1. Bubonic Plague Compares the severity of historical bubonic plague pandemics to the Spanish Influenza pandemic. http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/bubonic_plague/

One of my readers, Tom Johnston, has prepared an excellent site titled Life at Camp Funston . On this website you will find a great collection of letters written by his dad, Charles L. Johnston. Starting with the letter written on Sunday, September 29, 1918, you can read of his first hand experiences with the influenza at the camp. Infectious Disease News features an article on the current research titled Is another influenza pandemic coming soon? . The story includes a discussion of how the government is preparing for the next pandemic. The Center for Disease Control offers details on Influenza and its prevention. The American Experience on PBS recently ran a show titled Influenza 1918 . This nice site offers quite a bit of detail. The March 21, 1997 issue of The New York Times features a page 1 article titled Genetic Material of Virus From 1918 Flu is Found The Albany Times Union also has an article appearing on March 21, 1997 titled 1918 flu that killed millions could return say researchers (page A-4). For more details on the Bubonic Plague, Black Death, and this mysterious virus, check out

2. EMedicine – Bubonic Plague : Symptoms, Causes, Pictures Of The Bubonic Pla A physician s report on bubonic plague infection, transmission patterns, and associated symptoms. Includes pictures of bubonic plague patients as well as a http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic428.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Warfare - Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear And Explosives CBRNE - Plague Last Updated: December 23, 2004 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: plague bubonic plague bubo pneumonic plague ... cyanosis , ecchymosis, petechiae hematochezia hematemesis , hemoptysis, septic shock disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Demetres Velendzas, MD , Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Manchester Memorial Hospital, Eastern Connecticut Health Network Coauthor(s): Susan Dufel, MD, FACEP , Program Director, Associate Professor, Department of Traumatology and Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Thomas W McGovern, MD

3. Bubonic Plague And The Black Death Provides information on the effects, history, symptoms, treatment and origins of the bubonic plague commonly referred to as The Black Death. http://www.william-shakespeare.info/william-shakespeare-bubonic-plague-black-dea

Bubonic Plague Shakespeare Quotes Shakespeare Biography Shakespeare Plays Shakespeare Sonnets ... Shakespeare Forum T he Black Death or the Bubonic Plague Symptoms, effects, consequences, cure and medical treatment information The Black Death / Bubonic Plague - Symptoms, consequences, cure and medical treatment in Elizabethan London World and Medieval History of the Black Death and Bubonic Plague - How the disease spread and Nationalities affected Black Death and Bubonic Plague - Modern day symptoms, cure and medical treatment Introduction and Information The Bubonic Plague also referred to as the Black Death has been included on william-shakespeare.info due to the terrible and major consequences that the disease had on his life. The Black Death received its name due to the combination of symptoms suffered by the victim, but in fact the disease comes in three different forms of the great plague hence the confusion between whether the disease is called the Black Death or the Bubonic Plague. The information regarding the Black Death has been split into three main categories. A synopsis of each category is detailed below enabling visitors to locate the exact subject of their choice.

4. This Is The Fowarding Page To Lowercase Version The role of trade in transmitting the Black Death. http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/BUBONIC.HTM

You should be forwarded.... If you don't have JavaScript enabled, you are being redirected to this exact URL, except in all lower case letters.

5. The Black Death Bubonic Plague The Black Death bubonic plague. In the early 1330s an outbreak of deadly bubonic plague occurred in China. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

6. Black Death The Bubonic Plague A student report describing the disease, causes, history, symptoms, and modern day treatment of the Black Death. Includes web links. http://hometown.aol.com/nathan19901162/myhomepage/index.html

htmlAdWH('93212816', '728', '90'); Main My First Home Page Black Death the Bubonic Plague Black Death the Bubonic Plague My Black Death the Bubonic Plague Home Page Woodburn, Elementary Black Death Nathan April 12, 2002 Black Death Nathan April 12, 2002 The cause of the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) is the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The bacterium is passed from an infected rat to a non-infected rat by being bitten by a flea. The flea bites the infected rat and the germ moves into and lives in the flea's stomach. The flea's stomach becomes filled with the bacterium. The flea can no longer digest blood, when it bites a human, rat or another animal the flea throws up into the bite causing the victim to become infected with Black Death. The rat will die from the germ, but not before being bitten by another non-infected flea. This flea can then start the cycle over again. After all of the rats die in a burrow, the bacteria can lie dormant until more rats move into the infected burrows. These new rats will become infected transmit the disease to the flea and the flea will pass it to the humans. During the European epidemic of the bubonic plague (1345-1352). The Black Death traveled across Asia and Europe. The plague started in Kaffa, when conquered by the Tartans, the residents of Kaffa fled and carried the black plague to Europe. Italy fell to the plague by the end of 1348 and France was mostly covered. By August of 1348 the Black Death germ had infected England. Then the spread of the germ continued to Scotland, Ireland, Denmark and most of Germany.

7. Plague.htm bubonic plague An extremely informative page, which covers all aspects of the Plague. This page is student created by Ely Janis. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

8. Mr. Dowling's Middle Ages Page Guide for middle school students introduces the period. Also provides indepth information about specific topics such as feudalism, the Vikings, the Byzantine Empire, and the bubonic plague. http://www.mrdowling.com/703middleages.html

Home E-Mail Download Lessons Interactive Quiz ... South America Between Ancient and Modern In AD 476, warriors attacked the city of Rome and ended more than 800 years of glory for the “eternal city.” Historians mark the fall of Rome as the end of ancient history. The next one thousand years were called the Middle Ages. The Latin term for Middle Ages is "medieval." The beginning of the Middle Ages is often called the "Dark Ages" because the great civilizations of Greece and Rome had fallen. Life in Europe during the Middle Ages was very hard. Very few people could read or write and nobody expected conditions to improve. The only hope for most people during the Middle Ages was their strong belief in Christianity, and the hope that life in heaven would be better than life on earth. The Dark Ages were anything but dark in other parts of the world. The Muslims in the Middle East and North Africa studied and improved on the works of the ancient Greeks while civilization flourished in sub-Saharan Africa, China, India, and the Americas. Europe began to experience great change by about 1450. Within one hundred years, Columbus had sailed to America, literacy spread, scientists made great discoveries, and artists created work that still inspires us today. Historians call the next period of European history the "Renaissance," or the "rebirth." The Renaissance is the beginning of modern history.

9. Mr. Dowling's Bubonic Plague Page The Huns The Barbarians The Byzantine Empire The Moors Charlemagne The Vikings The Normans The bubonic plague http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

10. CNN.com - Bubonic Plague Suspected In NYC Visitors - Jan. 15, 2003 CNN http://cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/11/07/ny.plague/index.html

CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Newsletters CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com Bubonic plague suspected in NYC visitors Story Tools BUBONIC PLAGUE What : Potentially fatal disease caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis How contracted : Bite from rodent flea carrying the plague bacterium. Symptoms : Swollen, tender lymph nodes (swollen gland called a bubo hence bubonic plague). Fever. Chills. Extreme exhaustion. Incidence : Ten to 20 persons a year infected in rural areas of Western United States. Globally, 1,000 to 3,000 cases a year. Treatment : Antibiotics. If not treated promptly can cause death. About 14 percent of all U.S. plague cases are fatal. Place in history : Millions of Europeans died in the Middle Ages when flea-infested rats inhabited homes and workplaces. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NEW YORK (CNN) A New Mexico couple who traveled to New York have been hospitalized with what is believed to be the first case of bubonic plague in the city in a century, said health officials. The couple arrived in the city last Friday and went to the hospital two days later with high fever and swollen lymph nodes. The man, 53, is in critical condition and on life support at a Manhattan hospital; his 47-year-old wife is in stable condition, said officials. Both are in isolation at the hospital.

11. Plague Questions And Answers - CDC Division Of Vector-Borne for plague? A. A person usually becomes ill with bubonic plague 2 to 6 days after being infected. When bubonic plague is left untreated, plague http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

12. Bubonic Plague The Spanish Influenza wiped out more than 25 million peole in just one year an epidemic that started right here in the United States. http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/bubonic_plague/bubonic.html

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13. CDC Plague Home Page - CDC Division Of Vector-Borne Infectious Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response CDC Plague Home Page. Male Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea) engorged with blood. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

14. Bubonic Plague - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia bubonic plague is an infectious disease that is believed to have caused bubonic plague is the most common form of plague, and is characterized by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague

Wikimedia needs your help in the final days of its fund drive. See our fundraising page The Red Cross and other charities also need your help. Bubonic plague From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Bubonic plague is an infectious disease that is believed to have caused several epidemics or pandemics throughout history. Bubonic plague is the most common form of plague, and is characterized by swollen, tender, inflamed lymph glands (called buboes ); other forms are Septicemic plague , which occurs when plague bacteria multiply in the blood , and Pneumonic plague , which occurs when the lungs are infected. Contents Infection/transportation Symptoms and treatment Historical epidemics Historical pandemics ... edit Infection/transportation Bubonic plague is primarily a disease of rodents , particularly marmots (in which the most virulent strains of plague are primarily found), but also black rats prairie dogs chipmunks squirrels and other similar large rodents. Human infection most often occurs when a person is bitten by a rat flea Xenopsylla cheopsis ) that has fed on an infected rodent. The bacillus multiplies in the stomach of the flea, blocking it. When the flea next bites a

15. Historian Recounts Face, Fury Of Bubonic Plague Historian recounts face, fury of bubonic plague May 29, 2005 Review by FRANK WILSON 'The Flagellants http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

16. Plague - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Plague is usually understood as a generic term for bubonic plague, the mortal disease aka Italian Plague of 16291631. causal agent bubonic plague http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague

Wikimedia needs your help in the final days of its fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$225,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Plague From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Plague is usually understood as a generic term for Bubonic plague , the mortal disease caused by the bacillus Yersinia pestis , which is spread by fleas from rats and some species of mice to human beings. Plague has reached epidemic and even pandemic proportions during the history of Asia and Europe, disrupting civilizations and altering the course of human affairs when plague brought terror and panic in crowded cities, decimating populations like a visitation of the gods. In the New World, the first contact with Europeans brought pandemics of measles and smallpox, though not of plague, that led to the collapse of American cultures. See Plague (disambiguation) Yersinia pestis Bubonic plague Famous outbreaks of plague that are examined in their individual entries: Great Plague of Athens (430-427 BC) causal agent: bubonic plague/smallpox/measles/typhus?

17. Man With Bubonic Plague Leaves Hospital CNN http://cnn.com/2003/HEALTH/conditions/02/10/plague.reut/index.html

18. Plague And Public Health In Renaissance Europe issues geographically across Europe in any given time period or chronologically from the first cases of bubonic plague in 1348 to the early http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

19. Mr. Dowling's Bubonic Plague Page bubonic plague Almost half of the people of Western Europe died in a great sickness The bubonic plague continued to affect cities from time to time for http://www.mrdowling.com/703-plague.html

Home E-Mail Download Lessons Interactive Quiz ... South America The Bubonic Plague Almost half of the people of Western Europe died in a great sickness known as the Bubonic Plague. The plague was also referred to as "the Black Death” because the skin of diseased people turned a dark gray color. It apparently began in China’s Gobi Desert, and it killed about 35 million Asian people. When sailors traveled to Asia, rats returned with them to Europe. Fleas living on the blood of infected rats then transferred the disease to the European people. In 1347, Italian merchant ships returned from the Black Sea, one of the links along the trade route between Europe and China. Many of the sailors were already dying of the plague, and within days the disease had spread from the port cities to the surrounding countryside. The disease spread as far as England within a year. The Europeans were susceptible to disease because they lived in crowded surroundings with very poor sanitary conditions. The Europeans often ate stale or diseased meat because refrigeration had not yet been invented. Also, medicine was primitive and unable to remedy an illness that modern technology might have cured. Bad medical advice also advanced the plague. People were often advised to not bathe because open skin pores might let in the disease.

20. CNN.com - Bubonic Plague Suspected In NYC Visitors - Nov. 8, 2002 CNN http://cnn.com/2002/US/Northeast/11/06/ny.plague/index.html

CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Newsletters CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com Bubonic plague suspected in NYC visitors Frieden at a news conference Wednesday Story Tools BUBONIC PLAGUE What : Potentially fatal disease caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis How contracted : Bite from rodent flea carrying the plague bacterium. Symptoms : Swollen, tender lymph nodes (swollen gland called a bubo hence bubonic plague). Fever. Chills. Extreme exhaustion. Incidence : Ten to 20 persons a year infected in rural areas of Western United States. Globally, 1,000 to 3,000 cases a year. Treatment : Antibiotics. If not treated promptly can cause death. About 14 percent of all U.S. plague cases are fatal. Place in history : Millions of Europeans died in the Middle Ages when flea-infested rats inhabited homes and workplaces. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NEW YORK (CNN) A New Mexico couple who traveled to New York have been hospitalized with what is believed to be the first case of bubonic plague in the city in a century, said health officials. The couple arrived in the city last Friday and went to the hospital two days later with high fever and swollen lymph nodes. The man, 53, is in critical condition and on life support at a Manhattan hospital; his 47-year-old wife is in stable condition, said officials. Both are in isolation at the hospital.

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