81. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) Detailed information on chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema. http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/adult_respire/copdhub.cfm

[ Skip Navigation ] Health System Home For Health Answers Healthcare Professionals ... Advanced Search Health System Search Search for Information People UVa Home Health System News Health System Events (all) Health System Publications ... Making a Gift Topics All About Cancer Blood Disorders Bone Disorders Breast Health Cancer Cardiovascular Disease Dermatology Diabetes Digestive Disorders Endocrinology Environmental Medicine Eye Care Glossary Gynecological Health Infectious Diseases Kidney Disease Men's Health Mental Health Nervous System Disorders Non-Trauma Emergency Oral Health Orthopaedics Otolaryngology Pathology Pediatrics, General Health Prostate Health Radiology Respiratory Disorders Skin Cancer Surgical Care Urology Women's Health UVa Health Topics A to Z FIND A DOCTOR Allergy and Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Cystic Fibrosis ... WHY CHOOSE UVA Search This Site Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) There are several types of lung diseases or chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) that require clinical care by a physician or other healthcare professional. Listed in the directory below are some of the conditions, for which we have provided a brief overview. If you cannot find the condition in which you are interested, please visit the

82. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Detailed information on the most common types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including causes and rehabilitation. http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/adult_pmr/copd.cfm

[ Skip Navigation ] Health System Home For Health Answers Healthcare Professionals ... Advanced Search Health System Search Search for Information People UVa Home Health System News Health System Events (all) Health System Publications ... Making a Gift Topics All About Cancer Blood Disorders Bone Disorders Breast Health Cancer Cardiovascular Disease Dermatology Diabetes Digestive Disorders Endocrinology Environmental Medicine Eye Care Glossary Gynecological Health Infectious Diseases Kidney Disease Men's Health Mental Health Nervous System Disorders Non-Trauma Emergency Oral Health Orthopaedics Otolaryngology Pathology Pediatrics, General Health Prostate Health Radiology Respiratory Disorders Skin Cancer Surgical Care Urology Women's Health UVa Health Topics A to Z FIND A DOCTOR Amputee Rehabilitation Aquired Brain Injury Back Pain ... CLINICAL TRIALS Search This Site Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? COPD is a term that refers to a group of lung diseases that can interfere with normal breathing. It is estimated that more than 16 million Americans suffer from COPD. It is the fourth leading cause of death in the US. What are the different types of COPD?

83. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - COPD - Signs - Symptoms - Treatment - Pr chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes two major respiratory disorders chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Find out about the signs and http://lungdiseases.about.com/od/copd/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zfs=0;zCMt='a79' About Lung Diseases COPD Lung Diseases Essentials Locate a Lung Disease - START HERE Are You At Risk for Getting Lung Cancer? ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Lung Diseases newsletter! See Online Courses Search Lung Diseases COPD - Signs, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD) is a disease that causes the lungs' airways to become blocked, making it difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs. COPD includes two major respiratory disorders - chronic bronchitis and emphysema . Find out about the signs and symptoms of COPD, how to prevent COPD, and what the treatment options are for COPD patients. Sign up for the FREE weekly Lung Diseases newsletter! Alphabetical Recent Ten Gardening Tips for COPD and Emphysema Sufferers You don't have to give up your favorite hobbies, such as gardening, just because you get breathless. It's all about modifying your activities. These ten tips will help you to continue to enjoy your garden. 6 Dietary Tips for Emphysema and COPD Patients It is critical for people suffering from lung diseases, such as emphysema and COPD, to eat properly. These 6 dietary tips will help you to maintain good health.

84. Do You Have Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? Do you think you may have COPD? Do you have signs and symptoms of COPD? Find out if the signs and symptoms you are experiencing may be COPD. http://lungdiseases.about.com/library/blcopddiagques1.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zfs=0;zCMt='a79' About Lung Diseases Lung Disease Health Quizzes COPD Screening Quizzes Do You Have Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? Lung Diseases Essentials Locate a Lung Disease - START HERE Are You At Risk for Getting Lung Cancer? ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Lung Diseases newsletter! See Online Courses Search Lung Diseases Screening Quiz: Do You Have Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? COPD is sometimes referred to as the "silent killer" because its symptoms progress slowly and worsen over time. Many times, people are not diagnosed until the COPD has caused irreversible lung damage. Although COPD cannot be cured, it can be treated and its progression can be slowed. This screening quiz will help you identify any signs and symptoms you may be experiencing, however it is not intended to diagnose any condition. If you have any of signs and symptoms of COPD, you should see your doctor immediately. For more information, go to the COPD site.

85. Open Directory - Search Results Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease EMPHYSEMA AND chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Disease therapies protocol http://www.ability.org.uk/Chronic_Obstructive_Pulmonary_Disease.html

Ability's fund raisers are Ability.org a Charitable Company Reg No. 3965133 Our Aims Services ... Z Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease EMPHYSEMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE - Disease therapies protocol Emphysema ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD ): Symptoms, Management, and Treatment Pulmonary Medicine: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) ... American Lung Assocaiation of Oregon - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease EMPHYSEMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE - Disease therapies protocol American Lung Assocaiation of Oregon - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) The Breathing Space information for chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or asthma patients Improving lung function in patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema - A recent study concludes that Glaxo Wellcome Inc.'s NIOSH/NORA /Occupational Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Review of team efforts on research grants. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Emphysema Scientific American:Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Knowing when symptoms are changing is helpful so that treatment and other interventions can begin promptly.

86. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of long term, irreversible diseases that make http://my.webmd.com/hw/health_guide_atoz/stc123675.asp

var guid_source = ""; var guid_source_id = ""; //unused var encodedurl = ""; WebMD Today Home WebMD News Center XML News via RSS Member Services WebMD University My WebMD Find a Physician Medical Info Check Symptoms Medical Library Health Tools Clinical Trials ... Women, Men, Lifestyle Who We Are About WebMD Site Map You are in Medical Library Choose a Topic Our Content Sources Ask A Question Clinical Trials Health Guide A-Z Health Topics Symptoms Medical Tests Medications ... Support Organizations Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of long-term, irreversible diseases that make it difficult to breathe because air does not flow easily out of the lungs. Over time, COPD worsens and may lead to severe shortness of breath, heart problems, and death. The two diseases that generally are associated with COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. These are both caused by smoking tobacco. In chronic bronchitis, inflammation occurs in the tubes that carry air to the lungs (bronchial tubes), narrowing the bronchial tubes and making it hard to breathe. The main symptom of chronic bronchitis is a cough that brings up mucus (sputum). In emphysema, lung tissue and the tiny air sacs (alveoli) at the end of the bronchial tubes are damaged, trapping air in the lungs. This leads to shortness of breath, the main symptom of emphysema.

87. What Is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease in which the lung is damaged, making it hard to breathe. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Copd/Copd_WhatIs.html

DCI Home Lung Diseases COPD : What Is ... What Is ... Other Names How Lungs Work Causes ... Links What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease in which the lung is damaged, making it hard to breathe. In COPD, the airways-the tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs-are partly obstructed, making it difficult to get air in and out. Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of COPD. Most people with COPD are smokers or former smokers. Breathing in other kinds of lung irritants, like pollution, dust, or chemicals over a long period of time may also cause or contribute to COPD. The airways branch out like an upside-down tree, and at the end of each branch are many small, balloon-like air sacs. In healthy people, each airway is clear and open, the air sacs are small and dainty, and both are elastic and springy. When you breathe in, each air sac fills up with air, like a small balloon, and when you breathe out, the balloon deflates and the air goes out. (See the section, "How Do the Lungs Work,"

88. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CME. October 23 28, 2004, Seattle, Washington. This activity is not sanctioned by, nor a part of, the American http://www.medscape.com/viewprogram/3626

Register Log In September 8, 2005 Return to Medscape coverage of: CHEST 2004: 70th Annual Meeting of the American College of Chest Physicians CHEST 2004: 70th Annual Meeting of the American College of Chest Physicians Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease CME October 23 - 28, 2004, Seattle, Washington This activity is not sanctioned by, nor a part of, the American College of Chest Physicians Release Date: November 29, 2004 Valid for credit through November 29, 2005 Credits Available Physicians - up to 0.75 AMA PRA category 1 continuing physician education credits Contents of This CME Activity An Update on COPD From Chest 2004 James Donohue Pharmacologic Management of COPD: An Update From CHEST 2004 Nicola A. Hanania, MD, FCCP, FRCPCC Go to Test Questions The materials presented here were prepared by independent authors under the editorial supervision of Medscape, and do not represent a publication of the American College of Chest Physicians. These materials and the related activity are not sanctioned by the American College of Chest Physicians or GlaxoSmithKline, and do not constitute an official part of that conference. The materials presented here do not reflect the views of Medscape or the companies providing unrestricted educational grants. These materials may discuss uses and dosages for therapeutic products that have not been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. A qualified healthcare professional should be consulted before using any therapeutic product discussed. All readers or continuing education participants should verify all information and data before treating patients or employing any therapies described in this educational activity.

89. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CME. May 21 26, 2004, Orlando, FL. This activity is not sanctioned by, nor a part of, the American Thoracic Society. http://www.medscape.com/viewprogram/3208

Register Log In September 8, 2005 Return to Medscape coverage of: American Thoracic Society 100th International Conference American Thoracic Society 100th International Conference Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease CME May 21 - 26, 2004, Orlando, FL This activity is not sanctioned by, nor a part of, the American Thoracic Society Release Date: June 30, 2004 Valid for credit through June 30, 2005 This activity has expired. CME in this activity indicates that it was developed according to ACCME guidelines and was certified for credit by one or more accredited CME or CE providers. Medscape cannot attest to the timeliness of expired CME activities. Contents of This CME Activity Measures of Success for Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Nicola A. Hanania, MD, FCCP, FRCPCC Lung Volume Reduction Techniques for COPD Fernando J. Martinez, MD, MS The materials presented here were prepared by independent authors under the editorial supervision of Medscape, and do not represent a publication of the American Thoracic Society. These materials and the related activity are not sanctioned by the American Thoracic Society or the commercial supporter of the conference, and do not constitute an official part of that conference. The material presented here does not reflect the views of Medscape or the companies providing unrestricted educational grants. These materials may discuss uses and dosages for therapeutic products that have not been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. A qualified health care professional should be consulted before using any therapeutic product discussed. All readers or continuing education participants should verify all information and data before treating patients or employing any therapies described in this educational activity.

90. BBC - Health - Conditions - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease A definition of COPD, its causes and how it is treated. http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/copd1.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index FRIDAY 9th September 2005 Text only BBC Homepage Lifestyle Health ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Dr Rob Hicks Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) describes some lung diseases that obstruct airflow and make breathing difficult. Here are the best ways to prevent it and how the symptoms may be treated. In this article What is it? What causes COPD? Who's affected? What happens? ... Treatment What is it? COPD is the overall term used to describe a variety of illnesses, including chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstructive airways disease. People with COPD have permanently damaged lungs, usually through smoking, and find it difficult to breathe most of the time. COPD is the overall term for: chronic bronchitis emphysema chronic obstructive airways disease chronic airflow limitation some cases of chronic asthma What causes COPD? In the majority of cases, smoking is to blame for COPD. Smoke from cigarettes causes inflammation in the lungs and destroys the elasticity that allows the lungs to expand and contract as we breathe. It also damages the alveoli, the tiny air sacs at the end of the airways from which oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream. Other causes include occupational exposure to dusts, indoor pollution from wood- and coal-burning stoves, air pollution and certain inherited diseases. For example, a minority of people have a rare inherited form of emphysema caused by a lack of the protein known as

91. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an umbrella term for a group of respiratory tract diseases that are characterised by airflow obstruction or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

Wikimedia needs your help in the final day of its fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$240,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD ) is an umbrella term for a group of respiratory tract diseases that are characterised by airflow obstruction or limitation. It is usually caused by smoking. Conditions included in this umbrella term are: chronic bronchitis emphysema Contents Other names Working definition Causes Estrogen descrease ... edit Other names COPD is also known as CORD COAD COLD which respectively stand for chronic obstructive respiratory, airways, or lung disease . COPD has been referred to as CAL which stands for chronic airway limitation edit Working definition COPD is a chronic, progressive disorder related to tobacco abuse and characterized by airways obstruction (FEV The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) defines COPD as "a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases." edit Causes The main risk factor in the development of COPD is smoking. Approximately 15% of all chronic smokers will develop the disease. In susceptible people, this causes chronic inflammation of the bronchi and eventual airway obstruction. Other etiologies include

92. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Definition And Much More From Answers.com chronic obstructive pulmonary disease n. ( Abbr. COPD ) A chronic lung disease, such as asthma or emphysema, in which breathing becomes slowed or. http://www.answers.com/topic/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Dictionary Diagnosis Medical WordNet Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Dictionary chronic obstructive pulmonary disease n. Abbr. COPD A chronic lung disease, such as asthma or emphysema, in which breathing becomes slowed or forced. Diagnosis Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease What is COPD? Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is comprised primarily of two related diseases - chronic bronchitis and emphysema. In both diseases, there is chronic obstruction of the flow of air through the airways and out of the lungs, and the obstruction generally is permanent and progressive over time. Asthma also is a pulmonary disease in which there is obstruction to the flow of air out of the lungs, but unlike chronic bronchitis and emphysema, the obstruction in asthma usually is reversible. Between "attacks" of asthma the flow of air through the airways usually is good. There are exceptions, however. In some patients with COPD the obstruction can be partially reversed by medications that enlarge or dilate the airways (bronchodilators) as with asthma. Conversely, some patients with asthma can develop permanent airway obstruction if chronic inflammation of the airways leads to scarring and narrowing of the airways.

93. WHO | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) encompasses two groups of lung disease, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis refers to a http://www.who.int/entity/tobacco/research/copd/en/

All WHO This site only Home About WHO Countries Health topics ... Publications Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) Global data Information resources About TFI WHO ... printable version Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) encompasses two groups of lung disease, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis refers to a productive cough for at least 3 months of each of 2 successive years for which other causes have been ruled out. Emphysema describes destruction of the lung architecture with enlargement of the airspaces and loss of alveolar surface area. COPD prevalence increases with age, but there is a dramatic synergy with smoking such that smokers have higher COPD prevalence and mortality and lung function losses as a function of amount smoked are dose-dependent. Unlike heart disease, quitting smoking does not produce substantial reversal of tobacco - harmful effects once COPD is established. As a result, in much of the developed world, COPD is increasing as a cause of death as cardiovascular death rates fall. As with other tobacco-associated adverse health effects, smoking either cigarettes or cigars increases risks of COPD. Thus, cigar smokers are reported to have a 45% higher risk of COPD when compared to nonsmokers.

94. CIGNA - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Program The Well Aware chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) program gives members information and support to help improve breathing and manage the condition http://www.cigna.com/health/consumer/medical/chronic_copd.html

Home Health Care Plan Members Medical ... Care for Chronic Conditions Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Program Search Return to CIGNA Home Care for Chronic Conditions Asthma Diabetes ... Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Program Outsmart your chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Knowing how chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects your breathing is vital to improving your overall health. CIGNA Well Aware for Better Health SM helps you improve your breathing, and supports your doctor's treatment plan by helping you: understand the benefits of quitting smoking; learn more about your type of COPD; identify and avoid your own triggers, whether it's dust, dander, smoke or other irritants; recognize your own symptoms, such as waking up at night or coughing; know when to contact your doctor. The personalized support you deserve. The Well Aware chronic obstructive pulmonary disease program was developed using nationally recognized resources, such as The American Thoracic Society and the Veterans Health Administration. It was also modeled using the most current research and practices to be up-to-date and clinically effective. This strong foundation enables us to work with you and your doctor to provide you with personalized support, including:

95. Clinical Trial: Sildenafil For Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) suffer from impaired exercise capacity and qualityof-life, largely related to shortness of http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/gui/show/NCT00104637

Home Search Browse Resources ... About Sildenafil for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease This study is currently recruiting patients. Verified by Kawut, Steven, MD July 2005 Sponsors and Collaborators: Kawut, Steven, MD Pfizer Information provided by: Kawut, Steven, MD ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine if sildenafil improves the exercise capacity and lung function of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Condition Intervention Phase Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive Emphysema Drug: sildenafil citrate Phase II MedlinePlus related topics: COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) Emphysema Study Type: Interventional Study Design: Treatment, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Control, Crossover Assignment, Efficacy Study Official Title: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study of Sildenafil in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Further Study Details: Primary Outcomes: Exercise Function Secondary Outcomes: Pulmonary Function; Quality of Life; Shortness of breath score Expected Total Enrollment: 10 Study start: February 2005; Expected completion: June 2006

96. ClinicalTrials.gov - Information On Clinical Trials And Human Research Studies: Conditions Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Emphysema Conditions chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Emphysema; Bronchitis http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/gui/action/FindCondition?ui=D029424&recruiting=

97. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease News chronic obstructive pulmonary disease News continually updated from thousands of sources around the net. http://www.topix.net/health/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease

Advanced Search Enter ZIP, City or News Search Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease News All Channels Front Page Autos Business ... XML Health ADHD Alcoholism Allergy Anencephaly ... more... Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease News continually updated from thousands of sources around the net. Front Page Health News Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Camp out and breathe easily The Lung Association is once again offering people who suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other lung disease the opportunity to enjoy a week away at ELIM Lodge on Pigeon Lake. Topics: Medicine Journey to Healthy Aging, by the Schmieding Center for Senior Health and Education, will present the program chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Managing To Live With It presented by Janie Castro-Rios, ... Topics: Medicine Free Fans for Those With Disabilities Those wishing a fan are asked to make an appointment by calling 419-885-5733. Appointments are preferred, but walk-ins are also welcome. Topics: Medicine Clinical Trials Update: July 26, 2005 Here are the latest clinical trials, courtesy of CenterWatch: COPD The Clinical Research Center is enrolling subjects for a research study of an investigational combination inhaler for COPD. Topics: Medicine Haverhill Acute Bacterial Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis: Cephalosporins as Treatment Options US Pharm.2005;7:HS-24-HS-32. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a preventable and treatable disease characterized by fixed obstruction of the airway.

98. COPD Treatment: Boehringer Ingelheim Prescription Medicines Treatment of copd chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD is a major health and socioeconomic burden; http://www.boehringer-ingelheim.com/corporate/products/prod_prescr_copd.htm

News Centre Corporate Profile Site Map Contact ... Animal Health Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD is a major health and socio-economic burden; one of the top five causes of disability and death in industrial societies. COPD is a chronic respiratory disorder characterised by airflow limitation, accompanied by shortness of breath, cough, wheezing and increased sputum production. Patients are unable to perform their usual daily activities. COPD is mainly associated with smoking, with up to 20% of all smokers developing the disease. COPD progresses with age, leading to disability and early death. According to the Annual World Health Report of the World Health Organisation (WHO), about 600 million people suffer from COPD, with some three million dying from the disease each year. COPD comprises chronic obstructive bronchitis and emphysema. COPD and asthma can co-exist. However, COPD is different from asthma in many ways. COPD is mostly associated with a long smoking history; asthma is mostly associated with allergy and occurs early in life. COPD lung function abnormalities develop before symptoms are reported by the patient, typically around the age of 45. On a histo-pathological level, a different type of inflammatory mechanism is involved.

99. Management Of Acute Exacerbations Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. Affecting 16 million people, it accounts for http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/copdsum.htm

Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 19 Management of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Summary Under its Evidence-based Practice Program , the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is developing scientific information for other agencies and organizations on which to base clinical guidelines, performance measures, and other quality improvement tools. Contractor institutions review all relevant scientific literature on assigned clinical care topics and produce evidence reports and technology assessments, conduct research on methodologies and the effectiveness of their implementation, and participate in technical assistance activities. Overview Reporting the Evidence Methodology Findings ... Availability of Full Report Overview Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. Affecting 16 million people, it accounts for 13,760,000 office visits and 297,000 hospitalizations annually (at a cost of $18 billion). The natural history of moderate to severe COPD is punctuated by acute exacerbations in which worsening symptoms of dyspnea and an increase in the amount or purulence of sputum may be accompanied by chest discomfort, fever, and other constitutional symptoms. The frequency of exacerbations varies widely from patient to patient, but is generally related to the severity and duration of the underlying COPD. Patients with a history of frequent exacerbations tend to continue to have a high frequency of exacerbations.

100. Management Of Acute Exacerbations Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Clin chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. September 2000 discriminate between those with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/tp/copdtp.htm

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease September 2000 Clinical Focus* How well does clinical assessment (including history; physical examination; and laboratory, radiographic, and other rests) discriminate between those with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) versus other causes of worsening respiratory status? How well does clinical assessment predict health outcomes or level of care needs (intensive care unit or hospital admission, return visit to the emergency room, need for ventilatory support) for patients presenting for treatment of acute exacerbation of COPD? How effective are the medical modalities used to treat acute exacerbation of COPD (antibiotics, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and mucous-clearing strategies) in alleviating symptoms, resolving the cause of the exacerbation, preventing hospital admission, and decreasing length of stay? Does the use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in patients with respiratory failure secondary to an acute exacerbation of COPD prevent intubation and/or improve other outcomes, including mortality, morbidity, length of hospital stay, and cost(s) of care? *Addressed in the summary or evidence report.

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