101. Botulism This fact sheet on avian botulism, a paralytic disease caused by ingestion of Discussed is how avian botulism is transmitted, clinical and field signs, http://vetgate.ac.uk/browse/cabi/977e8e8ecc4d8a4c1881f0f21acc1a47.html

low graphics botulism broader: bacterial diseases other: Clostridium botulinum Botulism in cattle This fact sheet on botulism in cattle is published by the University of California Davis' Veterinary Medical Extension programme. This programme seeks to develop and disseminate information about animal and human health as related to animals or animal products. The document is part of a series of dairy cattle fact sheets and is authored by John Kirk and John Adaska. cattle diseases botulism bacterial diseases Poultry diseases : botulism Published on the Web by the Department of Primary Industries (DPI), Queensland Government, Australia, this document was authored in 1998 by Bob Barnes at the DPI Information Centre. The article focuses on botulism, and covers cause, susceptible species, symptoms, diagnosis, similar diseases, control and treatment. Revised in February 2003. poultry diseases botulism NWHC : avian botulism This fact sheet on avian botulism, a paralytic disease caused by ingestion of a toxin produced by the bacteria, Clostridium botulinum is produced and made available on the Web by the National Wildlife Health Center. Discussed is how avian botulism is transmitted, clinical and field signs, lesions, and wildlife and public health significance.

102. Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Fact Sheet - Food Safety Facts On Botulism Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) causes the foodborne illness called botulism. botulism is a food intoxication. In adults C. botulinum itself does not http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/corpaffr/foodfacts/botulisme.shtml

datestamp='2005-04-01' Quick Pick By Commodity / Key Topic Animal health Biotechnology Dairy Eggs Employment Opportunities Feeds Fertilizers Fish and Seafood Food Recalls Forestry Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Grains Honey Horticulture Meat Hygiene Pet Imports Plant Biosafety Plant Breeder's Rights Potatoes Processed Products Publications Retail Food/Labelling Seeds Variety Registration Veterinary Biologics Main Page - Publications Main Page - Food Facts Consumer Centre Newsroom ... Health Canada Food Program Publications Canadian Food Inspection Agency Factsheet FOOD SAFETY FACTS ON BOTULISM CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM What is foodborne illness? Foodborne illness occurs when a person consumes food contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, viruses or parasites. This condition is often referred to as "food poisoning". Many cases of foodborne illness go unreported because their symptoms often resemble those of the flu. The most common symptoms of foodborne illness may include stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fever. What are Clostridium botulinum and botulism?

103. Botulism In The United States: A Clinical And Epidemiologic Review -- Shapiro Et In this report, we provide a clinical overview of botulism and describe the US botulism In the United States, type A botulism is most common west of the http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/129/3/221

Search Annals: Advanced search Home Current Issue Past Issues ... ACP Online Article Table of Contents Abstract of this article Figures/Tables List Articles citing this article Services Send comment/rapid response letter Notify a friend about this article Alert me when this article is cited Add to Personal Archive ... ACP Search PubMed Articles in PubMed by Author: Shapiro, R. L. Swerdlow, D. L. Related Articles in PubMed PubMed Citation ... PubMed REVIEW Botulism in the United States A Clinical and Epidemiologic Review Roger L. Shapiro, MD Charles Hatheway, PhD ; and David L. Swerdlow, MD Botulism is caused by a neurotoxin produced from the anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botulism in humans is usually caused by toxin types A, B, and E. Since 1973, a median of 24 cases of foodborne botulism, 3 cases of wound botulism, and 71 cases of infant botulism have been reported annually to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). New vehicles for transmission have emerged in recent decades, and wound botulism associated with black tar heroin has increased dramatically since 1994. Recently, the potential terrorist use

104. IDSA | Botulism Clostridium botulinum (botulism) botulism Medical Summary botulism Resource List Clinical Pathway botulism (PDF) http://www.idsociety.org/Template.cfm?Section=Botulism1&Template=/TaggedPage/Tag

105. Botulism FAQs botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness. Here s what you should know. http://my.webmd.com/content/article/6/1680_53320.htm

WebMD Today Home WebMD News Center XML News via RSS Member Services WebMD University My WebMD Find a Physician Medical Info Check Symptoms Medical Library Health Tools Clinical Trials ... Women, Men, Lifestyle Who We Are About WebMD Site Map Botulism FAQs WebMD Public Information from the CDC Reviewed By Charlotte Grayson, MD What is botulism? What kind of germ is Clostridium botulinum? ... What are public health agencies doing to prevent or control botulism? What is botulism? Top Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum . There are three main kinds of botulism. Foodborne botulism is caused by eating foods that contain the botulism toxin. Wound botulism is caused by toxin produced from a wound infected with Clostridium botulinum . Infant botulism is caused by consuming the spores of the botulinum bacteria, which then grow in the intestines and release toxin. All forms of botulism can be fatal and are considered medical emergencies. Foodborne botulism can be especially dangerous because many people can be poisoned by eating a contaminated food. What kind of germ is Clostridium botulinum Top Clostridium botulinum is the name of a group of bacteria commonly found in soil. These rod-shaped organisms grow best in low oxygen conditions. The bacteria form spores which allow them to survive in a dormant state until exposed to conditions that can support their growth. There are seven types of botulism toxin designated by the letters A through G; only types A, B, E and F cause illness in humans.

106. Botulinum Toxin: A Poison That Can Heal botulismcausing Clostridium botulinum bacteria and their spores are everywhere. In infant botulism the toxin is produced when C. botulinum spores http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/095_bot.html

Botulinum Toxin: A Poison That Can Heal by Luba Vangelova Botulinum toxin can heal as well as harm. The bacterial toxin that can paralyze and kill if consumed in contaminated food is now safely used, in a purified form, as a medicine to control certain conditions marked by involuntary muscle contractions. The history and lethality of botulism would seem to make it an unlikely source for a curative substance. Although death rates from botulism poisoning are just a fraction of what they were 30 years ago, botulism continues to strike dozens of people every yearmost of them infants, according to statistics from the national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. "Botulism is still lurking, and if our guard is not up, it will create a problem," says Richard C. Swanson, director of the Food and Drug Administration's division of emergency and investigational operations and one of the agency's representatives to the Inter-agency Botulism Research Coordinating Committee. Botulism-causing Clostridium botulinum bacteria and their spores are everywhere. Prevalent in soil and marine sediments worldwide, their spores are often found on the surfaces of fruits and vegetables, and in seafood. The bacteria and spores themselves are harmless; the dangerous substance is the toxin produced by the bacteria when they grow. There are seven varieties of botulinum toxin, designated by the letters A through G.

107. HHMI News: Botulism Toxin Ensnares Its Target The first detailed structure of a botulism toxin attached to its target protein The image shows a complex of the botulism toxin (tan) and SNARE protein http://www.hhmi.org/news/brunger2.html

Human Brain Is Still Evolving One Shot: Researchers Capture Pictures of Fusion Events That Enable Sperm to Penetrate Egg's Coating Human Y Chromosome Preserves Itself Better Than the Chimp Y More December 12, 2004 Botulism Toxin Ensnares Its Target The researchers said their findings could lead to new knowledge that could speed the development of drugs to block botulism or tetanus toxins more rapidly in cases that have progressed beyond the stage at which antibiotics are effective. Botulism Toxin Ensnares Its Target The image shows a complex of the botulism toxin (tan) and SNARE protein (green) more Image: Courtesy of Axel T. Brunger Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Axel T. Brunger and graduate student Mark Breidenbach at Stanford University reported their findings December 12, 2004, in an advance online publication in the journal Nature Axel T. Brunger The neurotoxins from bacteria that cause the paralysis associated with both botulism and tetanus contain enzymes called proteases that cleave specific nerve cell proteins. The nerve cell proteins are called SNAREs, which are key components of the machinery that nerve cells use to fire bursts of neurotransmitter chemicals to trigger neighboring nerves or activate muscle cells. Without SNAREs, nerve function is blocked. Neurotoxin proteases that act by cleaving SNARE proteins are highly specific for their targets - meaning that each toxin specifically recognizes and attacks one of three different neuronal SNARE proteins. Since most of these toxin proteases have virtually the same structures at the regions that perform the cleavage, or active sites, a key question has been how they recognize their particular targets, Brunger said.

108. Infant Botulism Fact Sheet The major responsibilities of the Communicable Disease Control Program are to identify disease outbreaks, respond rapidly to suspect and confirmed diseases http://health.utah.gov/els/epidemiology/epifacts/infantbo.html

DELS Home Page Communicable Disease Control Epidemiology Communicable Disease ... Utah Public Health Lab Botulism, Infant (*PDF version) for printing. What is infant botulism? Infant botulism is a disease caused by a toxin produced when the intestines of very young children become infected by the bacteria, Clostridium botulinum Who gets infant botulism? Children who get infant botulism are generally younger than six months old. The spores of Clostridium botulinum are common in soil, and can also be found in a variety of foods and in dust. Infant botulism has been associated with feeding contaminated honey (and rarely corn syrup) to infants, but not in children older than one year of age or in adults. How is infant botulism spread?

109. Terrorism: Q & A | Other Biological Agents: Botulism, Plague, Tularemia, HFVs What is botulism? A potentially fatal but noncontagious disease marked by botulism is caused by exposure to botulinum nerve toxin, the single most toxic http://cfrterrorism.org/weapons/otheragents.html

Table of Contents Home Afghanistan The Country ... Al-Qaeda (Afghanistan, Islamists) Osama bin Laden (al-Qaeda leader) Hamas, Islamic Jihad (Palestinian Islamists) Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades (Palestinian nationalists) PFLP, DFLP, PFLP-GC (Palestinian leftists) Hezbollah (Lebanon, Islamists) Jamaat al-Islamiyya, Egyptian Islamic Jihad (Egypt, Islamists) Armed Islamic Group (Algeria, Islamists) Kashmir Militant Extremists (Kashmir, Islamists) Mujahedeen-e-Khalq (Iranian rebels) Abu Nidal Organization (Iraq, extremists) Kach, Kahane Chai (Israel, extremists) Chechnya-based Terrorists (Russia, separatists) East Turkestan Islamic Movement (China, separatists) Kurdistan Workers’ Party (Turkey, separatists) Jemaah Islamiyah (Southeast Asia, Islamists) Abu Sayyaf Group (Philippines, Islamist separatists) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Sri Lanka, separatists) Irish Republican Army (U.K., separatists) IRA Splinter Groups (U.K., separatists) Northern Ireland Loyalist Paramilitaries (U.K., extremists) Basque Fatherland and Liberty (Spain, separatists) November 17, Revolutionary People’s Struggle

110. Texas Department Of State Health Services, IDEAS > Botulism Clinicians should use the “Foodborne botulism Alert Summary” form to report A normal CSF and a negative Tensilon test suggest botulism rather than GBS http://www.tdh.state.tx.us/ideas/botulism/factsheet/

Click Here for Requested Information and Page Content Diseases: A-C Amebiasis Anthrax Arboviral Encephalitides ... Sitemap/Alphabetical Listing of Diseases and Topics Your Location: IDEAS Home Botulism Botulism (Intestinal Botulism, Foodborne Botulism) ICD-9 005.1, ICD-10 A05.1 Fact Sheet Reporting Other Sites Agent : the vegetative cells of the bacillus Clostridium botulinum may produce any of seven neurotoxins (Types A-G). Bacillus spores themselves are not harmful. Botulinum toxins may be aerosolized or used to sabotage food supplies. The dose required for severe disease is very small. Report Requirements for Disease Foodborne Botulism Alert Summary Infection Control Standard Precautions should be practiced, but isolation is not required. The toxin is not dermally active and secondary aerosols from patients are not a hazard. Boiling for 5-10 minutes destroys the toxin. Surfaces may be decontaminated with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution (1 part household bleach added to 9 parts water) and/or soap and water. Incubation Period : 1-5 days, usually 36 hours.

111. IS734 Botulism A toxin produced in food by the microorganism Clostridium botulinum causes botulism. It is found in soil all over the world. The organism has the ability http://msucares.com/pubs/infosheets/is734.htm

Botulism A toxin produced in food by the micro-organism Clostridium botulinum causes botulism. It is found in soil all over the world. The organism has the ability to form a spore very resistant to heat and chemicals. Its toxin is the most deadly we know. Cases are rare, but each year several outbreaks of individual cases occur. Foods Commonly Involved Home-canned or commercially canned or processed low-acid vegetables, meats, fish, and poultry that have been insufficiently heated during processing or canning are the foods commonly involved. They include peas, corn, lima beans, green beans, mushrooms, sauces, and soups. Conditions Needed For Botulism Outbreak Several conditions are necessary: The botulinum organism must be in the food. The food is canned or processed in some way. Inadequate processing or heating lets spores live and toxins form. Conditions after processing let spores grow and toxins form. The food is not heated enough before eating to kill the toxin.

112. JAMA -- Abstract: Botulinum Toxin As A Biological Weapon: Medical And Public Hea Author Affiliations Infant botulism Treatment and Prevention Program (Drs Arnon and Med Decis Making 2004;24192206. ABSTRACT. Management of botulism http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/285/8/1059

Select Journal or Resource JAMA Archives of Dermatology Facial Plastic Surgery Family Medicine (1992-2000) General Psychiatry Internal Medicine Neurology Ophthalmology Surgery Student JAMA (1998-2004) JAMA CareerNet For The Media Meetings Peer Review Congress Vol. 285 No. 8, February 28, 2001 Featured Link E-mail Alerts Consensus Statement Article Options Full text PDF Correction Send to a Friend ... Similar articles in this journal Literature Track Add to File Drawer Download to Citation Manager PubMed citation Articles in PubMed by Arnon SS for the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense Articles that cite this article ISI Web of Science (130) ... Contact me when this article is cited Topic Collections Emergency Medicine Bioterrorism Topic Collection Alerts Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon Medical and Public Health Management Stephen S. Arnon, MD Robert Schechter, MD Thomas V. Inglesby, MD Donald A. Henderson, MD, MPH John G. Bartlett, MD Michael S. Ascher, MD Edward Eitzen, MD, MPH Anne D. Fine, MD Jerome Hauer, MPH Marcelle Layton, MD

113. Safety And Health Topics: Botulism - OSHA Standards Wound botulism is caused by toxin produced from a wound infected with Clostridium botulism. MedlinePlus. Provides links to botulism topics including http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/botulism/recognition.html

U.S. Department of Labor www.osha.gov MyOSHA [skip navigational links] Search Advanced Search A-Z Index Botulism Hazard Recognition Botulinum toxin is the single most poisonous known substance. There are three main kinds of botulism. Foodborne botulism is caused by eating foods that contain the botulism toxin and is especially dangerous because many people can be poisoned by eating a contaminated food. Wound botulism is caused by toxin produced from a wound infected with Clostridium botulinum . Infant botulism is caused by consuming the spores of the botulinum bacteria, which then grow in the intestines and release toxins. All forms of botulism can be fatal and are considered medical emergencies. The following references aid in recognizing disease characteristics and hazards associated with botulinum toxin. Botulism . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Provides links to fact sheets and overviews and information on infection control, laboratory testing, and surveillance and investigation. Botulism . MedlinePlus. Provides links to botulism topics including clinical trials, diagnosis, symptoms, prevention, and infant botulism.

114. Botulinum Toxin (Botulism) If botulism toxin poisoning is suspected, notify your state public health laboratory IMMEDIATELY for evaluation and referral; botulism is a medical http://www.uhl.uiowa.edu/services/ter/biological/agents/botulinum.html

Testing and Services News Room Contact Us About UHL ... Site Map Search Quick Links Well Water Today's Air Quality Disease / Infection / Illness Info Environmental Info Kits / Quotes / Forms Results Interpretation Laboratory Certification Terrorism and Emergency Response Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) Botulinum Toxin (Botulism) Brucella species (Brucellosis) Franciscella tularensis (Tularemia) ... Agents of Terrorism Botulinum Toxin (Botulism) Safety Botulinum toxin is very poisonous. Manipulation of specimen material possibly containing toxin should be avoided, but if necessary use Biosafety Level 3 practices. If botulism toxin poisoning is suspected, notify your state public health laboratory IMMEDIATELY for evaluation and referral Botulism is a medical emergency even when criminal activity is not suspected. Diagnosis is made by clinical findings, confirmed by toxin detection. Toxin detection is available at selected public health laboratories Responsibility of the Level A Laboratory is limited to advising medical staff on specimen selection, packing, shipping, and notification of recipient laboratory about specimens from suspected case

115. Ask Extension Database, NDSU Extension Service For botulism to occur, there must be several conditions. To prevent botulism, discard all canned food that shows any signs of spoilage. http://www.ext.nodak.edu/extnews/askext/canning/4574.htm

Ask Extension for answers to commonly asked questions. Botulism Date: May 1989 (Reviewed June 1996) Source: University of Wisconsin Botulism is a deadly form of food poisoning. It is caused by a toxin produced in food by a micro-organism which lives in soil all over the world. The organism has the ability to form a spore, or case, around itself that is resistant to heat and chemicals. For botulism to occur, there must be several conditions. First of all, the spores must be present in a low-acid food. Then a person must can or process the foods in some way that removes air, but does not use enough heat to destroy the spores. In low-acid foods, and in the absence of oxygen, the spores grow and produce a toxin that is one of the most potent known. When there is enough acid present, as in most pickles or fruits, the spores cannot grow. Foods commonly involved in botulism outbreaks are home canned low-acid vegetables, sauces and soups, meats, fish or poultry that have been insufficiently heated during canning. Examples of low-acid vegetables include peas, peppers, corn, lima beans, green beans and mushrooms. Mixtures of acid and low acid foods, such as salsa, are often low acid. Botulism symptoms include difficulty in swallowing, speech and respiration and double vision. Death results from paralysis of respiratory muscles, unless the correct antitoxin is administered immediately.

116. DHS DCDC Infant Botulism Program DCDC Home Page Infant botulism Treatment Prevention Program, Health Warnings! The mission of the Infant botulism Treatment and Prevention Program http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/dcdc/InfantBot/ibtindex.htm

Prevention Services Home Page DCDC Home Page Programs Publications ... Feedback The mission of the Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program (IBTPP) is contained in its name: to provide and improve the treatment of infant botulism, and to prevent infant botulism and related diseases. The Program became permanently effective in May 1997 when its multi-year clinical trial of the Orphan Drug human Botulism Immune Globulin (BIG) demonstrated its apparent safety and efficacy as the first specific treatment for infant botulism. BIG was officially licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on October 23, 2003 for the treatment of infant botulism types A and B under the proprietary name of BabyBIG®. The IBTPP is a high-visibility Departmental activity of national scope and impact, as BabyBIG® represents the "standard-of-care" for all patients hospitalized with infant botulism. The high national profile of the program is also a consequence of its interactions with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Massachusetts Public Health Biologic Laboratories, all California local Health Departments and approximately 200 major university, children's, and community hospitals statewide and nationwide. Infant Botulism Chapter for inclusion in the Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Disease, fourth edition

117. Botulism - Center For The Study Of Bioterrorism - Saint Louis University,School Center for the Study of Bioterrorism and Emerging Infections conducts research and provides public health and healthcare education and reference materials http://www.bioterrorism.slu.edu/botulism.htm

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118. Pennsylvania Sea Grant - Clean Boating Tips Fact Sheets. Clean Boating Tips. Background Clean Boating includes all aspects of boat maintenance, operation, and housekeeping. http://www.pserie.psu.edu/seagrant/communication/fact/fs3.html

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