41. Bubonic Plague Article describes bubonic plague, its diagnosis, and treatment. http://rarediseases.about.com/cs/bubonicplague/a/111602.htm

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42. Bubonic Plague Links to articles and resources about bubonic plague. http://rarediseases.about.com/cs/bubonicplague/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zfs=0;zCMt='a70' About Rare / Orphan Diseases Rare Diseases Essentials ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Rare / Orphan Diseases newsletter! See Online Courses Search Rare / Orphan Diseases Bubonic Plague Guide picks A severe infection caused by a bacterium spread by flea bites. Bubonic Plague Think bubonic plague went out with the Middle Ages? Two people were hospitalized with it in New York City in November 2002. This potentially fatal disease, transmitted by flea bites, still exists in some parts of the world. From the About.com Guide to Rare/Orphan Diseases. CDC: Information on Plague Comprehensive information about plague from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). NORD: Bubonic Plague Comprehensive information on the disease from the National Organization for Rare Disorders (U.S.). CDC: FAQs About Plague as a Biological Weapon Information about plague and its possible use as a biological weapon, from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Bubonic Plague Hits San Francisco 1900-1909 Information on a plague outbreak in San Francisco 1900-1909, from WGBH (Public Broadcasting System, U.S.).

43. A Science Odyssey: People And Discoveries: Bubonic Plague Hits San Francisco bubonic plague, or the black death, had raged throughout Europe and Asia over the past centuries. In the twentieth century, it came to America. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm00bu.html

Bubonic plague hits San Francisco Photo: Rat Receiving Station set up as part of the War on Rats led by the U.S. Public Health Service. Millions of rats were killed and in 2 months no new cases of plague were reported. Bubonic plague, or "the black death," had raged throughout Europe and Asia over the past centuries. In the twentieth century, it came to America. In the summer of 1899, a ship sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco had had two cases of plague on board. Because of this, although no passengers were ill when the ship reached San Franscisco, it was to be quarantined on Angel Island. When the boat was searched, 11 stowaways were found the next day two were missing. Their bodies were later found in the Bay, and autopsy showed they contained plague bacilli. Despite this scare, there was no immediate outbreak of disease. But rats from the ship probably had something to do with the epidemic that hit San Francisco nine months later. On March 6, 1900, a city health officer autopsied a deceased Chinese man and found organisms in the body that looked like plague. In 1894, two research physicians had simultaneously and independently identified the bacillus that causes bubonic plague. Shibasaburo Kitasato published his findings in Japanese and English; Alexandre Yersin published in French. People in different parts of the world credited one or the other with the discovery, depending which journals they had read. (Since 1970 the bacillus has been known as Yersinia pestis .) That the plague had an identifiable "germ" was known. But other recent findings had not been disseminated or believed. Most people felt that the germ infected humans through food or open wounds. Disinfection campaigns were the order of the day. In some places they ran carbolic acid through sewers, actually spreading the disease faster because it flushed out rats that had lived there.

44. Bubonic Plague The Bubonic (and other forms of) Plague. or. This is the Xenopsylla cheopsis. A known carrier for the bubonic plague. Since China was one of the busiest of http://www.angelfire.com/sc/plauge/

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Angelfire Dukes of Hazzard Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next Software Homepage DVD Music Home Page Search the Web: The Bubonic (and other forms of) Plague or This is the Xenopsylla cheopsis. A known carrier for the Bubonic Plague. Since China was one of the busiest of the world's trading nations, it was only a matter of time before the outbreak of plague in China spread to western Asia and Europe. In October of 1347, several Italian merchant ships returned from a trip to the Black Sea, one of the key links in trade with China. When the ships docked in Sicily, many of those on board were already dying of plague. Within days the disease spread to the city and the surrounding countryside. An eyewitness tells what happened: "Realizing what a deadly disaster had come to them, the people quickly drove the Italians from their city. But the disease remained, and soon death was everywhere. Fathers abandoned their sick sons. Lawyers refused to come and make out wills for the dying. Friars and nuns were left to care for the sick, and monasteries and convents were soon deserted, as they were stricken, too. Bodies were left in empty houses, and there was no one to give them a Christian burial." The disease struck and killed people with terrible speed. The Italian writer Boccaccio said its victims often

45. Plague Facts In people, plague has three forms bubonic plague, infection of the lymph glands; If bubonic plague goes untreated, the bacteria can multiply in the http://www.astdhpphe.org/infect/plague.html

Plague Plague is a bacterial disease of rodents that can be spread to humans and other animals by infected fleas. Plague has three forms: bubonic plague (infection of the lymph glands), septicemia plague (infection of the blood), and pneumonic plague (infection of the lungs). Pneumonic plague can spread from person to person. People can get plague: by the bites of infected fleas; by direct contact with the tissues or body fluids of a plague-infected animal; by inhaling infectious airborne droplets from persons or animals with plague pneumonia; or by laboratory exposure to plague bacteria. Plague is treatable with antibiotics if detected early. Prevention consists of controlling rodent fleas, educating the public and the medical community in places where plague occurs, and using preventive medicines and vaccines as appropriate. What is plague? Plague is a disease of rodents that can be spread to humans another animals by infected fleas. In people, plague has three forms: Bubonic plague, infection of the lymph glands; septicemia plague, infection of the blood; and pneumonic plague, infection of the lungs. Pneumonic plague is the most contagious form because it can spread from person to person in airborne droplets. What is the infectious agent that causes plague?

46. The Black Death: Bubonic Plague In the early 1330s an outbreak of deadly bubonic plague occurred in China. The bubonic plague mainly affects rodents, but fleas can transmit the disease to http://www.themiddleages.net/plague.html

The Black Death: Bubonic Plague In the early 1330s an outbreak of deadly bubonic plague occurred in China. The bubonic plague mainly affects rodents, but fleas can transmit the disease to people. Once people are infected, they infect others very rapidly. Plague causes fever and a painful swelling of the lymph glands called buboes, which is how it gets its name. The disease also causes spots on the skin that are red at first and then turn black. Since China was one of the busiest of the world's trading nations, it was only a matter of time before the outbreak of plague in China spread to western Asia and Europe. In October of 1347, several Italian merchant ships returned from a trip to the Black Sea, one of the key links in trade with China. When the ships docked in Sicily, many of those on board were already dying of plague. Within days the disease spread to the city and the surrounding countryside. An eyewitness tells what happened: "Realizing what a deadly disaster had come to them, the people quickly drove the Italians from their city. But the disease remained, and soon death was everywhere. Fathers abandoned their sick sons. Lawyers refused to come and make out wills for the dying. Friars and nuns were left to care for the sick, and monasteries and convents were soon deserted, as they were stricken, too. Bodies were left in empty houses, and there was no one to give them a Christian burial."

47. CNN.com - Bubonic Plague Suspected In NYC Visitors - Nov. 8, 2002 A New Mexico couple who traveled to New York have been hospitalized with what is believed to be the first case of bubonic plague in the city in a century, http://www.cnn.com/2002/US/Northeast/11/06/ny.plague/

CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Newsletters CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com Bubonic plague suspected in NYC visitors Frieden at a news conference Wednesday Story Tools BUBONIC PLAGUE What : Potentially fatal disease caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis How contracted : Bite from rodent flea carrying the plague bacterium. Symptoms : Swollen, tender lymph nodes (swollen gland called a bubo hence bubonic plague). Fever. Chills. Extreme exhaustion. Incidence : Ten to 20 persons a year infected in rural areas of Western United States. Globally, 1,000 to 3,000 cases a year. Treatment : Antibiotics. If not treated promptly can cause death. About 14 percent of all U.S. plague cases are fatal. Place in history : Millions of Europeans died in the Middle Ages when flea-infested rats inhabited homes and workplaces. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NEW YORK (CNN) A New Mexico couple who traveled to New York have been hospitalized with what is believed to be the first case of bubonic plague in the city in a century, said health officials. The couple arrived in the city last Friday and went to the hospital two days later with high fever and swollen lymph nodes. The man, 53, is in critical condition and on life support at a Manhattan hospital; his 47-year-old wife is in stable condition, said officials. Both are in isolation at the hospital.

48. CNN.com - Scientist In Plague Vial Case Set To Appear Court - Jan. 16, 2003 bubonic plague. What Potentially fatal disease caused by bacterium They were all classified as plague, and some were classified as bubonic plague. http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Southwest/01/15/missing.plague/

CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Newsletters CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com Scientist in plague vial case set to appear court Dr. Thomas Butler Story Tools VIDEO CNN's Susan Candiotti reports on the arrest of a Texas Tech scientist who allegedly destroyed vials containing bacteria samples that could cause bubonic plague. (January 16) PLAY VIDEO CNN Medical Correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta explains different forms of plague and what causes them. (January 15) PLAY VIDEO RELATED What is plaque? Understanding chemical and biological weapons Antibiotics effective against plague Bubonic plague suspected in NYC visitors LUBBOCK, Texas (CNN) The university scientist accused of making false statements to the FBI about missing vials of bacteria that could cause bubonic plague is expected in court Thursday, law enforcement sources said. Dr. Thomas Butler, 61, chief of the Infectious Disease Division at Texas Tech University's Department of Internal Medicine, was leading a study aimed at developing antibiotics to fight the plague. One law enforcement source said Butler first notified the school Tuesday that the vials were missing. He repeated this assertion when the FBI questioned him, saying he did not know how or why the vials came to be missing, but he later recanted and admitted destroying them himself, the source said.

49. National Park Service Public Health Program - Bubonic Plague Factsheet bubonic plague. Printer Friendly Version. Plague, is caused by bacteria called Yersinia pestis. Onset of plague is usually 2 to 6 days after a person is http://www.nps.gov/public_health/inter/info/factsheets/fs_plague.htm

Home Drinking Water Wastewater Food Safety ... Backcountry You Are Here: Home Illnesses and DIseses :: Bubonic Plague Many files on this site are in Adobe Acrobat format. General Information Frequently Asked Questions Contact Us Educational Material Program Directory by Name ... Privacy Program Areas Home Drinking Water Wastewater Food Safety ... Administration State/Federal Links Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Environmental Protection Agency Food and Drug Administration ... State Health Departments Bubonic Plague Printer Friendly Version Plague, is caused by bacteria called Yersinia pestis. Onset of plague is usually 2 to 6 days after a person is exposed. Initial symptoms include fever, headache, and general illness, followed by the development of painful, swollen regional lymph nodes. The disease progresses rapidly and the bacteria can invade the bloodstream, producing severe illness, called plague septicemia. Once a human is infected, a progressive illness generally results unless specific antibiotic therapy is given. Progression leads to blood infection and, finally, to lung infection. The infection of the lung is termed plague pneumonia, and it can be transmitted to others through the expulsion of droplets by coughing. The incubation period of primary pneumonic plague is 1 to 3 days and is characterized by development of an overwhelming pneumonia with high fever, cough, bloody sputum, and chills. For plague pneumonia patients, the death rate is over 50%.

50. Purging Pestilence - The Bubonic Plague The bubonic plague. Historical background Images 110 Images 11-20 Images 21-30 Images 31-40 Images 41-52. Professional ratcatchers photo 7531 http://www.records.nsw.gov.au/public/gallery/plague/title.htm

Purging Pestilence The Bubonic Plague Historical background Images 1-10 Images 11-20 Images 21-30 ... Images 41-52

51. Hardin MD : Bubonic Plague / Pneumonic Plague From the University of Iowa, the *best* lists of Internet sources in bubonic plague pneumonic plague. http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/bubonicplague.html

Bubonic Plague / Pneumonic Plague A service of the University of Iowa Site Map Diseases Home ... Diseases Search Hardin MD See also: Home Bioterrorism Infectious Dis. Popular Women's Health Dermatology Nursing Pharm Infect Disease Anthrax +Pictures Bioterrorism +Pictures Black Widow Spiders +Pictures Brown Recluse Spiders +Pictures Chiggers +Pictures Flea Bites +Pictures Gangrene +Pictures Infectious Diseases Insect Bites Pictures Lungs ... Meningitis +Pictures Rocky Mtn Fever +Pictures Skin Pictures Smallpox +Pictures Spider Bites +Pictures Tropical Diseases +Pictures Pictures of the Bubonic Plague Open Directory Project : Health : ... : Infectious diseases : Plague (Other versions: Google LookSmart : Plague Yahoo : Plague healthfinder® : Pneumonic plague US Government Pictures of the Bubonic Plague Black plague Mark A. Schneegurt, Wichita State Univ, Kansas Plague Images Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, US Center for Disease Control (CDC) Plague : Pictures Symptoms eMedicine.com MEDLINEplus Health Encyclopedia : Plague Symptoms A.D.A.M. / National Library of Medicine

52. NORD - National Organization For Rare Disorders, Inc. bubonic plague is an acute, severe infectious disorder caused by the bacterium A milder form of bubonic plague, Pestis Minor, usually resolves in http://www.rarediseases.org/search/rdbdetail_abstract.html?disname=Bubonic Plagu

53. PLAGUE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN RENAISSANCE EUROPE A. bubonic plague In Renaissance Europe. The coming of the Black Death, bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis) had been absent from Western Europe for nearly http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/osheim/plaguein.html

PLAGUE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN RENAISSANCE EUROPE This project involves the creation of a hypertext collection of materials on the Impact of Bubonic Plague on Renaissance Society between the initial outbreak in 1348 and the mid-sixteenth century. A. Bubonic Plague In Renaissance Europe B. Nature Of The Document Collection Although we like to recount history in a logical, linear narrative, in reality, matters usually are not so straight-forward. War, plague, economic depression all affect people differently depending on age, class, sex and the like. Collections of texts and images, since they do represent multiple points of view, are ideal ways to accurately convey the multi-faceted nature of human reality. Through a collection, annotation, and translation, where necessary, of chronicles, diaries, letters, government documents, religious literature and contemporary images this project aims at the creation of a hypertext archive through which scholars and students can study the medical, governmental, religious and personal responses to the problem of epidemic disease. The initial stages concentrating on three core areas will provide a basic context into which selected images, medical consilia and narrative fragments from other parts of Europe can be fitted.

54. Plague: Yersinia Pestis For largely unknown reasons, bubonic plague ceased to be an important As the epidemic of bubonic plague develops (especially under conditions of severe http://www.kcom.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/lectures/lecture/plague.htm

Lymphoreticular and Hematopoetic Infections Return to Syllabus PLAGUE General Goal: To know the cause of this disease, the most common modes of transmission, the major manifestations, and the major complications of this disease. Specific Educational Objectives The student should be able to: 1. identify the cause of this disease (hint: safety pin appearance). 2. recite the common means of transmission and identify the major disease manifestations. 3. identify what type of pathogen this bacterium is [ex. extracellular, intracellular (what cell does it dwell in)]. 4. tell what groups of people and occupations are more likely to get this disease and how to avoid getting infected with this pathogen. Reading: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY by P.R. Murray, K.S. Rosenthal, G.S. Kobayashi and M.A. Pfaller, 3rd Edition. pp. 240-242. Lecture : Dr. Neal R. Chamberlain References: Simonet, M, B. Riot, N. Fortineau, P. Berche. 1996. Invasin production by Yersinia pestis is abolished by insertion of an IS200-like element within the inv gene. Infect. Immun.

55. The Shifting Explanations For The Black Death, The Most Devastating Plague In Hu Secondary pneumonic infections occur in bubonic plague, but, Yet the epidemic occurred in the midst of the ratbased bubonic plague of the Third http://hnn.us/articles/10949.html

HNN History News Network Because the Past is the Present, and the Future too. Donations Archives ... FAQs Search HNN: Breaking News Departments HNN Articles Hot Topics Books Features ... Log In The Shifting Explanations for the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague in Human History By John Kelly Mr. Kelly, who holds a graduate degree in European history, is the author most recently of The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, The Most Devastating Plague of All Time (HarperCollins), from which the following article is adapted. The Black Death: A Biological Reappraisal . Since then, works such as The Biology of Plagues, by Susan Scott, a British sociologist, and her colleague, biologist Christopher J. Duncan; and The Black Death Transformed, Y. pestis Y. pestis is far more substantial. Our modern understanding of plague is based on the comprehensive studies that were done during the Third Pandemic. In the hinge decades between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Alexandre Yersin identified the plague bacillus; Paul-Louis Simond, a French scientist, the rat-flea mechanism that drives the disease; and the Indian Plague Commission, a creation of the British Raj and one of the great achievements of Victorian medicine, compiled an unprecedentedly detailed profile of Y. pestis

56. MedlinePlus: Plague Latest News; New Mexico Teen Recovering from bubonic plague (07/26/2005, United Press International). From the National Institutes of Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plague.html

@import url(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Other health topics: A B C D ... List of All Topics Plague Contents of this page: From the NIH Overviews Prevention/Screening Pictures/Diagrams ... Organizations Search MEDLINE/PubMed for recent research articles on Plague You may also be interested in these MedlinePlus related pages: Biodefense and Bioterrorism Infections From the National Institutes of Health Plague (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) Overviews Information on Plague (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Plague (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Prevention/Screening Plague: Prevention and Control (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Pictures/Diagrams Plague Images (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Specific Conditions Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about Plague (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Plague and Animals (National Center for Infectious Diseases) Pneumonic Plague (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Also available in: Spanish Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: Plague

57. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Plague bubonic plague Symptoms appear suddenly, usually after 25 days of exposure Half of bubonic plague victims die if not treated, and almost all victims http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000596.htm

@import url(/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Plague Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... References Illustrations Flea Flea bite - close-up Antibodies Alternative names Return to top Bubonic plague; Pneumonic plague; Septicemic plague Definition Return to top Plague is a severe, and potentially deadly, infection. It is caused by the organism Yersinia pestis . Wild rodents, like rats, spread the disease to humans. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Plague is spread among rodents by a flea bite . Humans may get the plague when they touch or eat the infected animal, or when they come in contact with it's feces.  Certain forms of the plague can be spread from human to human. When a plague victim with pneumonia coughs, microscopic droplets carrying the infection move through the air. Anyone who breathes in these particles can catch the disease. An epidemic may be started this way. (In the Middle Ages, massive plague epidemics killed millions of people.) Plague is rare in the United States, but has been known to occur in parts of California, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico.

58. Molecular Insights Into The History Of Plague The first outbreak of bubonic plague occurred along the Volga river, Yersin gave us a clear description of bubonic plague in Hong Kong and noted that http://www.macalester.edu/~cuffel/molecularplague.htm

Molecular insights into the history of plague Michel Drancourt and Didier Raoult Unité des rickettsies, CNRS UPRES-A 6020, faculté de médecine, université de la Méditerranée, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France Microbes and Infection Volume 4, Issue 1 , January 2002, Pages 105-109 Article Outline 1. Historical descriptions of plague 2. The microbiology of plague 3. The limits of historical descriptions of plague and controversial issues regarding the history ... References 1. Historical descriptions of plague The history of plague is often as confusing as the recorded history of mankind itself. There are numerous references to plagues that may have been due to Yersinia pestis in ancient texts, including the Old Testament. The first recorded outbreak of an epidemic consistent with plague, however, was in Athens in the summer of 430 BC. This occurred at the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War and caused the death of the great statesman, Pericles. It also decimated the general population with an estimated 300,000 deaths (one in every three people) and contributed to the decline and fall of classical Greece . In his documentation of the epidemic, Thucydides, who survived the disease, left us a clear description of the signs of that `plague' including high

59. BUBONIC Connect it to previous learning by explaining that the bubonic plague was a major Have them realize that the bubonic plague was a terrible killer loose http://teacherlink.ed.usu.edu/tlresources/units/Byrnes-S2000/Symons/bubonic.htm

Bubonic Plague Role Play Developed by: Cindy Symons and Kristi Thomas Students at Utah State University (Elementary Education) Subject Areas : Social Studies/History Grade Level Date : April 27, 2000 Objective : By doing the role play, students will be able to develop, in groups of 3 or 4, a hypothesis for the cause of the Bubonic Plague during the Renaissance. Materials Needed 1. Cue Cards (with parts written on them) 2. Props of any kind Procedures 1. Ask the students if they have ever wondered how diseases originate? 2. Explain to the class that they will be doing a role-play to figure out the reason for the Bubonic Plague that began around 1330. Connect it to previous learning by explaining that the Bubonic Plague was a major concern during the Renaissance, and the people's lives they have been studying. Explain that it was also known as the Black Death because of the black spots it produced on the skin. Have them realize that the Bubonic Plague was a terrible killer loose across Europe, and that medieval medicine had nothing to combat it. During the role-play, the students will be medical examiners, from the London Board of Health. Explain to the students that it is their responsibility to take notes during the scenes so they can help figure out the cause of this deadly disease. Remind them that when taking notes, to simply write the main points. 3. Assign parts and read the role-play (see attached).

60. Small Rodents Fleas From The Bubonic Plague Focus Located In The Serra Dos Órg� Key words Siphonaptera small rodent fleas - bubonic plague focus - Rio de Rodent fleas are biological vectors of bubonic plague, as demonstrated 100 http://memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br/965/4152.html

Vol. (5): 603-609, July 2001 Raimundo Wilson de Carvalho/ , Pedro Marcos Linardi*/ , Adilson Benedito de Almeida**, Jeronimo Nunes da Costa** Polygenis (Polygenis) rimatus (Rhopalopsyllidae) was the predominant species regarding the frequency, representing 41.3% (N:382), followed by P. (Neopolygenis) pradoi , representing 20% (N:185) and Craneopsylla minerva minerva (Stephanocircidae), representing 18.9% (N:175). The host Akodon cursor harbored 47.9% of these fleas. Other six host species were infested by 52.1% of the remaining fleas. Fleas were found on hosts and in places within the focus not previously reported by the literature. Key words: Siphonaptera - small rodent fleas - bubonic plague focus - Rio de Janeiro - Brazil Due to two human plague deaths recorded, studies in this focus have been intensified since 1967. Serologic surveys by hemaglutination demonstrated the circulation of Yersinia pestis MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To the staff of the Plague surveillance laboratory, State of Rio de Janeiro, the National Health Foundation, for the aid in the collections and rodent captures, to Paulo Cesar de Azevedo Silveira for the drawing of the used map, to Silvia Cristina Barbosa da Silva for the assembly and identification of fleas and to Guilherme Franco Netto and Cibele Rodrigues Bonvicino for the revision of the text. REFERENCES Figure Table I Table II ... Table III Supported by Brazilian National Health Foundation.

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