1. DBMD - Botulism - General Information Information about this disorder, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, complications and prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/botulism_g.htm

Botulism For comprehensive CDC information about bioterrorism and related issues, please visit http://www.bt.cdc.gov Frequently Asked Questions What is botulism? What kind of germ is Clostridium botulinum How common is botulism? ... What are public health agencies doing to prevent or control botulism? What is botulism? Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum . There are three main kinds of botulism. Foodborne botulism is caused by eating foods that contain the botulism toxin. Wound botulism is caused by toxin produced from a wound infected with Clostridium botulinum . Infant botulism is caused by consuming the spores of the botulinum bacteria, which then grow in the intestines and release toxin. All forms of botulism can be fatal and are considered medical emergencies. Foodborne botulism can be especially dangerous because many people can be poisoned by eating a contaminated food. What kind of germ is Clostridium botulinum Clostridium botulinum is the name of a group of bacteria commonly found in soil. These rod-shaped organisms grow best in low oxygen conditions. The bacteria form spores which allow them to survive in a dormant state until exposed to conditions that can support their growth. There are seven types of botulism toxin designated by the letters A through G; only types A, B, E and F cause illness in humans.

2. Health Canada - Emergency Preparedness - Botuliism Is there a vaccine to prevent infection from the botulism toxin? botulism is a rare disease caused by a toxin produced by the sporeforming bacterium http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/epr/botulism.html

3. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Botulism Includes information on the causative agent, Clostridium botulinum, risk factors, symptoms, tests, treatment, and prevention. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000598.htm

@import url(/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Botulism Contents of this page: Illustrations Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors Symptoms ... Prevention Illustrations Bacteria Definition Return to top Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum . The bacterium may enter the body through wounds, or they may live in improperly canned or preserved food. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Clostridium is found in soil and untreated water throughout the world. It produces spores that survive in improperly preserved or canned food, where they produce toxin. When eaten, even minute amounts of this toxin can lead to severe poisoning. The foods most commonly contaminated are home-canned vegetables, cured pork and ham, smoked or raw fish, and honey or corn syrup. Botulism may also occur if the organism enters open wounds and produces toxin there. Infant botulism is a special type in which living bacteria or its spores are ingested and grow within the infant's gastrointestinal tract. The most common cause of infant botulism is ingestion of honey or corn syrup. Clostridium also occurs normally in the stool of some infants.

4. EMedicine - Botulism : Article By Kirk M Chan-Tack, MD botulism botulism is an acute neurologic disorder with potentially life-threatening neuroparalysis that is caused by a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic238.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Infectious Diseases Botulism Last Updated: March 10, 2004 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: human botulism, Clostridium botulinum, C botulinum , CB toxin, botulinum toxin, neuroparalysis, neurotoxin, food-borne botulism, FBB, wound botulism, WB AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Kirk M Chan-Tack, MD , Fellow, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Maryland School of Medicine Coauthor(s): John Bartlett, MD , Chief of Division of Infectious Diseases, Chief of HIV Care Service, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Kirk M Chan-Tack, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians American Medical Association Christian Medical and Dental Society Physicians for Social Responsibility , and Southern Medical Association Editor(s): David H Shepp, MD

5. WHO: Botulism Human botulism is a serious but relatively rare disease. The disease is an intoxication caused Person to person transmission of botulism does not occur. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/who270/en/

English Search Home Countries Health topics ... Multimedia Media centre Location: WHO WHO sites Media centre Fact sheets ... printable version Botulism Fact Sheet No 270 Revised August 2002 Overview: Human botulism is a serious but relatively rare disease. The disease is an intoxication caused by extremely potent toxins preformed in foods. The toxins are produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Person to person transmission of botulism does not occur. There are seven recognized types of botulism. Four of these (types A, B, E and rarely F) cause human botulism. Types C, D and E cause illness in mammals, birds and fish. The sporulated form of the bacterium is commonly found in soils, aquatic sediments and fish. The spores are heat-resistant. Under anaerobic conditions, botulinum spores can germinate, and the bacterium grow and produce the toxin. Ingestion of the toxin present in improperly prepared food is dangerous and may be fatal. Botulism is mainly a foodborne intoxication but it can also be transmitted through wound infections or intestinal infection in infants. Symptoms: The symptoms are not caused by the organism itself, but by the toxin that the bacterium releases. They usually appear within 12 to 36 hours (within a minimum and maximum range of four hours to eight days) after exposure. Incidence of botulism is low, but the mortality rate is high if treatment is not immediate and proper. The disease can be fatal in 5 to 10% of cases.

6. BOTULISMUL Include definiţia bolii, etiologia ei,, manifestări, diagnostic şi tratamentul disponibil. http://www.ispt.ro/infectioase/botulismul.htm

BOTULISM UL 1. DEFINIÞIE Botulismul este o boalã paraliticã ameninþãtoare pentru viaþã produsã de neurotoxina elaboratã de Clostridium botulinum; se poate produce prin intoxicaþie cu alimente cu toxinã botulinicã preformatã, ca botulism al plãgilor, toxina fiind produsã de C.b. ce contamineazã plãgi traumatice sau ca botulism al copiilor, C.b. existând la nivelul tractului gastro-intestinal. 2. ETIOLOGIE Clostridium botulinum, anaerob Gram pozitiv; Sunt 6 tipuri de la A la F; cel mai frecvent produc boala la om tipurile A, B ºi E; Secretã o exotoxinã foarte puternicã care este distrusã prin fierbere în 10 minute sau prin autoclavare în 3 minute; Sporii sunt foarte rezistenþi, fiind distruºi prin fierbere în 5-6 ore ºi prin autoclavare în 30 minute. 3. MANIFESTRILE PROCESULUI EPIDEMIOLOGIC Boala are o evolu ie sporadicã, sau în focare familiale sau de colectivitate. Incidenþa la 100.000 locuitori, în anul 1998 a fost de 0,18 în România ºi 0,28 în zona de vest a þãrii. 4. DIAGNOSTIC POZITIV 4.1. DIAGNOSTIC CLINIC

7. The Merck Manual Botulism Includes types of the disease, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section3/chapter28/28d.jsp

8. Botulism - NIAID Factsheet botulism is a disease caused by the toxins (poisons) produced by several members of the group of bacteria called Clostridium botulinum. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/botulism.htm

August 2003 Botulism OVERVIEW Botulism is a disease caused by the toxins (poisons) produced by several members of the group of bacteria called Clostridium botulinum . These bacteria are found in soil throughout the world and produce spores that are able to survive in a dormant state until more favorable conditions allow them to grow. The seven distinct toxins they produce are some of the most deadly substances known. The toxins are designated by the letters A through G, and types A, B, E, and F toxins have produced human disease. Botulinum toxins affect people of all ages by preventing certain nerves from functioning, resulting in muscle paralysis. Because of this action these toxins are designated "neurotoxins." Botulism in humans is most often the result of eating food containing the toxin. Botulinum neurotoxins are also a serious bioterrorism concern because the toxins are relatively easy to make and deliver and are highly lethal. Unlike infectious diseases, however, botulism cannot be transmitted from one person to another. TRANSMISSION Foodborne botulism is caused by eating foods contaminated with botulinum spores that grow into bacteria and produce neurotoxin in the food. A common cause of this illness is improperly preserved home-processed foods with low acid content, such as green beans, beets, and corn. Less likely sources include fish products and other commercially processed foods. The actual number of cases in the United States is small with approximately 9 outbreaks of foodborne botulism per year with and average of 2.4 cases per outbreak.

9. Botulism: What You Don't See Can Hurt You, HYG-5567-98 Ohio State University Extension fact sheet providing basic information on the subject. http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5567.html

Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet Family and Consumer Sciences 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1295 Botulism What you don't see can hurt you HYG-5567-98 Barbara Rohrs What is Botulism? Botulism is the name of the food poisoning we get consuming the toxin of Clostridium botulinium . Botulism was formerly known as "Kerner's Disease." It was named after the man who signed the death certificate of people who ate contaminated sausage and died in an outbreak in Germany. In fact, botulism comes from the Latin word, botulus, which means sausage. Botulism is a rare but serious foodborne disease. It can be fatal. There are two different types of botulism poisoning that we need to be concerned with - adult and infant botulism. The symptoms of botulism include difficulty in swallowing, speech and breathing, and double vision. The onset of botulism is usually 18 to 36 hours after eating the contaminated food, although it can be as soon as four hours and as long as eight days. Where does botulism come from? C. botulinum

10. Infant Botulism - DrGreene.com Read an article that explains a disease of the intestines in infants that is sometimes caused by the ingestion of honey. http://www.drgreene.com/21_1037.html

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11. DBMD - Botulism - General Information botulism For comprehensive CDC information about bioterrorism and related How is botulism diagnosed? How can botulism be treated? http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

12. CDC - Health Topic: Botulism AZ topic on botulism. botulism. Health Topic botulism. botulism Public Health Response and Preparedness, CDC; botulism Division of Bacterial and http://www.cdc.gov/node.do/id/0900f3ec80006b45

Home About CDC Press Room A-Z Index ... Contact Us Search: Botulism Health Topic: Botulism Botulism Public Health Response and Preparedness, CDC Botulism Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, NCID, CDC Botulism in Argentina (epidemiologic case study) Content source: OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR (OD) Email this page Printer-friendly version Topic Home ... Contact Us Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, U.S.A Tel: (404) 639-3311 / Public Inquiries: (404) 639-3534 / (800) 311-3435 Department of Health and Human Services

13. EMedicine - Botulism : Article By Joseph Kim, MD An in depth look at botulism which is a paralytic disease caused by the neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum and, in rare cases, Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii. http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic64.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Warfare - Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear And Explosives CBRNE - Botulism Last Updated: January 8, 2003 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Joseph Kim, MD , Clinical Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California at Irvine; Western Medical Center Editor(s): Edward Bessman, MD , Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, John Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University; Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD , Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine; Barry J Sheridan, DO , Chief, Department of Emergency Medical Services, Brooke Army Medical Center; John Halamka, MD

14. DBMD - Botulism - Technical Information Risk Groups All persons. Injection drug users are at increased risk for wound botulism. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

15. MedlinePlus: Botulism botulism. From the National Institutes of Health; botulism (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases); Foodborne Diseases (National http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/botulism.html

@import url(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Other health topics: A B C D ... List of All Topics Botulism Contents of this page: From the NIH Overviews Prevention/Screening Research ... Children Search MEDLINE/PubMed for recent research articles on Botulism You may also be interested in these MedlinePlus related pages: Biodefense and Bioterrorism Botox Food Contamination and Poisoning Food Safety ... Infections From the National Institutes of Health Botulism (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) Foodborne Diseases (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) Overviews Botulism (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Botulism: Frequently Asked Questions (National Center for Infectious Diseases) Also available in: Spanish Prevention/Screening Frozen, Fully-Cooked Products and BotulismFood Safety Advisory (Dept. of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service) Related Issues Botulinum Toxin (Center for Biosecurity) Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: Botulism (National Institutes of Health) Research Botulinum Toxin Study May Lead to Inhaled Vaccine (National Institute of General Medical Sciences) Organizations Food and Drug Administration National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases

16. Antrax, Botulism Och Smittkoppor Artikel om symptom, smittv¤ger och behandling. http://www.internetmedicin.se/dyn_main.asp?page=996&sub=126&item=7&m

17. Communicable Disease Fact Sheet Communicable Disease Fact Sheet, botulism http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

18. CDC Botulism Emergency Preparedness Response . botulism Disease Information From the Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, NCID, CDC http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

19. CDC Botulism | Emergency Preparedness & Response Information on terrorism and public health. Provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/botulism/index.asp

@import url(/css/newbrowsers.css); @import url(/css/newbrowsers-lmr.css); Welcome to the CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response site. Skip directly to the search box site navigation , or content Note: If you can read this text, you are probably using a browser that is not compliant with current Internet standards. You may want to upgrade your browser CDC Home About CDC Press Room ... Contact Us Search: Home Bioterrorism Agents Chemical Emergencies Mass Casualties ... Bioterrorism Agents Botulism On this page: General Info Treatment/Infection Control Specimen Collection/Laboratory Testing Surveillance and Investigation ... Video: "The History of Bioterrorism: Botulism" Describes the threat of botulism as a weapon of bioterrorism Dec 23, 2003 Facts About Botulism Botulism: Disease Information From the Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, NCID, CDC Botulism in the United States 1899-1996: Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians and Laboratory Workers PDF (505 MB/43 pages) Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management JAMA 2001;285(8):1059-1070. Sentinel Laboratory Guidelines for Suspected Agents of Bioterrorism: Botulinum Toxin PDF (150 KB/4 pages) ail lrn@cdc.gov

20. CDC Emergency Preparedness Response Site With guide to agents, diseases, and other threats, lab information, emergency preparedness for business, preparation and planning, and surveillance. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

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