21. The Erbs Palsy Group - The Ebrs Palsy Group website offers advice and information on the injury Erbs Palsy / Brachial Plexus Paralysis http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

22. Brachial Plexus Injuries Information Page: National Institute Of Neurological Di NINDS Brachial Plexus Injuries Information Page Synonym(s) Erb s Palsy brachial plexus palsy Foundation c/o 210 Springhaven Circle Royersford, PA 19468 http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brachial_plexus/brachial_plexus.htm

Accessible version Science for the Brain The nation's leading supporter of biomedical research on disorders of the brain and nervous system More about Brachial Plexus Injuries Studies with patients Research literature Press releases Search NINDS... (help) Contact Us My Privacy NINDS is part of the National Institutes of Health You are here: Home Disorders Brachial Plexus Injuries NINDS Brachial Plexus Injuries Information Page Synonym(s): Erb's Palsy Get Web page suited for printing Email this to a friend or colleague Table of Contents (click to jump to sections) What are Brachial Plexus Injuries? Is there any treatment? What is the prognosis? What research is being done? ... Organizations What are Brachial Plexus Injuries? The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that conducts signals from the spine to the shoulder, arm, and hand. Brachial plexus injuries are caused by damage to those nerves. Symptoms may include a limp or paralyzed arm, lack of muscle control in the arm, hand, or wrist, and lack of feeling or sensation in the arm or hand. Although injuries can occur at any time, many brachial plexus injuries happen during birth: the baby's shoulders may become impacted during the birth process causing the brachial plexus nerves to stretch or tear. There are four types of brachial plexus injuries: avulsion

23. Virtual Hospital: Brachial Plexus Palsy: A Perspective On Current Management Although known to the ancients, brachial plexus palsy (BPP) first attractedsignificant brachial plexus palsy occurs in 0.1% to 0.4% of live births. http://www.vh.org/pediatric/provider/pediatrics/brachialpp/

Brachial Plexus Palsy: A Perspective on Current Management Herman A. Hein, M.D. Professor of Pediatrics University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics First Published: Winter 2000 Last Revised: September 2003 Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed Although known to the ancients, brachial plexus palsy (BPP) first attracted significant attention toward the end of the nineteenth century. Duchenne coined the term "obstetric palsy" in 1872 in his book, Traite de L'electrisation Localisee. There he described in detail four cases of proximal root paralysis occurring after delivery. Unfortunately, the term "obstetric palsy" is still used by some, especially the Europeans, and connotes a cause and effect relationship between the events of delivery and the palsy. As I will discuss below, it is now known that this is not the case in many patients, especially, those with the poorest outcomes. In the English literature, Erb's name became attached to paralysis of the upper nerve roots through his classic description in 1874. Klumpke's name is associated with lower root paralysis and likely dates to his article in the French literature appearing in 1885. Anatomy and Pathophysiology The type of injury that occurs with stretch damage to the brachial plexus depends on where the injury takes place. Proximal lesions within the spinal canal involve the nerve rootlets and are called avulsions, with the rootlets torn from the spinal cord proximal to the formation of a mixed nerve root. Avulsed nerve rootlets do not recover their function and surgical reconnection of nerve rootlets to the spinal cord does not appear to be possible.

24. BRACHIAL PLEXUS PALSY This book is a monograph about brachial plexus palsy. This book focuses onbirthrelated brachial plexus palsy as well as the treatment of brachial http://www.worldscibooks.com/medsci/3477.html

Home Browse by Subject Bestsellers New Titles ... Browse all Subjects Search Bookshop New Titles Editor's Choice Bestsellers Book Series ... Join Our Mailing List BRACHIAL PLEXUS PALSY edited by H Kawai (Hoshigaoka Koseinenkin Hospital, Osaka) Contents Foreword Chapter 1: Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus This book is a monograph about brachial plexus palsy. Severe brachial plexus injuries are often caused by traffic accidents, especially motorcycle accidents. The intercostal nerve transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve is a standard treatment of choice in Japan to reconstruct elbow flexion for brachial plexus palsy with root avulsion. The functional conversion of the nerve transfer is described in detail, using electrophysiological and histochemical studies. This book focuses on birth-related brachial plexus palsy as well as the treatment of brachial plexus injuries in adults. Contents: Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus Historical Review of the Brachial Plexus Palsy Brachial Plexus Palsy Clinical Assessment of the Brachial Plexus Lesion Nerve Surgery of the Brachial Plexus Intercostal Nerve Transfer Pain Management of the Brachial Plexus Lesion Reconstructive Musculoskeletal Surgery of the Paralyzed Limb Brachial Plexus Tumor Brachial Plexopathy in Breast Cancer Brachial Plexus Surgery in Obstetrical Paralysis Readership: Orthopaedic surgeons, plastic surgeons, neurosurgeons, physical therapists and occupational therapists.

25. BRACHIAL PLEXUS PALSY - UNITED NATIONAL CEREBRAL PALSY LAWYER! This site is for those who are interested in learing more about cerebral palsyand their legal rights concerning cerebral palsy. http://www.unitednationalcerebralpalsylawyer.com/html/brachial.html

Home Page Adults Ataxic Cerebral Palsy Athetoid Cerebral Palsy ... Contact Us BRACHIAL PLEXUS PALSY Brachial plexus palsy is a nerve injury. Since nerves allow muscle control in the shoulders, arm, or hand, brachial plexus palsy does not allow for proper functioning and the brachial plexus palsy sometimes causes the muscles to be paralyzed. There are various brachial plexus palsy injuries, including stretch, rupture, and avulsion. The most severe type of brachial plexus palsy is avulsion. Avulsion brachial plexus palsy causes nerves to be pulled from the spinal cord, thus requiring surgery and possible muscle transfer for functioning. Some instances of brachial plexus palsy may heal on its own, but other patients will require much more treatment. Depending on where the brachial plexus palsy injury has occurred will best determine what type of treatment and recovery the brachial plexus palsy patient will have. In brachial plexus palsy sufferers with rupture and avulsion injuries, recovery may never occur unless immediate surgical procedures are performed. For more information about brachial plexus palsy

26. Brachial Plexus Palsy - Online Lawyer Source brachial plexus palsy information from Online Lawyer Source. Find all of yourlegal needs in one place from qualified attorneys. http://www.onlinelawyersource.com/medical_malpractice/brachial_plexus_palsy.html

Bookmark Site Refer-a-Friend Print Page Home ... Other Practice Areas Brachial Plexus Palsy Brachial Plexus Palsy Adult Injury Injury Treatment Medical Malpractice Select Your State Alaska Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware D.C. Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Legal Resources Contact Our Webmaster Vioxx Lawsuit Settlement Bextra Side Effects ... Zyprexa Side Effects Brachial Plexus Palsy Contact Brachial Plexus Palsy or State AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Brachial Plexus palsy is a condition acquired at birth that affects the nerves of the brachial plexus region. The brachial plexus is a set of five nerves on both sides of the neck and shoulder area that run from the spinal cord through each arm. Brachial plexus palsy is damage to these nerves that impairs functioning in the arms, wrist, or hand. Symptoms of brachial plexus palsy can include reduced feeling in the arm, lack of arm muscle control, or complete paralysis of the affected limb. There are four types of brachial plexus palsy injuries. Avulsion occurs when the affected nerves are completely torn from the spine. Rupture occurs when the nerve is torn away in a different region than the spine. Praxis or stretch brachial plexus palsy injuries results not from a torn nerve, but when the nerve is injured or damaged. This type of brachial plexus palsy injury has a higher likelihood of healing on its own. The fourth type of brachial plexus palsy is called neuroma and occurs when scar tissue develops around the nerve impairing its functioning by applying pressure to it.

27. Adult Brachial Plexus Injury - Online Lawyer Source Information on Adult Brachial Plexus Injury from Online Lawyer Source. Adult Brachial Plexus Injury. Contact brachial plexus palsy http://www.onlinelawyersource.com/medical_malpractice/brachial_plexus_palsy/adul

Bookmark Site Refer-a-Friend Print Page Home ... Other Practice Areas Brachial Plexus Palsy Brachial Plexus Palsy Adult Injury Injury Treatment Medical Malpractice Select Your State Alaska Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware D.C. Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Legal Resources Contact Our Webmaster Vioxx Lawsuit Settlement Bextra Side Effects ... Zyprexa Side Effects Adult Brachial Plexus Injury Contact Brachial Plexus Palsy or State AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY An adult brachial plexus injury is the result of a traumatic injury that causes damage to the brachial plexus region of the body (running from each side of the neck down towards the shoulders and back) or an injury that occurred as an infant during a complicated shoulder dystocia birth process. A traumatic adult brachial plexus injury can be the outcome of a car accident, sports injury, slip and fall incident, violence, radiography, or bad surgery. In the United States it is estimated that adult brachial plexus injury accounts for five percent of all peripheral nerve injuries. It is difficult to discern what portion of the population endures these injuries annually because they go largely underreported.

28. Brachial Plexus Palsy Definition - Medical Dictionary Definitions Of Popular Med Online Medical Dictionary and glossary with medical definitions. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=39672

29. Brachial Plexus Palsy brachial plexus palsy, also known as Erb’s palsy, is a paralysis or weakness ofthe arm caused by an http://my.webmd.com/hw/raising_a_family/nord738.asp

var guid_source = ""; var guid_source_id = ""; //unused var encodedurl = ""; WebMD Today Home WebMD News Center XML News via RSS Member Services WebMD University My WebMD Find a Physician Medical Info Check Symptoms Medical Library Health Tools Clinical Trials ... Women, Men, Lifestyle Who We Are About WebMD Site Map Health Topics Symptoms ... For a Complete Report Brachial Plexus Palsy Important It is possible that the main title of the report Brachial Plexus Palsy is not the name you expected. Please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and disorder subdivision(s) covered by this report. Synonyms Erb-Duchenne Palsy Erb's Paralysis Erb-Duchenne Paralysis Duchenne-Erb Paralysis Duchenne's Paralysis Duchenne-Erb Syndrome Upper Brachial Plexus Paralysis, Erb-Duchenne Type Upper Brachial Plexus Palsy, Erb-Duchenne Type Disorder Subdivisions None General Discussion Brachial plexus palsy, also known as Erb’s palsy, is a paralysis or weakness of the arm caused by an injury to one or more nerves that control and supply the muscles of the shoulder and upper extremities (upper brachial plexus). It is more commonly seen in newborns (neonates) and is often the result of a difficult delivery. When it occurs in adults, the cause typically is an injury that has caused stretching, tearing or other trauma to the brachial plexus network. The brachial plexus is the network of nerves that conducts signals from the spine to the shoulder, arm, and hand. There are four types of brachial plexus injury: avulsion, the most severe type, in which the nerve is ripped from the spine; rupture, in which the nerve is torn but not at the point at which it is attached to the spine; neuroma, in which the nerve is torn and has tried to heal but scar tissue has grown around the site; and neuropraxia (stretch), the most common form of injury, in which the nerve has been damaged but not torn.

30. Brachial Plexus Palsy: Frequently Asked Questions - Childrens Hospital San Diego brachial plexus palsy Frequently Asked Questions, Childrens Hospital San Diego,serving the communities of Chula Vista, National City, El Cajon, http://www.chsd.org/11276.cfm

Brachial Plexus Palsy: Frequently Asked Questions What is the Brachial Plexus? What is Brachial Plexus Palsy? Is a limp arm always the result of a brachial plexus injury? How often does Brachial Plexus Palsy occur with births? The incidence of Brachial Plexus Palsy is about 0.5-1.5 for every thousand babies born. What tests should be performed for diagnosis and planning for patients with Brachial Plexus Palsy? Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the neck area can be performed, but should be reserved for preoperative planning if specific questions exist prior to undertaking possible nerve surgery. What can be done to improve the healing process? Early referral to therapy is beneficial to prevent tightness from developing, but will not speed up the recovery. Patients who are slow to heal may For cases in which the child has developed good strength to bend the elbow in the first two months of life, a full or very near full recovery should be anticipated over the next several years. If the child reaches 5-6 months of age and still has significant weakness in bending the elbow, microsurgical exploration/repair of the nerves is warranted. Children with good strength at the elbow by this age have not been shown to benefit from this early surgery, compared to therapy and observation alone. Regardless of the path chosen, infants with significant elbow weakness at 6 months of age are anticipated to have some permanent limitations in strength and motion of that arm.

31. Erb's Palsy (Brachial Plexus And Shoulder Dystocia) Since 1991, our brachial plexus palsy Center at the St. Louis Children s brachial plexus palsy Foundation. Enclosed in this website is a description http://www.inforochester.com/erbspalsy.htm

Rochester New York City Guide Sponsored by Max Lent Communications © Max Lent 2005 Add this page to your favorites Erb's Palsy (Brachial Plexus and Shoulder Dystocia) Introduction A professional colleague and friend's wife gave birth to a baby who was damaged during birth. The shoulder of the baby was caught on part of the pelvis as it was passing through the birth canal. The result was that the baby could not move one of its arms. This Web page lists resources that may be useful to parents of children who experience the same problem which is called Erb's palsy or shoulder dystocia. If you know of additional resources that should be listed here, please send them to Max Lent Links Advice Information for Parents of a Newborn with weak or paralyzed arm . From United Brachial Plexus Network Your Newborn Baby Has A BPI, What Do You Do Next ? From Maia's site Art, medical and legal

32. The Hospital For Sick Children - Brachial Plexus Palsy Approximately 70 children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy are seen Please use the side menu to learn about brachial plexus palsy and our program. http://www.sickkids.ca/plasticsurgery/section.asp?s=Brachial Plexus Palsy&sID=44

33. Cerebral Palsy Information History of Cerebral Palsy Risk Factors Symptoms Types of Cerebral Palsy Warning Signs Erb s Palsy brachial plexus palsy Shoulder Dystocia http://www.cerebralpalsy.org/cerebral_palsy_information/cerebral_palsy_erbs.html

Erb's palsy (Brachial Plexus Palsy) definition Erb's palsy, or "brachial plexus palsy," is a form of paralysis that affects the shoulder, arm, and hand. Often a result of shoulder dystocia, Erb's palsy occurs during delivery when the nerves that connect a baby's arm, shoulder, and hand to the spinal cord are damaged. The baby's shoulder may become caught on the mother's pelvic bone during delivery, and thus endure an undue amount of stress. Shoulder Dystocia definition A baby's shoulder may become caught behind the mother's pelvic bone during delivery. In this position, the baby runs the risk of stretching and potentially ripping nerves that connect the shoulder, arm, and hand to the spinal cord. The baby may also be unable to breathe - and a lack of oxygen may cause brain injury. Bone injuries may also be sustained because of shoulder dystocia. More about Obstetrical Brachial Plexus injuries... Brachial plexus injuries that happen during birth are known as obstetrical brachial plexus injuries (OBPI). Availability of brachial plexus statistics vary widely, but where figures are available the general consensus is that brachial plexus injuries occur in 2-5 out of 1000 births. The majority of these birth injuries occur as a result of a birthing emergency called

34. IRSC - Rare Disorders, Brachial Plexus Palsy The Internet Resources for Special Children (IRSC) Global disABILITY resourceis dedicated to communicating information relating to the needs of children http://www.irsc.org:8080/irsc/irscmain.nsf/sub?readform&cat=Rare Disorders&subca

35. Brachial Plexus Palsy brachial plexus palsy, also known as Erb’s palsy, is a paralysis or weakness ofthe arm caused by an injury to one or more nerves that control and supply http://www.bchealthguide.org/kbase/nord/nord738.htm

var hwPrint=1;var hwDocHWID="nord738";var hwDocTitle="Brachial Plexus Palsy";var hwRank="1";var hwSectionHWID="nord738-Header";var hwSource="en-caQ2_05";var hwDocType="Nord"; National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. Brachial Plexus Palsy Important It is possible that the main title of the report Brachial Plexus Palsy is not the name you expected. Please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and disorder subdivision(s) covered by this report. Synonyms Erb-Duchenne Palsy Erb's Paralysis Erb-Duchenne Paralysis Duchenne-Erb Paralysis Duchenne's Paralysis Duchenne-Erb Syndrome Upper Brachial Plexus Paralysis, Erb-Duchenne Type Upper Brachial Plexus Palsy, Erb-Duchenne Type Disorder Subdivisions None General Discussion There are four types of brachial plexus injury: avulsion, the most severe type, in which the nerve is ripped from the spine; rupture, in which the nerve is torn but not at the point at which it is attached to the spine; neuroma, in which the nerve is torn and has tried to heal but scar tissue has grown around the site; and neuropraxia (stretch), the most common form of injury, in which the nerve has been damaged but not torn. Resources NIH/National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases 1 AMS Circle Bethesda, MD 20892-3675

36. Core Curriculum - POSNA Birth brachial plexus palsy continues to be a relatively common problem, with anestimated incidence of 2.5/ 1000 births. The majority of newborns have a http://www.posna.org/index?service=page/coreCurriculum&article=birthBrachialPlex

37. Brachial Plexus Palsy - Erb's Palsy - Lawyer,Attorney! brachial plexus palsy and Erb s Palsy information on symptoms, diagnosis, andtreatments. Contact an attorney for all your legal needs! http://www.brachial-plexus-palsy-erbs-palsy-attorneys.net/

erbs palsy brachial plexus palsy Home Contact a brachial plexus palsy attorney ... SITE MAP Center for Brachial Plexus Palsy and Erb's Palsy Information We are a center that provides information regarding brachial plexus palsy and erbs palsy. Our informational site is designed as a resource tool to help parents and families better understand brachial plexus palsy, as well as to learn about their legal rights. Brachial plexus palsy and erbs palsy injuries are 90% of the time caused by traumatic stretching of the plexus during birth. Depending on the type of nerve damage and the location it will affect the severity of the brachial plexus palsy or erbs palsy injury. Some instances of brachial plexus palsy and erbs palsy may have been preventable had the indicators and warning signs been properly evaluated. A failure to pick up on certain factors that increase the probability of a brachial plexus palsy or erbs palsy birth from occurring can be considered negligence if certain measures could have helped prevent the injury from happening. Living with a brachial plexus palsy injury is challenging and requires medical attention, which can create financial hardships for a family. We can answer any legal questions and help you receive compensation if you have a case. To locate an experienced, qualified brachial plexus palsy or erbs palsy attorney in your area please

38. Brachial Plexus Palsy Center: Treatment For The Birth Injury, Pediatric Neurolog The brachial plexus palsy Center located at St. Louis Children’s Hospitalspecializes in treating the birth injury and pediatric neurological disorder http://www.stlouischildrens.org/?tabid=96&acn=view&aid=111

39. Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Palsy Treatment At Mayo Clinic Treatment of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy and children s brachial plexussurgery options at Mayo Clinic. http://www.mayoclinic.org/brachial-plexus/obstetricalpalsy.html

Home About Mayo Clinic Jobs Contact Us Mayo Clinic Locations: Arizona Florida Minnesota Mayo Clinic ... Medical Services Brachial Plexus Injuries Brachial Plexus Injuries Overview Diagnosis Treatment Options Treatment in Jacksonville ... Medical Services Treatment of Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Palsy Treatment for obstetrical brachial plexus palsy is offered at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the injury, and age of the child. During the recovery phase, range of motion activities and strengthening of muscles in the limb should be performed. Independent recovery Children who have obstetrical brachial plexus palsy and who show improvement or recover by 4 months of age are typically followed with repeat clinical examinations over the next months to years. Primary surgery Surgery may be indicated if sufficient spontaneous recovery has not occurred within several months. Surgery on the nerves, if required, should ideally occur within 3 to 6 months of age and typically not later than 1 year. Microsurgical techniques are used to improve brachial plexus function. This may require one or more methods, including release from scar tissue (neurolysis), placing nerve grafts across the damaged plexus, or "nerve transfer" (neurotization) to replace irreparably injured nerve roots and/or allow more rapid recovery of function. This technique involves sewing an adjacent, functioning nerve into a nonfunctioning nerve in an attempt to restore function in a paralyzed muscle.

40. EMedicine - Hand, Brachial Plexus Surgery : Article Excerpt By: Saleh M Shenaq, Hand, Brachial Plexus Surgery Obstetric brachial plexus palsy is a well-recognizedand challenging clinical condition that complicates approximately 1% of http://www.emedicine.com/plastic/byname/hand-brachial-plexus-surgery.htm

(advertisement) Excerpt from Hand, Brachial Plexus Surgery Synonyms, Key Words, and Related Terms: obstetric brachial plexus palsy, Erb's palsy, Erb palsy, obstetric palsy, Klumpke's palsy, Klumpke palsy Please click here to view the full topic text: Hand, Brachial Plexus Surgery Obstetric brachial plexus palsy is a well-recognized and challenging clinical condition that complicates approximately 1% of births. The resulting deformity varies greatly in severity and recovery is difficult to predict. Since the advent of microsurgical techniques and a trend for secondary reconstruction, studies have been performed to assess the surgical treatment of these injuries. However, the sample size was often small because of the relative rarity of this condition. Over the last 2 decades, several referral centers have been established to treat this problem in a multidisciplinary planned manner to develop a standardized treatment approach. Most obstetric brachial plexus injuries involve the upper trunk and the cervical nerve roots C5 and C6 serve as the main source of innervation to the muscles of the acromioclavicular and glenohumeral shoulder joints. Consequently, shoulder function is commonly affected in these patients. Several authors advocate early primary exploration and microsurgical repair because of an improved long-term outcome. Although marked improvement is noted in the muscle strength with time, contractures often develop leading to a weakness or absence of shoulder abduction. Some patients have an internal rotation deformity leading to an inability to externally rotate the shoulder, frequently requiring secondary procedures.

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