21. The Differential Role Of Premotor Frontal Cortex And Basal Ganglia In Motor Sequ Subjects with degenerative basal ganglia diseases such as Parkinson s disease (PD;Ferraro et al. 1993 ; PascualLeone et al. 1993 ; Jackson et al. http://www.learnmem.org/cgi/content/full/9/6/376

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ... TABLE OF CONTENTS QUICK SEARCH: [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year: Vol: Page: This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited ... Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal ... Cited by other online articles PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Exner, C. Articles by Irle, E. Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 376-386, November/December 2002 RESEARCH PAPER The Differential Role of Premotor Frontal Cortex and Basal Ganglia in Motor Sequence Learning: Evidence From Focal Basal Ganglia Lesions Cornelia Exner, Janka Koschack, and Eva Irle Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; ABSTRACT TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION RESULTS DISCUSSION MATERIALS AND METHODS REFERENCES There has been a growing interest in the differential role of various neural structures in implicit learning processes. The goal of our study was to clarify how focal lesions restricted to the basal ganglia interfere with different aspects of implicit visuo-motor sequence learning. A version of the Serial Reaction

22. Beasley 1996: Study Record *basal ganglia diseases/ci Chemically Induced; Basal GangliaDiseases/ep Epidemiology; Comparative Study; DoubleBlind Method; Drug Administration http://www.update-software.com/projects/Meerkat/StudyRecord.htm

Example of a "study-based" record created in a MeerKat database Study name Beasley 1996 Study design RCT CCT Blinding Double-blind Absolute number of participants Country of origin USA Health condition Acute Exacerbation Chronic Disease Normals Residual Schizophrenia Schizoaffective Disorder Schizophrenia Schizophrenia, Catatonic Schizophrenia, Disorganized Schizophrenia, Paranoid Schizophreniform Disorders Subchronic Illness Undifferentiated Schizophrenia Age Adults Unspecified age group Interventions Dosage of Drug Haloperidol Olanzapine Placebos Outcomes Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Adverse effects Akathisia Barnes Akathisia Scale (BAS) Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Coding Symbol and Thesaurus for Adverse Reaction Terms (COSART) Dopamine receptor blockade Dyskinesia Dystonia Extrapyramidal symptoms Global improvement / deterioration Kaplan-Meier Survival Curve Mental State Movement disorders Negative symptoms / indifference to environment / emotional withdrawal Parkinsonism Patient Global Impression (PGI) Physical tests Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Positive symptoms Prolactine level Research Diagnostic Criteria for Tardive Dyskinesia Schooler-Kane Research Diagnostic Criteria for Tardive Dyskinesia Tardive dyskinesia Link to Cochrane review Olanzapine for schizophrenia Collaborative Review Group Cochrane Schizophrenia Group References to the Beasley 1996 study [1998] The acute and long-term effect of olanzapine compared with placebo and haloperidol on serum prolactin concentration [1998] What is the differential risk of tardive dyskinesia with the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine?

23. University Fast Find Site Index Schools / Departments Telephone The pathophysiology of basal ganglia diseases including Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s Psychiatric problems associated with basal ganglia diseases. http://www.psychobiology.bham.ac.uk/staff/mitchell.htm

24. CNSforum | Diseases Associated With Abnormalities In The Basal Ganglia Diseases associated with abnormalities in the basal ganglia. The basal gangliacomprises the caudate nucleus, the putamen and the globus pallidus, http://www.cnsforum.com/imagebank/item/brain_struc_bagang_ALZ/default.aspx

www.psychotropics.dk www.brainexplorer.org www.lundbeck.com Sitemap ... Click here to choose the edition of CNSforum that best matches your area of interest. You are here CNSforum Resources Image Bank Diseases associated with abnormalities in the basal ganglia The basal ganglia comprises the caudate nucleus, the putamen and the globus pallidus, and forms part of the ‘extrapyramidal motor system’. The basal ganglia is involved in the control of movement. Abnormalities in this area of the brain can result in a variety of diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Click the image to view high resolution version References Corpus striatum. In: Neuroanatomy, an illustrated colour text. Crossman AR and Neary D. New York, USA: Churchill Livingstone, 1995:119–127. Basic aspects of neurotransmitter function. In: Fundamentals of Psychopharmacology, 2 nd edition. Leonard BE. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons, 1992:13–69. Page Tools: Resources Patient tools Brain Explorer Image Bank ... PQM CNSforum Edition Your selected edition is: Psychiatry and Neurology Change Edition What is an edition?

25. 22-02: Essentials Of Human Physiology As a result, basal ganglia diseases such as Parkinson s Disease are accompaniedby impaired ability to perform preparatory movements, and patients appear to http://www.geocities.com/hotsprings/3468/22-02.html

Essentials Of Human Physiology by: Uwe Ackermann, Ph.D. Lymphocytes ImmunoGlobulins Venules Limbic System ... Cerebellum Basal Ganglia The Basal Ganglia exert their influence over networks that link the Motor Cortex to other Cortical areas. They behave as a variable filter, with two primary functions: They match the performance specifications of motor programs to the criteria that have been established by the Motivational and Sensory cues that define a particular circumstance They facilitate the selection of only those motor programs that meet the specific criteria Basal Ganglia participate in motor control only if incoming signals are facilitated by Dopaminergic input from the Substantia Nigra Compacta . The loss of this facilitation leads to Parkinson's Disease. In their subsequent function, the Basal Ganglia facilitate or inhibit the incoming signals and modify them by signals from the SubThalamic Nucleus The overall effect of Basal Ganglia activity on motor activity is inhibition of inappropriate networks that link the Motor Cortex to the entire Non-Motor portion of the Cerebral Cortex They are of particular importance for the selection of bridging (preparatory) subprograms that move a Limb or Muscle from its initial position to one from which a standard Motor program can continue.

26. Current Opinion In Psychiatry - Abstract: Volume 16(6) November 2003 P 621-627 B basal ganglia diseases and geriatric psychiatry a new approach. Purpose ofreview Diseases of the basal ganglia are common in the elderly. http://www.co-psychiatry.com/pt/re/copsych/abstract.00001504-200311000-00004.htm

LWWOnline LOGIN eALERTS REGISTER ... Archive Basal ganglia diseases and geriatric... ARTICLE LINKS: Fulltext PDF (113 K) Permissions Basal ganglia diseases and geriatric psychiatry: a new approach. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 16(6):621-627, November 2003. Aarsland, Dag; Ehrt, Uwe Abstract: Purpose of review: Diseases of the basal ganglia are common in the elderly. Although motor disturbances are usually the presenting symptom, neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequent and have important clinical consequences. This paper reviews recent studies of hallucinations, depression and dementia in Parkinson's disease and related disorders. Summary: Emerging evidence demonstrates a high prevalence and important clinical consequences of neuropsychiatric symptoms in elderly patients with basal ganglia disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease. Such findings provide clues to the underlying pathophysiology and potential treatment of these features. Large-scale clinical trials are warranted for the treatment of dementia and depression in Parkinson's disease. Subscribe to RSS feed utrdc-pt01 Release 4.0

27. Notes On The Basal Ganglia Diseases of the basal ganglia. 1. Parkinson s Disease. a. Symptoms rhythmictremors at rest; a unique kind of increased muscle ton or rigidity http://www2.umdnj.edu/~paneuweb/basgang.htm

Maintained by David P. Crockett . E-mail suggestions to crockett@umdnj.edu (revised 3/11/97 David P. Crockett, M.A., Ph.D. Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Room R-306, Telephone: 1-718-235-3404 Notes on the Basal Ganglia PA Neuroscience Home Page I. Introduction: 1. Diseases produce three characteristic types of motor disturbances: (1) involuntary movements, including tremor (particularly resting tremor); (2) poverty or slowness of movement without paralysis; and (3) changes in posture and muscle tone. 2. Terminology: The terminology is very confusing and has changed with time. It is now used to designate those structures which when damaged produce "extrapyramidal syndrome" (This too is a confusing term). Today the list includes: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. a. Lenticular (lentiform) nucleus = putamen + globus pallidus (pallidum) b. Striatum (neostriatum) = caudate nucleus + putamen (common embryology and similar connections and identical histology, a functional term; anterior part of putamen fuses with the head of the caudate above the orbital surface of the frontal lobe) c. Corpus striatum = caudate nucleus + putamen + globus pallidus

28. HOW PARKINSON S DISEASE WORKS This is supported by the symptoms of basal ganglia diseases. PD is hypokineticand Hunting s chorea is hyperkinetic. Both diseases causes irregular http://sulcus.berkeley.edu/mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_181.html

HOW PARKINSON'S DISEASE WORKS Category: Neurochemistry Term Paper Code: 181 How Parkinson's Disease Works Molecular and Cell Biology 165: Molecular and Neurobiology and Neurochemistry Key words: Basal ganglia/ substantia nigra/ dopamine/ G-protein coupled receptor Abstract The current mechanistic understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD) allows for a rational approach to alleviating its clinical symptoms. This paper offers a fairly detailed rendition of this understanding. Focus is placed at two key levels of analysis, namely the molecular and neuroanatomical. Although why the substantia nigra itself degenerates is unclear the symptoms of PD can largely be explained in terms of massive reduction in dopamine levels and the resulting alterations caused in the basal ganglia motor loop. This model has been used extensively in designing treatments for PD. "...involuntary tremulous motion, with lessened muscular power, in parts not in action and even when supported; with a propensity to bend the trunk forwards, and to pass from a walking to a running pace, the senses and intellects being uninjured". While the underlying cause of dopaminergic neuron death in the substantia nigra pars compacta is unclear most symptoms of PD are generally accepted as the result of this cell death. As stated in Principles of Neural Science, PD is one of the first neurological diseases associated with Linus Pauling's concept of a molecular disease. In this model of PD the basal ganglia is the center of the action.

29. NMAP: The UK's Gateway To High Quality Internet Resources In Nursing, Midwifery, Free access to the fulltext version of the review requires brief registration.basal ganglia diseases / genetics;. contact us disclaimer http://nmap.ac.uk/text/browse/mesh/D001480.html

high graphics NMAP home search browse about ... sitemap Basal Ganglia Diseases broader: Brain Diseases other: Amblyopia Auditory Diseases, Central Brain Damage, Chronic Brain Death ... Neuroaxonal Dystrophies narrower: Hepatolenticular Degeneration Huntington Disease Tourette Syndrome GeneReviews : familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification Notes for physicians on familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (FIBGC), a neurodegenerative disorder. This document includes diagnosis, a clinical description, differential diagnosis, management, genetic counselling, and molecular genetics. Posted in April 2002, this resource forms part of GeneReviews (formerly GeneClinics profile), a peer-reviewed clinical genetic information resource that is funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and produced by the University of Washington, Seattle. This resource contains a summary and bibliographical references of the review. Last updated in June 2004. Basal Ganglia Diseases / genetics contact us The University of Nottingham

30. Unilateral Calcification And Contrast Enhancement Of The Basal Keywords Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*COMPLICATIONS/RADIOGRAPHYAtrophy/ETIOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY basal ganglia diseases/ETIOLOGY/*RADIOGRAPHY Brain http://www.aegis.com/aidsline/1987/may/M8750118.html

Important note: Information in this article was accurate in 1987. The state of the art may have changed since the publication date. Unilateral calcification and contrast enhancement of the basal ganglia in a child with AIDS encephalopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1987 Jan-Feb;8(1):163-5. Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE MED/87124277 Epstein LG; Berman CZ; Sharer LR; Khademi M; Desposito F Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*COMPLICATIONS/RADIOGRAPHY Atrophy/ETIOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY Basal Ganglia Diseases/ETIOLOGY/*RADIOGRAPHY Brain Diseases/ETIOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY Calcinosis/ETIOLOGY/*RADIOGRAPHY Case Report Child, Preschool Human Male Radiographic Image Enhancement Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. JOURNAL ARTICLE National Library of Medicine . Reproduced under license with the National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. AEGiS is made possible through unrestricted grants from Boehringer Ingelheim iMetrikus, Inc. , the National Library of Medicine , and donations from users like you. Always watch for outdated information. This article first appeared in . This material is designed to support, not replace, the relationship that exists between you and your doctor.

31. Basal Ganglia Infarct Following LSCS. KEYWORDS. Cesarean Section; basal ganglia diseases/ET; Anesthesia; Basal GangliaDiseases/PA; Case Report; Arterial Occlusive Diseases/PP; Human; Female http://medind.nic.in/imvw/imvw7563.html

Extracted from IndMED Kaul TK; Grewal A; Zakhmi S; Soodan A; Narula N; Kuthiala G Department of Anaesthesiology , Dayanand Medical College and Hospital , Ludhiana-141001. Basal Ganglia Infarct Following LSCS. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology.. 1998 Jul; 14(3): 287-90 KEYWORDS: Cesarean Section; Basal Ganglia Diseases/ET; Anesthesia; Basal Ganglia Diseases/PA; Case Report; Arterial Occlusive Diseases/PP; Human; Female References: 12 Record Identifier: NI003996

32. CORDIS: BIOMED 2: Projects 2. Basal ganglia mechanisms in motivation and learning and by neuropsychologicalinvestigations of human patients suffering from basal ganglia diseases. http://dbs.cordis.lu/fep-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=267512005-7-30&DOC=2&CAL

33. Psychological Science : Chapter 7: Activity which is impaired in patients with basal ganglia diseases or certain cortical Skill learning seems to depend primarily on the basal ganglia and the http://www.wwnorton.com/psychsci/activity/ch7_activity1.htm

What Are the Different Memory Systems? Multiple Systems of Memory Interview What Brain Processes Are Involved in Memory? Attention and Memory Interview Multiple Systems of Memory Interview with John Gabrieli, Stanford University From Studying The Mind, VHS Why do researchers believe that there are multiple systems of memory? The patient HM has had a seminal role in the history of our thinking about the brain basis of human memory. Up until his injury it was thought that memory was distributed throughout the brain in a rather holistic fashion, and that if you injured a certain part of the brain you would have a corresponding injury. So if you had 5 percent of your brain injured, you'd have 5 percent worse memory, 10 percent injured, 10 percent worse memory. And it wasn't clear that any single part of the brain had a much more important role in memory then any other part. In the case of HM, there was a very restricted surgical resection of his hippicampus and nearby structures so a very small percentage of his brain was taken out, on both sides, perhaps the size of half a thumb. Nevertheless this very small and specific resection of tissue had a very large effect, which is that for all practical purposes, from that day to the present, he's never been able to remember a new event in his life or learn a new fact from the world around him. So he dramatically changed our view that different parts of the brain all contribute to memory equally and showed that there are very specific contributions of different kinds from different parts of the brain.

34. Entrez PubMed Adolescent; Basal Ganglia/pathology; basal ganglia diseases/diagnosis*; Basal GangliaDiseases/pathology; Cerebellum/pathology; Child http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8

35. MeSH 1 basal ganglia diseases, Links. Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including thePUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=mesh&list_uids=680

36. Diseases Of The Basal Ganglia The ``theme of diseases affecting the basal ganglia appears to be that thebalance between the two major pathways is disturbed the result is either http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/prothero/node52.html

Diseases of the Basal Ganglia As with brain research generally, much of what is known about the basal ganglia comes from studying diseases which affect them. This section briefly outlines the range of diseases which are caused by damage to the basal ganglia. Damage to both the basal ganglia and the supplementary motor area are correlated with impaired performance on sequential tasks [ The ``theme'' of diseases affecting the basal ganglia appears to be that the balance between the two major pathways is disturbed: the result is either involuntary movements or impairments to motion. According to Kandel et al. ], the impaired motions include ``lack of movement (akinesia), slowness of movement (bradykinesia), and the shuffling gait of Parkinson's disease.'' The list of involuntary movements includes tremors (rhythmic, involuntary, oscillatory movements), athetosis (slow, writhing movements of the fingers and hands, and sometimes of the toes), chorea (abrupt movements of the limbs and facial muscles), ballism (violent, flailing movements), and

37. BASAL GANGLIA Expressions using basal ganglia basal ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease ? basalganglia diseases ? basal ganglia Hemorrhage. Additional references. http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/english/Ba/Basal Ganglia.ht

Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. BASAL GANGLIA Specialty Definition: BASAL GANGLIA Domain Definition Health Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. ( references Source: compiled by the editor from various references ; see credits. Top Specialty Definition: Basal ganglia (From Wikipedia , the free Encyclopedia) The basal ganglia is roughly defined as the areas in the brain that, if damaged, would disrupt motor abilities. The exact definition has changed with increased understanding of the functioning of the brain. The most common definition includes the following areas: caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, and the substantia nigra. References Nolte, John, The Human Brain: An Introduction to its Functional Anatomy (Fifth Edition). (St. Louis: Mosby, Inc., 2002), 464-484. ISBN Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article " Basal ganglia Top Crosswords: BASAL GANGLIA Specialty definitions using "BASAL GANGLIA" Anterior Cerebral Artery Infarction anterior choroid artery anterior choroidal artery Antiparkinson Agents ... Cerebral Hemorrhage, Traumatic

38. Penn State Faculty Research Expertise Database (FRED) , diseases of the basal ganglia including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS;claustrum; Lenticulostriate Disorders, basal ganglia Disease...... http://fred.hmc.psu.edu/ds/retrieve/fred/meshdescriptor/D001480

39. Penn State Faculty Research Expertise Database (FRED) Vascular Disease, basal ganglia, Vascular diseases, basal ganglia. Vascular diseases,Lenticulostriate, Lenticulostriate Disease, Vascular http://fred.hmc.psu.edu/ds/retrieve/fred/meshdescriptor/D020144

40. Discovery Health :: Diseases & Conditions :: Basal Ganglia Disorders The basal ganglia are groups of structures within the brain that help with movement.Any condition that affects the function of these structures is a basal http://health.discovery.com/encyclopedias/illnesses.html?article=3037&page=1

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