cfm?key=craniosynostosis

44. What Is Craniosynostosis ? Cranio = Skull Syn = Joining Ostosis In craniosynostosis, one or more of the seams (sutures) has joined too early . craniosynostosis may occur on its own in a child without any other http://www.headlines.org.uk/Craniosynostosis.htm

What is Craniosynostosis ? Cranio Skull Syn Joining Ostosis Bone In a baby, the skull (cranium) is made up of several plates of bone, which lie side by side, but are not actually joined. In normal circumstances, these plates expand and grow, allowing the baby’s brain to grow inside the skull. Eventually, when the brain has finished growing in early adulthood, all the plates of bone will join together (fuse) at their seams (sutures) so that the skull becomes a fixed “box” of bone, which protects the brain. In Craniosynostosis , one or more of the seams (sutures) has joined too early. This happens before birth, but is not caused by anything the mother did or did not do during pregnancy. The baby is born with an unusual shaped head. This is because the skull cannot grow properly in the area that has fused too early. The baby’s brain needs to grow rapidly during the first year of life, so there may be extra growth in another area of the skull to compensate for the restriction in the affected area. This may accentuate the abnormal skull shape. The shape of the baby’s head will depend on which suture has fused early.

45. ► Craniosynostosis A medical encycopedia article on the topic craniosynostosis. http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001590.htm

var MenuLinkedBy='AllWebMenus [2]', awmBN='530'; awmAltUrl=''; Disease Nutrition Surgery Symptoms Injury ... Encyclopedia (English) Toggle English Spanish Craniosynostosis Overview Symptoms Treatment Prevention Definition: The early closure of the bony sutures in an infant's head, preventing further growth of the skull. Alternative Names: Premature closure of sutures Causes, incidence, and risk factors: The cause of craniosynostosis is for the most part unknown. Craniosynostosis can also occur with some inherited disorders. In a normal infant's head, the sutures mark the boundaries between the bony plates that make up the skull. Premature closure of sutures stops bony growth and results in deformity of the skull. The shape of the deformity is determined by which sutures are involved. If the sagittal suture (the suture running from the front to back of the head) closes, the head develops a long, narrow appearance. If one of the coronal sutures (running across the top of the head roughly from ear to ear) closes, it results in severe deformity of the head and may affect the appearance of the face and cause visual abnormalities. Closure of the sagittal suture is more common in boys. Closure of the coronal suture is often associated with genetic syndromes.

46. Craniosynostosis / Craniofacial Anomaly - Plastic Surgery Health Guide Definition, causes, diagnosing and treatments of craniosynostosis / craniofacialanomaly. http://www.umm.edu/plassurg/cranio.htm

var MenuLinkedBy='AllWebMenus [2]', awmBN='530'; awmAltUrl=''; Plastic Surgery Overview of Plastic Surgery... Cosmetic Plastic Surgery... Reconstructive Plastic Surgery... ... Index Related Resources Within UMM Plastic Surgery Translate using Google to Spanish German French Italian Portuguese Plastic Surgery Craniosynostosis (Craniofacial Anomaly) Other conditions in which craniofacial anomalies may occur: Apert's Syndrome - The head usually appears short in the front and back and may be pointed at the top. Other characteristics may include webbed fingers and toes, widely spaced and protruding eyes, and dental crowding. Carpenter Syndrome - This syndrome typically includes traits such as abnormally short fingers, webbed toes, extra toes, underdeveloped jaw, highly arched palate, widely spaced eyes, and/or low-set, deformed ears. Half of patients with Carpenter syndrome also have heart defects. Cleft Palate / Cleft Lip - The incomplete closure of the lip and/or the roof of the mouth results in this defect. Crouzon's Syndrome - Characterized by abnormalities in the skull and facial bones, this syndrome often causes the skull to be short in the front and the back. Flat cheek bones and a flat nose are also typical of this disorder.

47. Craniosynostosis Syndromes are seen in individuals with a craniosynostosis syndrome. The most commoncraniosynostosis syndromes are Crouzon, Pfeiffer and Apert. http://dentistry.ucsf.edu/cranio/craniosynostosis.htm

What is craniosynostosis? Craniosynostosis is a term that refers to the early fusing of one or more of the sutures in the skull during fetal development. The skull is composed of multiple bones that are separated by sutures or openings. If any of these sutures fuse prematurely, the skull will expand in the direction of the open sutures resulting in an abnormal head shape. Premature closure of a single suture can be caused by space constraints in utero. This is seen with twins more often than with a single fetus. Single suture closure is usually not associated with a syndrome and not genetic in nature. Premature closure of multiple sutures, including facial sutures, are seen in individuals with a craniosynostosis syndrome. The most common craniosynostosis syndromes are Crouzon, Pfeiffer and Apert. In these syndromes, several sutures in the head are fused resulting in abnormal skull shapes. Bones in the face also are fused, resulting in a flat midface and protruding eyes. Children with Apert syndrome also have syndactyly (webbing) of the hands and feet.

48. FGFR-Related Craniosynostosis FGFRrelated craniosynostosis is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The abnormal skull shape in the FGFR-related craniosynostosis syndromes is http://www.geneclinics.org/profiles/craniosynostosis/details.html

FGFR-Related Craniosynostosis [Acrocephalosyndactyly. Includes: FGFR1-Related Craniosynostosis (Pfeiffer Syndrome type 1, 2, and 3),FGFR2-Related Craniosynostosis (Apert Syndrome; Beare-Stevenson Syndrome; Crouzon Syndrome; FGFR2-Related Isolated Coronal Synostosis; Jackson-Weiss Syndrome; Pfeiffer Syndrome Type 1, 2, and 3), FGFR3-Related Craniosynostosis, (Crouzon Syndrome with Acanthosis Nigricans, FGFR3-Related Isolated Coronal Synostosis, Muenke Syndrome)] Authors: Nathaniel H Robin, MD Marni J Falk, MD About the Authors Initial Posting: 20 October 1998 Last Update 18 April 2005 Summary Disease characteristics. The eight disorders considered as part of the FGFR -related craniosynostosis spectrum are Pfeiffer syndrome, Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, Beare-Stevenson syndrome, -related isolated coronal synostosis, Jackson-Weiss syndrome, Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans, and Muenke syndrome -related isolated coronal synostosis). All but Muenke syndrome and -related isolated coronal synostosis are characterized by bicoronal craniosynostosis or cloverleaf skull, distinctive facial features, and variable hand and foot findings; Muenke syndrome and

49. Craniosynostosis Detailed information on craniosynostosis, including causes, types, symptoms,diagnosis, and treatment. http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/peds_neuro/cranio.cfm

[ Skip Navigation ] Health System Home For Health Answers Healthcare Professionals ... Advanced Search Health System Search Search for Information People UVa Home Health System News Health System Events (all) Health System Publications ... Making a Gift Topics Adolescent Medicine Allergy/Asthma/Immunology Blood Disorders Burns Cancer Common Injuries/Poison Tips Craniofacial Anomalies Dermatology Diabetes/Endo/Metabolism Eye Care Genitourinary/Kidney High-Risk Newborn High-Risk Pregnancy Infectious Diseases Medical Genetics Mental Health Nervous System Disorders Normal Newborns Oral Health Orthopaedics Pediatric Surgery Respiratory Disorders Terminal Illness in Children Transplantation UVa Health Topics A to Z FIND A DOCTOR Medical Genetics Pediatric Endocrinology Pediatric Epilepsy ... CLINICAL TRIALS Search This Site Craniosynostosis What is craniosynostosis? The normal skull consists of several plates of bone that are separated by sutures. The sutures (fibrous joints) are found between the bony plates in the head. As the infant grows and develops, the sutures close, forming a solid piece of bone, called the skull. Craniosynostosis is a condition in which the sutures close too early, causing problems with normal brain and skull growth. Premature closure of the sutures may also cause the pressure inside of the head to increase and the skull or facial bones to change from a normal, symmetrical appearance.

50. Craniosynostosis (Craniofacial Anomaly) Detailed information on craniosynostosis, including symptoms, types, diagnosis,treatment, and lifelong considerations. http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/adult_plassurg/cranio.cfm

[ Skip Navigation ] Health System Home For Health Answers Healthcare Professionals ... Advanced Search Health System Search Search for Information People UVa Home Health System News Health System Events (all) Health System Publications ... Making a Gift Topics All About Cancer Blood Disorders Bone Disorders Breast Health Cancer Cardiovascular Disease Dermatology Diabetes Digestive Disorders Endocrinology Environmental Medicine Eye Care Glossary Gynecological Health Infectious Diseases Kidney Disease Men's Health Mental Health Nervous System Disorders Non-Trauma Emergency Oral Health Orthopaedics Otolaryngology Pathology Pediatrics, General Health Prostate Health Radiology Respiratory Disorders Skin Cancer Surgical Care Urology Women's Health UVa Health Topics A to Z FIND A DOCTOR Breast Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Cosmetic Surgery Craniofacial Surgery ... WHY CHOOSE UVA Search This Site Other conditions in which craniofacial anomalies may occur: Apert's Syndrome - The head usually appears short in the front and back and may be pointed at the top. Other characteristics may include webbed fingers and toes, widely spaced and protruding eyes, and dental crowding. Carpenter Syndrome - This syndrome typically includes traits such as abnormally short fingers, webbed toes, extra toes, underdeveloped jaw, highly arched palate, widely spaced eyes, and/or low-set, deformed ears. Half of patients with Carpenter syndrome also have heart defects.

51. Craniosynostosis Neonatology Neurology Skull craniosynostosis. Most common craniosynostosisform (1 in 4200 births); More common in boys (3x). Pathophysiology http://www.fpnotebook.com/NIC71.htm

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52. Craniosynostosis - MayoClinic.com craniosynostosis, also called synostosis, refers to the premature fusing of thejoints (sutures) between the bony plates that form an infant s skull. br / http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00493

53. Encyclopaedia Topic : Craniosynostosis, Section : Introduction If a baby has craniosynostosis it is usually present at birth, However, mostcraniosynostosis is picked up in the first few months of life. http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/en.asp?TopicID=816

54. Craniosynostosis, Vanderbilt Craniofacial Treatment Center, Nashville, Tennessee craniosynostosis. A child s skull grows very rapidly during the first two Surgery to correct craniosynostosis is best performed within the first three http://surgery.vanderbilt.edu/surgery/plastic/cfa/craniosyn.htm

Indications for Craniofacial Surgery Appointments Craniofacial Treatment Center Home Page Plastic Surgery ... Home Page Craniosynostosis A child's skull grows very rapidly during the first two years of life. Premature fusion or interruption of growth along one of the growth centers in the skull can result in severe cranial deformities. A child who is progressing with asymmetry or an abnormal formation of the cranium may need to have suture release and frontal bone advancement performed to allow the head to grow normally. Surgery to correct craniosynostosis is best performed within the first three to six months of life. This enables us to take advantage of the natural pattern of skull growth in the child's first two years of life. If not treated at an early age, the severity of these deformities increases, which inhibits function and requires increasingly more extensive reconstructive surgery. Return to Indications for Craniofacial Surgery VUMC Home About VUMC ... Search URL: http://surgery.vanderbilt.edu/surgery/plastic/cfa/craniosyn.htm Section Web Support Last Modified: Friday, March 11, 2005

55. Craniosynostosis craniosynostosis is defined as premature closure of the sutures while the craniosynostosis can cause problems that are neurologic (brain related) and http://viper.med.unc.edu/surgery/neurosurgery/craniosynostosis.html

CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS WHAT TO EXPECT ONCE SURGERY IS POSTED INFORMATION AND APPOINTMENT PLAGIOCEPHALY CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS (back to the top) The human skull is formed by bone plates, which are connected by fibrous regions called sutures (Rad 1a-1d). These sutures remain open and soft during infancy to allow the skull to expand as the brain grows underneath the bone plates. The open sutures will allow the child's brain to triple in size by age two. The sutures will fuse shut later in childhood. Craniosynostosis is defined as premature closure of the sutures while the baby is still in the womb. This problem occurs during fetal development and affects approximately 1 in 2,000 infants. When the suture(s) closes too early, the bones along the fused suture(s) will not grow and there will be compensatory overgrowth along the other sutures that remain open. Craniosynostosis can cause problems that are neurologic (brain related) and morphologic (skull shape related). The lack of bone growth at a fused suture can affect brain growth and lead to subsequent injury to the brain. Also, the abnormal growth patterns related to these fused sutures can cause malformations of the skull and surrounding structures of the orbits (eye sockets) and face. The treatment of craniosynostosis requires surgery in order to release the involved suture and reshape the malformed bones of the skull. The goals of surgery remove the involved suture so that brain growth can occur normally and improve the facial appearance. A team that includes a pediatric neurosurgeon, pediatric craniofacial surgeon, pediatric anesthesiologist, and a pediatric intensive care specialist is essential in order to achieve a successful surgical result while minimizing risk and morbidity.

56. Craniosynostosis In Children - Keep Kids Healthy craniosynostosis is from early closure of the sutures of the skull and can leadto a misshapened head. http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/welcome/conditions/craniosynostosis.html

Bookstore Site Map Contact Us Help ... What's New? Search this site: Advanced Search Main Menu Useful Tools Index of Topics Pediatric Problems Parenting Tips ... Web Links Online Resources What's New Reviews Growth Charts Online Forums ... Height Calculator Newsletters: Subscribe to get free news, tips and updates. Recommend Us tell a friend about us or email this page to a friend Baby Books Main Diseases and Conditions Craniosynostosis To help manage the molding that many newborns have as they go through the birth canal and then to deal with the brains rapid growth in the first years of life, the bones of an infant's skull are separated by the cranial sutures (sagittal, right and left coronal and lambdoid and the metopic suture) and fontanels (the soft spot). If one or more of these sutures close early (synostosis), it can lead to a condition called craniosynostosis, which can affect the shape of your child's head and face and if severe, can cause raised intracranial pressure (although this is uncommon in simple craniosynostosis, when only a single suture is closed). Related Topics Positional Plagiocephaly It is usually not known what causes craniosynostosis. It is more common in

57. Plastic And Reconstructive Surgery | Craniofacial Anomalies | Craniosynostosis S is seen in individuals with a craniosynostosis syndrome. The most commoncraniosynostosis syndromes are Crouzon, Pfeiffer and Apert. http://www.ucsfhealth.org/childrens/medical_services/plassur/cranio/conditions/c

University of California, San Francisco About UCSF Search Welcome Hospitals and Clinics Appointments Billing ... Other Resources Craniofacial Anomalies Craniosynostosis Syndromes Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Signs and Symptoms Craniosynostosis is a term that refers to the early fusing or closing of one or more of the sutures (openings) in the skull during fetal development. The skull is composed of multiple bones separated by sutures. If any of these fuse prematurely, the skull expands in the direction of the open sutures, which results in an abnormally shaped head. Premature closure of a single suture sometimes is caused by space constraints in utero, which is why it occurs more often in twins. Single suture closure usually is not associated with a syndrome nor is it genetic in nature. Premature closure of multiple sutures, including facial sutures, is seen in individuals with a craniosynostosis syndrome. The most common craniosynostosis syndromes are Crouzon, Pfeiffer and Apert. In these syndromes, several sutures in the head are fused, which results in abnormal head shapes. Often bones in the face also are fused, making the middle area of the face flat and the eyes protrude. Other characteristics vary by syndrome, for example children with Apert syndrome have syndactyly (webbing) of the hands and feet. Last reviewed in June 2003 by health care specialists at UCSF Children's Hospital.

58. Craniosynostosis http://www.imgsrv.com/glossary/craniosynostosis.html

59. CCDD: Craniosynostosis The Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders (CCDD), at Johns HopkinsUniversity, has a comprehensive list of craniosynostosis links and articles. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/craniofacial/Gateway/Craniosynostosis.cfm

Site Map About Us Family Physician ... Feedback Home About Us Family Physician Scientist ... Feedback Questions: CCDD Site Issues: Webmaster Craniosynostosis A variety of conditions in which the bones of the skull join together too early, affecting the development and shape of the skull. Craniosynostosis may occur alone or as part of a genetic syndrome. Visit these Craniosynostosis links to learn more: About Us: Craniosynostosis Brochure - Craniosynostosis is defined as the premature closing of one or more of the spaces that are normally present between individual bones of the skull. Infants born with abnormal skull shapes should be evaluated for craniosynostosis. Some abnormal skull shapes at birth may be related to fetal head position and not premature fusion of sutures; this type of deformity will usually correct itself in several months. Family: Joan Richtsmeier Shares Her Story - In the case of craniosynostosis involving the sagittal suture, the brain compensates for its inability to expand upward by growing more toward the front and back, elongating the forehead and the back of the head.

60. CCDD: Family: Education: Descriptions Of Disorders: Craniosynostosis s of Disorders for Families and Physicians....... http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/craniofacial/Education/Article.cfm?ArticleID=64&S

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