121. WHO | Guidance On Anthrax: Frequently Asked Questions I am worried about anthrax. Should I take antibiotics just in case? A. anthrax is a disease caused by a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. http://www.who.int/entity/csr/disease/Anthrax/anthraxfaq/en/

All WHO This site only Home About WHO Countries Health topics ... printable version Guidance on anthrax: frequently asked questions What is anthrax? What's happening right now ? Is there just one type of anthrax? How is it treated or prevented? ... What should I do if I receive an anthrax threat by mail? Q. What is anthrax? A. Anthrax is a disease caused by a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis . It is a disease which has existed for hundreds of years and which still occurs naturally in both animals and humans in many parts of the world, including Asia, southern Europe, sub-Sahelian Africa and parts of Australia. Anthrax bacteria can survive in the environment by forming spores. In its most common natural form, it creates dark sores on the skin, from which it derives its name. Anthrax is Greek for coal. Q. What's happening right now? A. WHO posts updated situation reports whenever there is an outbreak of anthrax or any other infectious disease on its Web site Q. Is there just one type of anthrax? A. There are three types of anthrax, each with different symptoms: Cutaneous, or skin, anthrax is the most common form. It is usually contracted when a person with a break in their skin, such as a cut or abrasion, comes into direct contact with anthrax spores. The resulting itchy bump rapidly develops into a black sore. Some people can then develop headaches, muscle aches, fever and vomiting. Cutaneous anthrax must be treated quickly. Appropriate medical evaluation and treatment are essential.

122. Antibiotics Kept Anthrax Scare From Being Scarier CNN http://cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/03/07/anthrax.attack.ap/index.html

123. Annihilating Anthrax see caption February 1, 2002 Unseen and odorless, a cloud of anthrax spores see caption This extraordinary anthrax killer is a result of NASA and http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/01feb_anthrax.htm

Annihilating Anthrax NASA- and industry-sponsored research aimed at growing plants in space has led to a device that attacks and destroys airborne pathogens like Anthrax. Listen to this story via streaming audio , a downloadable file , or get help February 1, 2002: Unseen and odorless, a cloud of Anthrax spores wafts through an office. People inside are talking, laughing ... breathing. They have no idea something is in the air. One yawn, one gasp, one happy guffaw could be deadly. That's how bioterrorism works. But this office has a defense: Bolted to the ceiling is a curious flat box. It's made of metal, about the size of a table-top, and it's humming softly the sound of fans drawing airborne spores toward it and away from the people. The breeze is gentle but insistent. Eight cubic feet of air per minute flow into the box. Above : Anthrax spores, pictured here in a thin section micrograph , are inactive forms of the bacterium Bacillus anthracis . Such bacteria can survive for decades inside a spore's tough protective coating; they become active when inhaled by humans. [

124. CNN.com - FBI Wary Of Anthrax Probe Disclosure - Dec. 2, 2003 CNN http://cnn.com/2003/LAW/12/02/fbi.anthrax.ap/index.html

International Edition MEMBER SERVICES BREAKING NEWS Fourteen bodies found Thursday inside the flooded Memorial Hospital in New Orleans. Details to come. The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Autos SERVICES Video E-mail Newsletters Your E-mail Alerts RSS ... Contact Us SEARCH Web CNN.com FBI wary of anthrax probe disclosure Story Tools RELATED Anthrax at a glance Hatfill v. Ashcroft et al. (FindLaw, PDF) HEALTH LIBRARY Anthrax Health Library YOUR E-MAIL ALERTS Follow the news that matters to you. Create your own alert to be notified on topics you're interested in. Or, visit Popular Alerts for suggestions. Manage alerts What is this? WASHINGTON (AP) Disclosure of what the FBI knows about the deadly 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States could enable terrorists to engineer biological weapons to escape detection, the FBI says in documents filed in response to a lawsuit by a scientist labeled a "person of interest" in the case. Citing the criminal investigation and national security concerns, the Justice Department is trying to persuade a federal judge to delay the lawsuit filed by Dr. Stephen J. Hatfill, who contends the government invaded his privacy and ruined his reputation by leaking information to the media implicating him in the attacks. Hatfill has denied any role in the attacks and his lawsuit seeks to clear his name and recover unspecified monetary damages.

125. GRID.ORG ™ - Anthrax Research Project Grid.org is a single destination site for largescale research projects powered by the United Devices Grid MP Global. With the participation of over 2 http://www.grid.org/projects/anthrax/

The Human Proteome Folding Project Cancer Research Past Projects Volunteer your CPU to power global research Powered by the United Devices Grid MP platform Login? On the road to curing Anthrax On January 22, United Devices announced the launch of the Anthrax Research Project. United Devices is excited to announce that as of February 14, 2002, the screening phase of the Anthrax Research Project has been completed. Prompted by recent events and a heightened concern around the threat of anthrax, this project's goal was to accelerate what is usually a time-consuming step in the lengthy drug discovery process. The project entailed presenting a key protein component of anthrax into the general rotation of the United Devices Member Community's current virtual screening project, which works with the Grid MP platform over the Internet. This allowed UD Members to lend their computers in the screening of 3.57 billion molecules for suitability as a treatment for advanced-stage Anthrax. Screening is only one step in a long drug discovery process that ultimately must move from the computational realm into the actual laboratory. The project used a 5-time redundancy rate for each molecule to ensure a high level of accuracy and quality. With the invaluable help of the UD Member Community, NFCR Centre for Computational Drug Design in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Oxford, and corporate sponsors Intel and Microsoft, the project was completed in a stunning 24 days. Dr. Graham Richards, Chairman of the Chemistry Department at Oxford and the Director of the Centre for Computational Drug Design, called the results "unprecedented," commenting, "Had we done this using traditional methods, it would have taken years instead of less than 4 weeks."

126. CNN.com - Anthrax Decontamination Of Brentwood Facility Under Way - Dec. 14, 200 CNN http://cnn.com/2002/US/South/12/14/anthrax.decon/index.html

BREAKING NEWS Fourteen bodies found Thursday inside the flooded Memorial Hospital in New Orleans. Details to come. CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Newsletters CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com Anthrax decontamination of Brentwood facility under way From Lindy Royce CNN Story Tools WASHINGTON (CNN) A three-day fumigation process to decontaminate the Brentwood postal facility of anthrax spores began Saturday. The facility has been closed since October of 2001, when workers there processed an anthrax-filled letter sent to Capitol Hill. Officials said at the time they did not know the extent of the contamination, but soon afterward two Brentwood employees died from inhalation anthrax. The building was shut down and its 2,000 employees transferred to other facilities and given preventative antibiotic treatment. Saturday afternoon, engineers began pumping in a mixture of five chemicals that combine to form chlorine dioxide. In order for the gas to work, the temperature inside the building must be 75 degrees and the humidity 75 percent. Postal officials said conditions were good Saturday. If the gas leaks, it could be hazardous. The Environmental Protection Agency is monitoring the chemical levels in the air 24 hours a day until the process is complete.

127. Anthrax Facts anthrax is most common in areas where people raise livestock and where public Animals get anthrax by grazing on soils contaminated with anthrax spores. http://www.astdhpphe.org/infect/anthrax.html

Anthrax Anthrax is most common in areas where people raise livestock and where public health programs are lax. Animals get anthrax by grazing on soils contaminated with anthrax spores. Anthrax in people is usually the result of a work-related exposure to infected animals or contaminated animal products. To prevent anthrax, avoid contact with livestock and animal products when in countries where anthrax is common. A vaccination is available for people at high risk for work-related exposures. What is anthrax? Anthrax is mainly a disease of animals. In rare cases, it can spread to people and cause life-threatening illness. What is the infectious agent that causes anthrax? Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a bacterium that lives naturally in certain types of soil. The bacterium produces spores. Spores are hardy forms of the bacterium that can survive in soil or on contaminated objects for years. Where is anthrax found? Anthrax is found worldwide but is most common in areas where people raise livestock and where public health programs are lax. Materials contaminated with anthrax spores can reach any country in the world. How do people get anthrax?

128. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 13, Ch. 157, Bacterial Diseases Inhaling spores may result in pulmonary anthrax (woolsorter s disease), Initial symptoms of pulmonary anthrax are insidious and resemble influenza. http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section13/chapter157/157c.jsp

129. CNN.com - Florida Man Suffering From Anthrax Dies - October 5, 2001 CNN http://cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/conditions/10/05/anthrax.case/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 Florida man suffering from anthrax dies WASHINGTON (CNN) A 63-year-old man hospitalized after contracting anthrax has died, hospital officials said Friday. Robert Stevens had been hospitalized since Tuesday when he checked himself into JFK Medical Center. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is heading the investigation into how Stevens caught anthrax. Palm Beach County, Florida, health officials noted the case is not a criminal investigation, and they believe he contracted the disease naturally. The FBI is available to assist as needed, officials said. ANTHRAX What is it? An acute infectious disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium. The spore produces a potentially fatal toxin. How does it spread? By inhalation or ingestion Symptoms: Appear within seven days. Inhalation cold-like symptoms to severe breathing problems and shock. Ingestion intestinal inflammation, vomiting blood, severe diarrhea. Death can occur within 24 hours of onset.

130. Anthrax: Frequently Asked Questions Frequently Asked Questions about anthrax. anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the sporeforming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/anthrax-faq.html

Issues Hurricane Relief Homeland Security Judicial Nominations ... RSS Feeds News by Date August 2005 July 2005 June 2005 May 2005 ... White House Interactive Appointments Nominations Application Federal Facts Federal Statistics West Wing History Home Policies in Focus Homeland Security Anthrax: Frequently Asked Questions Source: Center for Disease Control What is anthrax? Why has anthrax become a current issue? How common is anthrax and who can get it? ... Where can I get more information about a recent Department of Defense decision to require men and women in the Armed Services to be vaccinated against anthrax? What is anthrax? Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis . Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic lower vertebrates (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, antelopes, and other herbivores), but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or tissue from infected animals. ^ Top Why has anthrax become a current issue? Because anthrax is considered to be a potential agent for use in biological warfare, the Department of Defense (DoD) has begun mandatory vaccination of all active duty military personnel who might be involved in conflict.

131. CNN.com - Anthrax Traces Detected At FDA Mailrooms - November 1, 2001 CNN http://cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/conditions/11/01/fda.mailroom.anthrax/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 Anthrax traces detected at FDA mailrooms By Cleve Mesidor and Kevin Bohn CNN Washington Bureau WASHINGTON (CNN) Preliminary tests on four mailrooms used by the Food and Drug Administration have come back positive for anthrax, an agency spokeswoman said Thursday, adding more tests are under way to confirm the contamination. The FDA spokeswoman said traces of anthrax were found in mailrooms at FDA headquarters in Rockville, Maryland, and three other FDA sites in that city. All four mailrooms are closed, she said. The four FDA sites did not get mail directly from the contaminated Brentwood processing center in Washington. It primarily received mail from a Postal Service "hub" in Shady Grove, Maryland, the spokeswoman said. The facility in Shady Grove received mail from several locations, including Brentwood. Antibiotics are being given to all FDA mailroom employees where there is possible exposure, she said.

132. Anthrax, NIAID Fact Sheet anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the sporeforming, Cutaneous anthrax is the most common form of the diseases and responds well to http://www.niaid.nih.gov/Factsheets/anthrax.htm

May 2002 Anthrax ABOUT THE MICROBE Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium Bacillus anthracis . Predominantly a cause of livestock disease, B. anthracis forms durable spores that can lie dormant in the soil for years. Once eaten by a grazing animal, the spores are activated and the bacteria reproduce. After the bacteria spread, they typically kill the infected animal and return to the soil or water once again as spores. The bacterium's destructive properties are due largely to toxins, which consist of three proteins: protective antigen, edema factor, and lethal factor. Protective antigen (PA) binds to select cells of an infected person or animal and forms a channel that permits edema factor and lethal factor to enter those cells. Edema factor (EF), once inside the cell, causes fluid to accumulate at the site of infection. EF can contribute to a fatal buildup of fluid in the cavity surrounding the lungs. It also can inhibit some of the body's immune functions. Lethal factor (LF), once inside the cell, disrupts a key molecular switch that regulates the cell's functions. LF can kill infected cells or prevent them from working properly.

133. What Is Anthrax? Provides facts about this infectious disease that is making headlines. http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/infection/anthrax.html

KidsHealth Kids Kids' Health Problems Infections You may have heard about anthrax and wondered what it is. Some people are worried that the germ that causes anthrax could be spread by people who want to use the disease as a weapon. Although this is a frightening thought, the government and police are working on ways to protect us. In the meantime, it's important not to panic over anthrax - the chance that you or someone in your family could ever get it is very small. One of the ways you can feel better is to learn about the disease. When you know what it is and how you can get it, it doesn't seem quite as scary. So here are answers to some questions you might have about anthrax: What is anthrax? Anthrax is an infection caused by bacteria (a type of germ) called Bacillus anthracis (say: buh- sil -us an- thray -sus). These bacteria make spores , a form of the germ covered by a protective shell. The spores can live for years in the soil, and they cause anthrax when they enter the body. Although the disease is most common in farm animals - like sheep, cows, and goats - there's a small chance that people can get it as well, usually from some type of contact with an animal or part of an animal that had anthrax. How do people get anthrax?

134. APHIS | News anthrax, a disease of mammals and humans, is caused by a sporeforming bacterium anthrax has an almost worldwide distribution and is a zoonotic disease, http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/fs_ahanthrax.html

APHIS Services Find Traveler's Information Search Regulations Find Permit Application Information Download permit forms Apply Online for Import Authorization View Status of Biotech Applications Apply to Import, Move or Field Test Genetically Engineered Organisms Agricultural Select Agent Program Locate Missing Pets Apply for AWA Licenses/Registration Find Vet Accreditation Information Locate Wildlife Damage Resources Report a Pest or Disease View Small Business Information Press Releases Publications Factsheets Popular Pubs ... APHIS Home Page Anthrax Veterinary Services November 2001 Anthrax, a disease of mammals and humans, is caused by a spore-forming bacterium called Bacillus anthracis . Anthrax has an almost worldwide distribution and is a zoonotic disease, meaning it may spread from animals to humans. All mammals appear to be susceptible to anthrax to some degree, but ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats are the most susceptible and commonly affected, followed by horses, and then swine. The U.S. Department of Agricultures (USDA) main diagnostics laboratory in Ames, Iowa, the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), maintains small quantities of anthrax to use as reference material in making confirmatory anthrax diagnoses in animals. USDAs Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) maintains that laboratory as part of fulfilling its mission to protect American agriculture.

135. CNN.com - FBI Launches 'intensive' Anthrax Investigation - October 12, 2001 CNN http://cnn.com/2001/US/10/12/inv.florida.anthrax/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 COMPLETE COVERAGE FRONT LINES AMERICA AT HOME FBI launches 'intensive' anthrax investigation Special Agent Hector Pesquera says the FBI has not found additional evidence of anthrax. BOCA RATON, Florida (CNN) Federal agents investigating what they call a "limited" amount of anthrax at a Florida-based tabloid office began interviewing hundreds of people Friday in hopes of discovering the source of the bacteria. FBI officials said they planned to interview more than 800 people including 300 people who worked in the building, as well as frequent visitors and employees' relatives about the nature and origin of the anthrax spores found at the American Media Inc. building in Boca Raton. About 100 FBI agents will conduct the interviews, which are set to run through the weekend. "We've been conducting an intensive investigation to determine the source of the (anthrax)," said FBI Special Agent Hector Pesquera said Friday.

136. In-silico Screening For Anthrax Toxin Inhibitors (Screensaver Project) 8th March 2002 The results of the anthrax project run from the Oxford University s The gold coloured molecule binds to the anthrax toxin, blocking its http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/anthrax/

Intel, Microsoft, United Devices, the Department of Chemistry at the University of Oxford and the National Foundation for Cancer Research (NFCR) ask computer users around the world to join with them in the Anthrax Research Project, an international effort designed to help scientists develop a treatment for the Anthrax toxin. News. 8th March 2002 The results of the anthrax project run from the Oxford University's Department of Chemistry will today be handed to the US Department of Defence and the UK government. Professor Graham Richards will hand over a compact disc containing data of some 300,000 molecules which look like promising candidates to form the basis for a cure for anthrax. The hand-over event will take place at the UK Embassy in Washington DC. News. 4th March 2002 The results from the UD.com members indicate 376, 064 molecules as hits

137. CNN.com - President: Anthrax Investigation Progressing - November 3, 2001 CNN http://cnn.com/2001/US/11/03/anx.anthrax.facts/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 President: Anthrax investigation progressing SUMMARY: President Bush went to the radio Saturday to assure the public that officials are making progress in the anthrax investigation. "As we learn more about these anthrax attacks, the government will share the confirmed and credible information we have with you," Bush said, noting that health officials were acting quickly to distribute antibiotics for those who may have been exposed to the bacteria. "I'm proud of our citizens' calm and reasoned response to this ongoing terrorist attack," he said. A mailroom at the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Washington tested positive for anthrax, officials said Saturday. Swabs were taken in the mailroom October 30, and one tested positive. Administrators closed the mailroom and said they have no evidence that anthrax has spread at the facility in the nation's capital. State health officials in New Jersey said a mail-processing facility in Camden County tested positive for the presence of anthrax. Tests at the Bellmawr Mail Distribution Center, conducted by the FBI, turned up one sample that tested positive. Analysts took samples Wednesday after an employee was diagnosed with a suspected case of cutaneous anthrax.

138. Anthrax Overview of anthrax and tests that can be used to determine exposure to or the presence of Bacillus anthracis. http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anthrax.html

TESTS Test not listed? A/G Ratio ACE ACT ACTH AFB Culture AFP Maternal AFP Tumor Marker Albumin Aldolase Aldosterone Allergies ALP Alpha-1 Antitrypsin ALT Ammonia Amylase ANA Antibody Tests Antiglobulin, Direct Antiglobulin, Indirect Antiphospholipids Antithrombin Apo A Apo B ApoE Genotyping aPTT AST Autoantibodies Bicarbonate Bilirubin Blood Culture Blood Gases Blood Smear BMP BNP Bone Markers BRCA BUN C-peptide CA-125 CA 15-3 CA 19-9 Calcitonin Calcium Cardiac Biomarkers Cardiac Risk Cardiolipin Antibodies Catecholamines CBC CCP C. diff CEA Celiac Disease Tests CF Gene Mutation Chemistry Panels Chlamydia Chloride Cholesterol CK CK-MB CMP CMV Coagulation Factors Complement Levels Cortisol Creatinine Creatinine Clearance CRP CRP, high-sensitivity

139. Man Investigated In Anthrax Case To Speak CNN http://cnn.com/2002/US/08/10/anthrax.hatfill.ap/index.html

140. FOXNews.com - U.S. & World - Anthrax Germany tried to use anthrax as a weapon during World War I. During World War The American public learned a few lessons about anthrax in October 2001, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76852,00.html

OAS_AD('Top'); document.write(secTimeStamp); SEARCH House Passes $51.8 Billion Hurricane Relief Aid Bill writeFeature(0); writeFeature(1); writeFeature(2); RESPOND TO EDITOR E-MAIL STORY PRINTER FRIENDLY FOXFAN CENTRAL Anthrax Monday, February 24, 2003 BACKGROUND LINKS writeScroll(openTab2,'2'); What Is It? Scientifically known as Bacillus anthracis , this rod-shaped bacterium infects humans through the respiratory system, skin or digestive tract. While it is not contagious, depending on the method of infection, anthrax can be highly lethal. Simply made, anthrax is not easy to disseminate. Weaponization of anthrax the more sophisticated process is needed to easily disseminate it. During this process, the bacterium is refined so it's reduced to its most infective size. This allows it to travel long distances in the air and to be inhaled. Inhalation anthrax has a fatality rate of 90 percent. Currently researched at more than 2,000 U.S. labs, it can remain in a dormant spore form for decades before becoming active again. Germany tried to use anthrax as a weapon during World War I. During World War II, most warring parties had biowarfare programs; Japan used anthrax in China. During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union set up large biowarfare programs. Although the United States dismantled its biowarfare program in 1969, the Soviets carried on, and in 1979, an anthrax leak from a Soviet weapons plant killed more than 60 people.

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