41. Immunofacts.com Offers a wide variety of resources, including international vaccine recommendations, adverse event reporting, training, and information on numerous specific vaccinepreventable diseases such as plague, cholera, rabies, and rotavirus. http://www.immunofacts.com/

HOME New ImmunoFacts Monographs What's New Government Databases ... Meet the Facts and Comparisons Family THE IMMUNIZATION GATEWAY: YOUR VACCINE FACT-FINDER Thursday, September 08, 2005 Your comprehensive link to the most up-to-date, expert immunization resources available via the Internet. Use this site as the jumping-off point for the best in vaccine and antibody information. This Immunization Gateway is an electronic service of ImmunoFacts , the most detailed, up-to-date reference book available on immunologic drugs. About the author: John Grabenstein About the publisher: Facts and Comparisons Consider this site authoritative. We will only connect you to the most responsible sources of information we can find. Be sure to add www.immunofacts.com to your personal list of bookmarks, before going off on one of our great pathways. © 2005 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Bioterrorism Watch Partners Against Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Immunologic Industry Links Statistical Sources ... ImmunoFacts Product Line

42. Cholera Outbreak Reported In Southern China CNN http://cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/conditions/06/29/china.cholera.ap/index.html

43. Cholera In Peru The goal of this project is to map the spread of cholera through Peru during the We know that cholera is a disease associated with poverty and that, http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/warmup/cholera/cholera.html

k.foote@colorado.edu This page is available in a framed version . A Full Table of Contents is also provided. The Research Problem Early in 1991 a number of cases of Cholera were reported in coastal areas of Peru. Within a few weeks, the disease spread throughout Peru and into other countries in South, Central and North America. The goal of this project is to map the spread of Cholera through Peru during the January 1991 epidemic. We know that Cholera is a disease associated with poverty and that, given adequate sanitation and access to medical care, the disease is not a major health threat. Introduction to Medical Geography Medical geography uses the concepts and techniques of the discipline of geography to investigate health-related topics. One of the predominant concepts of geography as a science is that it examines relationships between peoples and their environments in holistic terms. In the particular subfield of medical geography the focus is upon those interactions that bear specifically upon human health within a variety of cultural systems and a diverse biosphere. Regarding geographic method, the main tool is spatial analysis. Where disease occurs is a matter of importance. The map to the left illustrates the spread of an influenza epidemic in Glasgow. Comparison of disease rates in different places may provide clues to causation or serve as a starting point for further investigation. Maps showing distributional patterns of health-related phenomena with their accompanying associative analyses bring insight and strategy for better public health.

44. Nobelprize.org: The Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine 1994 cholera is caused by a commashaped bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, which is ingested in cholera is endemic in India and other parts of the third world. http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1994/illpres/cholera.html

HOME SITE HELP ABOUT SEARCH ... EDUCATIONAL Cholera: G Proteins are at full speed ahead Cholera is caused by a comma-shaped bacterium, Vibrio cholerae , which is ingested in contaminated water and food. The bacteria multiply enormously in the intestine, where epithelial cells allow fluid to leak into the intestine with intense diarrhoea as a result. Cholera is endemic in India and other parts of the third world. The bacterium discovered by Robert Koch in 1884, can be killed by antibiotics, but the disease is caused by a bacterial toxin, which irreversibly activates the G proteins of epithelial cells in the intestine. This results in an often life-threatening loss of water and salts. From Koch's discovery of the cholera bacterium in 1884 it took researchers about 100 years to expose the real cause of the disease - the effect of the bacterial toxin on G proteins The cholera bacterium is shaped like a comma with a tail (above).

45. CNN - Hong Kong Tightens Up On Tourists In Cholera Scare - Mar. 17, 1998 CNN http://www.cnn.com/TRAVEL/NEWS/9803/17/cholera/index.html

Hong Kong tightens up on tourists in cholera scare March 17, 1998 Web posted at: 3:57 p.m. EDT (1557 GMT) HONG KONG (CNN) Health officials in Hong Kong said Monday that they had confirmed 28 cases of cholera among visitors to Thailand, prompting the government to detain airline passengers traveling from the southeast Asian country for health checks at Hong Kong's Kai Tak airport. Thai officials, however, rapped Hong Kong for creating a cholera hysteria and said the sick patients had contracted a severe form of diarrhea common in some Thai provinces. Hong Kong health director Margaret Chan returned early from a trip to the United States because of the outbreak. "This is a cause for concern," she said. "There is an increasing trend worldwide, and Hong Kong is already seeing this trend." Cholera is an infectious disease of the intestines usually contracted from contaminated water. Its symptoms are severe dehydration, diarrhea and vomiting. Senior Thai health official Yudh Photharamic said that most likely the Hong Kong tourists contracted a bacteria-caused diarrhea common in over half of the provinces in the country. The diarrhea, he said, is less infectious and deadly than cholera. The cholera fear, he added, could damage Thailand's already fragile tourist industry. The Hong Kong government said it is now requiring health certificates for all imported seafood (another alleged source of cholera contamination), testing of seafood at retail outlets, and it is educating travelers about the disease.

46. Cholera Fact Sheet Fact Sheet on cholera It s causes, symptoms and methods for prevention. http://www.metrokc.gov/health/prevcont/cholera.htm

Site Directory Public Health Webpage Directory For Care Providers Care Providers Homepage For Educators Health Educators Toolbox About Us Employee Directory Contact Us Public Health 999 3rd Ave, Ste. 1200 Seattle, WA 98104 Phone: 206-296-4600 TTY: 206-296-4931 Click here to email us Subscribe to Free Email Alerts! Click here to learn more Successful Search Tips Home Communicable disease facts Cholera Communicable Diseases and Epidemiology Cholera fact sheet What is cholera? What are the symptoms? How is it spread? Diagnosis and treatment ... Prevention What is cholera? Cholera is an intestinal disease caused by bacteria called Vibrio cholerae . In countries reporting outbreaks of cholera, the bacteria may be in the water supply, uncooked seafood, or other contaminated foods. Cholera is very rare in the United States. What are the symptoms? Usually start 2-3 days after exposure and include: Sudden onset of severe watery diarrhea Occasional vomiting and cramping Dehydration (loss of fluids), if not treated In severe untreated cases, death may occur in a few hours

47. CNN.com - Health - Cholera Kills 37, Infects Hundreds In South Africa - December CNN http://cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/12/07/safrica.cholera.reut/index.html

health Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web HEALTH TOP STORIES New treatments hold out hope for breast cancer patients MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters confront police MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Cholera kills 37, infects hundreds in South Africa JOHANNESBURG, South Africa (Reuters) Thirty-seven people have died from cholera in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal since mid-August, health authorities said Wednesday. The provincial health department reported two deaths and 135 new infections over the last 24 hours, bringing the number of cases to 6,683 since the outbreak of the disease in the country's most populous province.

48. Cholera cholera is an illness caused by a germ invading the bowels. In the summer of1849 over 33000 people in three months died of cholera in Britain. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/DIScholera.htm

Cholera Spartacus USA History British History Second World War ... Email Cholera is an illness caused by a germ invading the bowels. The disease is usually spread by contaminated water supplies. The main symptom is watery diarrhoea which leads to fluid depletion and death from dehydration. It has been a killer disease in Asia for over 1,000 years but the first of a series of seven pandemics arrived in Europe in 1817. In the summer of 1849 over 33,000 people in three months died of cholera in Britain. Around 13,000 of tose who died lived in London . Until the second-half of the 19th century, about 50 per cent of the people who caught cholera died of the disease. The cause of cholera was first identified in 1854. Since improvements have taken place in water supply, the disease has virtually disappeared in Europe. In the summer of 2000 a team of scientists in the United States led by Claire Fraser deciphered the entire genetic makeup of the cholera microbe. It is hoped that this will enable drugs or vaccines to control the disease in the undeveloped world. Henry Mayhew Morning Chronicle (24th September 1849) We then journeyed on to London Street, down which the tidal ditch continues its course. In No. 1 of this street the cholera first appeared seventeen years ago, and spread up it with fearful virulence; but this year it appeared at the opposite end, and ran down it with like severity. As we passed along the reeking banks of the sewer the sun shone upon a narrow slip of the water. In the bright light it appeared the colour of strong green tea, and positively looked as solid as black marble in the shadow - indeed it was more like watery mud than muddy water; and yet we were assured this was the only water the wretched inhabitants had to drink.

49. Three More Die In South African Cholera Epidemic CNN http://cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/02/01/safrica.cholera.reut/index.html

50. Disease Information: Cholera - Travel Medicine Program - Public Health Agency Of If you are an international traveller, learn more about cholera worldwide, alongwith the latest Health Canada recommendations on prevention. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/tmp-pmv/info/cholera_e.html

Cholera Know before you go! Disease profile Transmission Geographic distribution ... Travel Health Advisories Disease Information Cholera November 2000 Know before you go! Infectious diseases not necessarily common in Canada can occur and may even be widespread in other countries. Standards of hygiene and medical care may differ from those at home. Before departure, you should learn about the health conditions in the country or countries you plan to visit, your own risk of disease and the steps you can take to prevent illness. The risk is yours Your risk of acquiring a disease depends on several factors. They include your age, gender, immunization status and current state of health; your itinerary, duration and style of travel (e.g., first class, adventure) and anticipated travel activities (e.g., animal contact, exposure to fresh water, sexual contact); as well as the local disease situation. Risk assessment consultation Health Canada strongly recommends that your travel plans include contacting a travel medicine clinic or physician 6 to 8 weeks before departure. Based on your individual risk assessment, a health care professional can determine your need for immunizations and/or preventive medication (prophylaxis) and advise you on precautions to avoid disease. We can help you locate a travel medicine clinic closest to your home.

51. CNN.com - Health - U.S. Health Expert Wants South Africa To Keep Tabs On Cholera CNN http://cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/01/10/africa.cholera/index.html

health Editions myCNN Video ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... ABOUT US CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Danish Japanese Korean Arabic Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW U.S. health expert wants South Africa to keep tabs on cholera outbreak January 10, 2001 Web posted at: 2:44 p.m. EST (1944 GMT) From staff and wire reports (CNN) As South African and international health authorities vowed to battle cholera outbreaks that have killed dozens of people and infected thousands more, a key U.S. health official called for sharp improvements in public health measures to stop the spread of the disease. Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told CNN Wednesday that South Africas current cholera problems were serious, but not insurmountable. "There have been much, much worse epidemics in previous years," Fauci said. "But what were seeing now, with the 16,000- to 17,000-plus cases, is something that one must pay attention to." Recently, cholera has been reported in South Africa, Swaziland, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe and appears to be spreading among communities with no access to clean water, despite efforts by health officials and the World Health Organization.

52. STATEMENT ON ORAL CHOLERA VACCINATION - CCDR Vol.24 ACS-5 Infection with Vibrio cholerae, a toxinproducing bacteria, presents clinicallyas profuse watery diarrhea. If untreated, severe fluid loss can lead to http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/98vol24/24sup/acs5.html

Canada Communicable Disease Report Vol. 24 (ACS-5) 1 December 1998 An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS) Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT) STATEMENT ON ORAL CHOLERA VACCINATION Introduction Infection with Vibrio cholerae, a toxin-producing bacteria, presents clinically as profuse watery diarrhea. If untreated, severe fluid loss can lead to rapid dehydration, cardiovascular system collapse, and kidney failure. The spectrum of illness is wide, with both mild and asymptomatic cases occurring more frequently than severe disease. Two serogroups, O1 and O139 (Bengal) have been implicated in human epidemics. Within the serogroup O1 are the classical and El Tor biotypes. Cholera infection is associated with poor sanitation, often due to inadequate sewage and water treatment facilities in non-industrial countries. Infection is generally acquired from contaminated water or food, particularly undercooked or raw shellfish and fish. In 1997, no cases of cholera were reported in Canada. In 1996, four cases were reported. These were all related to foreign travel and did not result in any secondary spread. For the traveller, emphasis must be placed on personal hygiene, and food and water precautions; these measures appear to be the most effective protection against cholera.

53. Study Offers Insight Into Cholera's Virulence CNN http://cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/conditions/06/06/hyper.cholera.ap/index.html

54. Health And Hygiene In The Nineteenth Century The first outbreak of Asiatic cholera in Britain was at Sunderland on the Durham Diseases like cholera, typhus, typhoid, and influenza were more or less http://www.victorianweb.org/science/health/health10.html

Health and Hygiene in the Nineteenth Century Added by Laurelyn Douglas '91 (English 264, 1991) n his book, The Healthy Body and Victorian Culture , Bruce Haley asserts that the Victorians were concerned with health over almost all, if not all, other issues. The following passages are excerpted from his book: Nothing occupies a nation's mind with the subject of health like a general contagion. In the 1830s and the 1840s there were three massive waves of contagious disease: the first, from 1831 to 1833, included two influenza epidemics and the initial appearance of cholera; the second, from 1836 to 1842, encompassed major epidemics of influenza, typhus, typhoid , and cholera. As F. H. Garrison has observed, epidemic eruptions in the eighteenth century had been "more scattered and isolated" than theretofore; and in the early decades of the nineteenth century there had been a marked decline in such illnesses as diphtheria and influenza. Smallpox, the scourge of the eighteenth century, appeared to be controllable by the new practice of vaccination. Then, in the mid-twenties, England saw serious outbursts of smallpox and typhus, anticipating the pestilential turbulence of the next two decades. The first outbreak of Asiatic cholera in Britain was at Sunderland on the Durham coast during the Autumn of 1831. From there the disease made its way northward into Scotland and southward toward London. Before it had run its course it claimed 52,000 lives. From its point of origin in Bengal it had taken five years to cross Europe, so that when it reached the course of Durham, British doctors were well aware of its nature, if not its cause.

55. CNN.com - Health - Cholera Kills 33, Infects Thousands In S. Africa - November 1 CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/11/13/safrica.cholera.reut/index.html

health Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web HEALTH TOP STORIES New treatments hold out hope for breast cancer patients MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters confront police MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Cholera kills 33, infects thousands in S. Africa JOHANNESBURG, South Africa (Reuters) An outbreak of cholera has killed 33 people in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal since mid-August, health authorities said on Monday. Seventy-nine new cases were reported in the last 24 hours, bringing the number of cases to 4,822 since the outbreak of the disease in the country's most populous province, the provincial health department said in a statement.

56. Fears Of Cholera, Typhoid In Baghdad CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/04/22/sprj.nilaw.electricity.ap/index.html

57. CPL Chicago: 1849-1855,1866-1867: Early Cholera Epidemics 18491855, 1866-1867 Early cholera Epidemics. Severe outbreaks of cholera hadbeen reported earlier, but accurate records are not available. http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/early_cholera.html

Source: First Water Works built on the present site of the Chicago Avenue Pumping Station. Completed in February, 1854. Chicago, Ill. Dept. of Health. Annual Report 1911-1918 . p.1480. Chicago Historical Information 1849-1855, 1866-1867: Early Cholera Epidemics Severe outbreaks of cholera had been reported earlier, but accurate records are not available. In 1849 the disease was brought to the city on the emigrant boat John Drew April 29 and raged until late October. That year 678 persons died, a rate of 2,897 per 100,000. 314 died between July 25 and August 28. This is the worst death rate for any cause since Chicago began keeping health statistics. Although the germ theory of disease was still unknown, Chicago did undertake a number of sanitary improvements which markedly reduced cholera and other diseases. In the 1850's, a piped Lake Michigan water supply was introduced cutting reliance upon unsanitary wells and buckets of water from the sewage filled Chicago River . Sewers were constructed beginning in 1856 and greatly expanded after the cholera epidemic of 1866. In 1867 a remarkable drinking water tunnel two miles out into the lake was opened, reducing the amount of sewage from the river in the water supply. After the 1870's cholera ceased to be a source of mortality.

58. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents All visitors over one year of age arriving from infected areas must have a yellow fever vaccination certificate. Hepatitis B, malaria, cholera, trachoma, schistosomiasis, river blindness, and sleeping sickness are all hazards. http://www.traveldocs.com/ao/tips.htm

Angola Africa TRAVEL TIPS Driving U.S Driving Permit Required Currency (AOA) Kwanza Electrical 127/220 Volts Telephones Country Code 244, City Code Luanda 2+6D, Zaire 32+5D, Huambo 41+5D Health Precautions : All visitors over one year of age arriving from infected areas must have a yellow fever vaccination certificate. Hepatitis B, malaria, cholera, trachoma, schistosomiasis, river blindness, and sleeping sickness are all hazards. Tapwater is not potable. Sophisticated medical treatment is not available. Health requirements change; check latest information. Weather and clothing : Angola's climate is tropical, with wet and dry seasons that vary little in temperature. While it is very hot and rainy in the coastal region, temperatures in the inland areas are milder. Casual attire, safari suits are the norm in hot, humid climate. Telephone : When direct dialing to Angola from the U.S., dial 011(international access code) + 244 [country code] + local number, or use international operator.

59. CHAART Remote Sensing Of Cholera Outbreaks In 1993, a total of 296206 new cases of cholera were reported in South America after The outbreaks of cholera that have occurred during the past decade http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/health/projects/cholera/cholera.html

Remote Sensing of Cholera Outbreaks First Year Report UMBI Main Page CHAART Projects CHAART Home Project institution: University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, Maryland Principal investigators: Dr. Rita Colwell and Dr. Anwar Huq Co-investigators: B. Lobitz , L. Beck , B. Wood University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute CHAART, NASA Ames Research Center Cholera epidemics caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 occur regularly in Bangladesh and India and sporadically in many parts of the world. In 1993, a total of 296,206 new cases of cholera were reported in South America after about a century, involving more than 15 countries. The outbreaks of cholera that have occurred during the past decade originated in coastal areas. From our previous work, V. cholerae attaches to plankton in the aquatic environment, providing the vehicle for dispersal. The organism attaches preferentially to zooplankton, particularly copepods, but it also attaches in lower numbers and without reproduction onto some species of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton provide the main food source for zooplankton so the two forms of plankton are tightly linked in space and time. Under adverse conditions of temperature and nutrients V. cholerae

60. CNN.com - South Africa Reports 66 New Cases In Cholera Outbreak - December 9, 20 CNN http://cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/12/09/southafrica.cholera.ap/index.html

world africa Editions myCNN ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web WORLD TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Gates pledges $100 million for AIDS Davos protesters face tear gas ... MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters face tear gas MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: South Africa reports 66 new cases in cholera outbreak PIETERMARITZBURG, South Africa (AP) A cholera epidemic that broke out in August in northeastern South Africa has now infected almost 7,000 people, with 66 new cases reported in the last 24 hours, authorities said Saturday.

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