81. Health Matters - Library A-Z In Parkinson s disease, the basal ganglia areas become damaged and depleted ofdopamine. The disruption causes abnormalities of movement, which may involve http://www.abc.net.au/health/library/ff_parkinsons.htm

ABC Home Radio Television News ... More info Parkinson's fact file Parkinson's disease is a degenerative neurological condition. The main symptoms are abnormalities of movement, such as tremor and muscular rigidity. by Peter Lavelle Background Parkinson's disease was named after Scottish physician James Parkinson, who published a description of the condition, An Essay on the Shaking Palsy , in 1817. This joined an already substantial collection of his works, including Observations on the excessive indulgence of children (1807) and Observations on the act for regulating mad-houses Today he's best known for the former. Parkinson's disease is a degenerative neurological condition. Over the last decade, it's been given an especially high profile by celebrities who've been affected by it, like Michael J. Fox, Katherine Hepburn, Muhammad Ali, and Pope John Paul. More than 30,000 people in Australia have Parkinson's disease, which makes it the second most common degenerative neurological condition after Alzheimer's disease. It affects men and women equally and it's more common in people over 50, though it can occur in younger people: about one in 10 of those diagnosed are under 40. top Symptoms Deep inside the brain are specialised areas responsible for coordinating body movements, called the basal ganglia. They connect with other areas of the brain via a neurotransmitter (messenger chemical) called dopamine, helping to make the body's muscular movements smooth and regular.

82. HealthyNJ--Information For Healthy Living--Parkinson's Disease In Parkinson s disease, nerve cells in part of the basal ganglia (called thesubstantia nigra) degenerate, reducing the production of dopamine and the http://www.healthynj.org/dis-con/parkinsons/main.htm

Additional Information General Description New Jersey Resources Recommended Web Sites Patient Education ... PubMED Search Parkinson's disease is a slowly progressive degenerative disorder of the nervous system characterized by tremor when muscles are at rest (resting tremor), slowness of voluntary movements, and increased muscle tone (rigidity). Parkinson's disease affects about 1 of 250 people older than 40 and about 1 of 100 people older than 65. It commonly begins between the ages of 50 and 79. It is twice as common among whites as among blacks. The cause of nerve cell degeneration in Parkinson's disease is unknown. Genetics does not appear to play a large role, although the disease tends to occur in some families. Parkinsonism Corticobasal ganglionic degeneration is a rare cause of parkinsonism. It results from degeneration of brain tissue in the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. Corticobasal ganglionic degeneration is distinguished from other forms of parkinsonism by abnormalities in the cortex causing, for example, the inability to express or understand spoken or written language (aphasia), the inability to perform simple skilled tasks (apraxia), and the inability to associate objects with their usual role or function (agnosia). Symptoms begin after age 60, causing immobility after about 5 years and death after about 10 years.

83. Institute Of Neurology. Division Of Neurochemistry The aim of the project is to investigate cannabinoid control of disease These antibodies appear to crossreact with both basal ganglia antigens and http://www.ion.ucl.ac.uk/neurochemistry/ms.htm

Miriam Marks Division of Neurochemistry Head of Division: Professor J B Clark , BSc, PhD, DSc Neuroinflammation Professor David Baker The Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Laboratory is a centre for research into the neuroimmunological aspects of demyelinating diseases. MS is characterised by extensive myelin loss, the result of diverse inflammatory events. Our interests at present and for the future are directed to myelin repair, as well as to understanding the molecular mechanisms of demyelination, in order that the myelinolytic process can be interrupted pharmacologically. A new tissue bank, NeuroResource, has been established in our laboratory with a remit to make available to researchers brain tissue from a wide cohort of neurological disease. Link to: Dr J N ewcombe RESEARCH PROJECTS: DAVID BAKER (d.baker@ion.ucl.ac.uk) CANNABINOID CONTROL OF EXPERIMENTAL MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS KEYWORDS: Neurological condition(s) this research relates to: MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS in vitro and in vivo in experimental models of multiple sclerosis. DAVID BAKER GAVIN GIOVANNONI BASAL GANGLIA AUTOIMMUNITY Neurological condition(s) this research relates to: Sydenham's chorea. Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infection

84. Syllabus Chapter 12 Understand the relationship of the basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex. Study theconnections through which the basal ganglia affect motor function. http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/hyperbrain/syllabus/syllabus12.html

12. The Basal Ganglia Revised 2004 by Suzanne Stensaas, Ph.D. and Stephen C. Voron, M.D. The objectives of this chapter are to: Understand the relationship of the basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex. Study the connections through which the basal ganglia affect motor function. I. Basal Ganglia Anatomy A group of brain nuclei are known collectively as the basal ganglia ( fig 12a The basal ganglia that are studied in this chapter are the caudate nucleus ( ), the putamen ( ), and the globus pallidus ( Discussion of these basal ganglia includes reference to the subthalamic nucleus (nucleus of Luys) ( ) and the substantia nigra. ( The motor components of these structures are included in the extrapyramidal motor system , as this term is sometimes till used clinically. A group of neurologic diseases called extrapyramidal diseases, includes Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease . Most, but not all, movement disorders are due to dysfunction of the basal ganglia. One of their characteristic features is the presence of involuntary movements, for example, tremor and writhing movements. These abnormal movements are referred to as dyskinesias. Although there are attempts to develop a coherent explanation of the structure and function of the basal ganglia and their connections, these nuclear masses are still treated largely in an anecdotal fashion. Current ideas about the basal ganglia are based largely on neuropathologic case studies.

85. Young_research 1) The various nuclei in the basal ganglia have numerous anatomic With therecent discovery of the Huntington s disease and dystonia DYT1 genes, http://neuro-oas.mgh.harvard.edu/alzheimers/faculty_and_staff/Researchers/young_

Anne B. Young, MD Research Profile Our laboratory has focused on two primary areas of research: 1) The functional anatomy of the mammalian basal ganglia; and 2) The role of excitatory amino acids in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. 1) The various nuclei in the basal ganglia have numerous anatomic interconnections that are a challenge to understand on a functional level. Through the combined study of the pharmacology/biochemistry and anatomy of the various pathways, a great deal has been learned over the last twenty years about how pathology in select basal ganglia circuits can lead to disorders as varied as Parkinson's disease, dystonia and Huntington's disease. We are determining the functional relationships between the various basal ganglia nuclei through a combination of lesioning, immunocytochemical, histological, receptor site and transport site autoradiographic techniques and by single and double label in situ hybridization methods of examining gene localization. Using these techniques, we have defined the cell specific expression of glutamate and GABA receptors. Studies on rodent and human basal ganglia are a focus of the lab. With the recent discovery of the Huntington's disease and dystonia DYT1 genes, we have been studying the expression of the genes in rodent and human tissue. In addition, we have demonstrated receptor specific changes in animals transgenic for exon 1 of the HD gene. We are now setting up single cell antisense RNA techniques to examine cell specific receptor and neurotransmitter changes in various animal models of neurodegenerative disease and human neurodegenerative disorders.

86. Arch Neurol -- Abstract: Increased Basal Ganglia Iron Levels In Huntington Disea Increased basal ganglia Iron Levels in Huntington Disease Three basal gangliastructures (caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus) and 1 comparison region http://archneur.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/5/569

Select Journal or Resource JAMA Archives of Dermatology Facial Plastic Surgery Family Medicine (1992-2000) General Psychiatry Internal Medicine Neurology Ophthalmology Surgery Student JAMA (1998-2004) JAMA CareerNet For The Media Meetings Peer Review Congress Vol. 56 No. 5, May 1999 Featured Link E-mail Alerts Original Contribution Article Options Full text PDF Send to a Friend Readers Reply Submit a reply Related articles in this issue Similar articles in this journal Literature Track Add to File Drawer Download to Citation Manager PubMed citation Articles in PubMed by Bartzokis G Mintz J Articles that cite this article ISI Web of Science (28) ... Contact me when this article is cited Topic Collections Genetic Disorders Movement Disorders Topic Collection Alerts Increased Basal Ganglia Iron Levels in Huntington Disease George Bartzokis, MD Jeffrey Cummings, MD Susan Perlman, MD Darwood B. Hance, MD Jim Mintz, PhD Arch Neurol. To quantify in vivo brain ferritin iron levels in patients with Huntington disease (HD) and normal control subjects.

87. CRULRG.ParentA.htm goal of our research program is to better understand the anatomical andfunctional organization of the primate basal ganglia in both health and disease. http://www.crulrg.ulaval.ca/v3/en/data/CRULRG.ParentA.htm

Division of Systems Neurobiology Canada Tel: (418) 663-5747 FAX : (418) 663-8756 andre.parent@anm.ulaval.ca Research interests Recent publications Research interests The long-term goal of our research program is to better understand the anatomical and functional organization of the primate basal ganglia in both health and disease. Our research projects fall into three main categories: neuromorphology, chemical anatomy and postnatal neurogenesis. Neuromorphology Chemical anatomy Postnatal neurogenesis Recent publications In press Prensa, l. et Parent, A. (sous presse) The nigrostriatal pathway in the rat: A single-axon study of the relation between dorsal and ventral tiers nigral neurons and the striosome/matrix striatal compartments. J. Neurosci. Bernier, JP., Vinet, J., Cossette, M. et Parent, A. (2000) Characterization of the subventricular zone in the adult human brain: Evidence for the involvement of BCL-2. Neurosciences Res, 37:67-68 Cicchetti, F, Prensa, l., Wu, Y. et parent, a. (2000) Chemical anatomy of striatal interneurons in normal individuals and in patients with Huntington's disease. Brain Res. Rev. 34:80-101.

88. Basal Ganglia And Thalamus (from Nervous System Disease) --  Encyclopædia Brit basal ganglia and thalamus (from nervous system disease) Thalamic lesions leadto loss of all sensation on the opposite side of the body, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-75711

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction The neurological examination Medical history Altered consciousness Headache Cognitive changes ... Localization of neurological disease Lower-level sites Muscle Motor end plate Peripheral nerves Spinal nerve roots ... Spinal cord Higher-level sites Brainstem Cerebellum changeTocNode('toc75708','img75708'); Basal ganglia and thalamus Cerebral hemispheres Pathologies Genetic disease ... Autoimmune disorders Diseases and disorders The skull and spine Neural tube defects Cephalic disorders Fractures Tumours ... Vertebral disorders The meninges and cerebrospinal fluid Raised or decreased intracranial pressure Blood clots Meningitis Tumours The peripheral system Neuropathies Neuronal neuropathies Poliomyelitis Hereditary motor neuropathies Motor neuron disease ... Disease of the neuromuscular junction Diseases of muscle Genetic dystrophies Other inherited muscle diseases Acquired diseases of muscle The spinal cord Spinocerebellar degenerations Inflammation Trauma Tumours ... Myoclonus Cranial nerves Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves

89. Basal Ganglia (from Nervous System, Human) --  Encyclopædia Britannica basal ganglia (from nervous system, human) Most of what is known about the dopamine at synapses in the basal ganglia. Patients with this disease http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-75603

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction Anatomy of the human nervous system Development Neuronal development Morphologic development The central nervous system ... Stretch reflexes The basic organization of movement Reciprocal innervation Posture Lower-level mechanisms of movement Higher-level mechanisms of movement ... Cerebellum changeTocNode('toc75592','img75592'); Basal ganglia The vestibular system Receptors Saccule and utricle ... Vasopressin and cardiovascular regulation Pain Theories of pain Lower-level pain pathways Tissues Normal conditions Pathological conditions Peripheral nerves Spinal cord Higher-level pain pathways Brain Central pain Referred pain Changes in the cerebral cortex ... Hearing Emotion and behaviour Pathways in the brain Hypothalamic functions Emotion The defense reaction: fighting and fleeing Mating Urination and defecation ... Executive functions of the frontal lobes Additional Reading Anatomy of the human nervous system Functions of the human nervous system Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled.

90. The Basal Ganglia VIII-Springer Neurosciences Book Dynamic Models of basal ganglia Function and Parkinson’s Disease. Neurogenesis inthe basal ganglia in Huntington s Disease in the Human Brain and in an http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,5-124-22-72377932-detail

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91. Moving.html The basal ganglia are also the main circuitry through which flow the nerve signalscontrolling movement. Those signals are carried from nerve cell to nerve http://www.usc.edu/hsc/info/pr/hmm/96fall/moving.html

MOVING FORWARD The brain's ability to sort through a chaotic system of messages in order to keep muscles and limbs repsponding appropriately is an intricate riddle for researchers. by Richard Cox These days Martin Beck can look straight at the camera when someone snaps his picture. It wasn't always so, but not because Beck was camera-shy. For much of his life, the 58-year-old stage and screen actor has suffered from cervical dystonia, a type of movement disorder that wrenches the neck muscles into something akin to a chronic disfiguring cramp. "In order to look at the camera, I would have to twist my body to one side," recalls Beck, who was able to compensate for his condition until it began to worsen in the last decade. Since 1993, however, Beck has been undergoing a novel treatment at the University of Southern California School of Medicine that enables him to keep his head upright for weeks at a stretch. Although he is not cured, he gains enough temporary relief from his symptoms so that even previously difficult tasks such as driving a car are once again within his grasp. Beck's case is representative of the many small, but significant, victories that physicians are scoring against movement disorders-victories made possible by an increased understanding of how the brain and muscles work together to put our bodies in motion.

92. Healthopedia.com - Basal Ganglia Disorders (Disorders Affecting The Basal Gangli Alternate Names Disorders Affecting the basal ganglia Huntington diseaseor chorea, a genetic condition that also slowly gets worse. http://www.healthopedia.com/basal-ganglia-disorders/

Set Homepage Email Page Favorites Home Health Centers Medical Encyclopedia Medical Symptoms ... Special Topics Related Resources Health Centers Brain and Nervous System Allergic Reaction to a Medication Atherosclerosis Cerebral Palsy ... Genetic Counseling Other Topics Occupational Therapy Physical Therapy Speech Therapy You are here : Healthopedia.com Medical Encyclopedia Diseases and Conditions Basal Ganglia Disorders Category : Health Centers Brain and Nervous System Basal Ganglia Disorders Alternate Names : Disorders Affecting the Basal Ganglia Pictures and Images Attribution The basal ganglia are groups of structures within the brain that help with movement. Any condition that affects the function of these structures is a basal ganglia disorder. What is going on in the body? The basal ganglia are groups of small structures inside the brain. One of the main jobs of these structures is to help with movement. For instance, this part of the brain helps a person start to move. It also affects how fast the person can perform the movement. The basal ganglia are also thought to play a role in thinking and emotions. What are the causes and risks of the condition?

93. Detail Information The basal gangliathalamo-cortical network is visualied first in the healthysubjects. It is hoped that the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease will be http://hyoka.ofc.kyushu-u.ac.jp/search-cgi/faculty2_e.cgi?Key_8=Kyushu Universit

94. Physiology Or Medicine For 2000 - Press Release During Parkinson s disease dopamine producing nerve cells in the basal gangliadegenerate, which causes tremor, rigidity and akinesia. http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/2000/press.html

HOME SITE HELP ABOUT SEARCH ... EDUCATIONAL English French German Swedish Press Release: The 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine THE NOBEL ASSEMBLY AT THE KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE 9 October 2000 The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2000 jointly to Arvid Carlsson Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel for their discoveries concerning "signal transduction in the nervous system" Summary In the human brain there are more than hundred billion nerve cells. They are connected to each other through an infinitely complex network of nerve processes. The message from one nerve cell to another is transmitted through different chemical transmitters. The signal transduction takes place in special points of contact, called synapses. A nerve cell can have thousands of such contacts with other nerve cells. The three Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine have made pioneering discoveries concerning one type of signal transduction between nerve cells, referred to as slow synaptic transmission. These discoveries have been crucial for an understanding of the normal function of the brain and how disturbances in this signal transduction can give rise to neurological and psychiatric diseases. These findings have resulted in the development of new drugs.

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