101. CNN.com - Jeanne Guillemin: Anthrax Risk And Prevention - October 15, 2001 CNN http://cnn.com/2001/COMMUNITY/10/15/guillemin/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 Jeanne Guillemin: Anthrax risk and prevention Jeanne Guillemin is a medical anthropologist, and a Professor of Sociology and Senior Fellow at MIT's Security Studies Program. In 1992, she was part of a team that investigated a suspicious anthrax epidemic that took place in 1979 in the former USSR. She is an affiliate of the Harvard-Sussex Program, which is involved with the elimination of chemical and biological weapons. CNN: Welcome to CNN.com Newsroom Jeanne Guillemin. We are pleased to have you with us today. What can you tell us about past anthrax scares that were thought to be not due to natural exposure? GUILLEMIN: Well, the major outbreak of inhalation anthrax happened in the Soviet Union in 1979. That was due to an aerosol emission from a military biological facility. It was the worst known outbreak in history. But what we're looking at today is more on the order of bio-crimes that fit a Unabomber model, much more than they fit a model of an epidemic. CHAT PARTICIPANT: In the past tests were conclusive about live anthrax, how do we know that the negative tested powder isn't lying dormant? And if it is, how many people will become infected?

102. Anthrax It s extremely unlikely that you or someone you know could get anthrax. But what exactly is anthrax, and should you be concerned about it? http://kidshealth.org/teen/infections/bacterial_viral/anthrax.html

KidsHealth Teens Infections What exactly is anthrax, and should you be concerned about it? Anthrax is an infection caused by a bacterium (a type of germ ) called Bacillus anthracis B. anthracis ). Although it's most commonly seen in grazing animals like sheep, pigs, cattle, horses, and goats, anthrax can also occur in humans - although it's very rare. In the environment, the anthrax-causing bacterium forms spores (a version of the germ covered by a hard protective shell) that can live in the soil for years. People can become infected by coming into contact with these spores through a break in the skin (such as a cut or scrape), by eating food (usually undercooked meat) contaminated by them, or by inhaling spores (breathing them into the lungs). But anthrax is not contagious, which means that it can't spread from person to person. It's extremely unlikely that you or someone you know could get anthrax. In fact, there are usually only one or two reported cases of anthrax per year. Most of these have been in people who work with animals or animal products. Why Are People So Concerned About Anthrax?

103. CNN.com - Schroeder Office In Anthrax Scare - October 15, 2001 CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/10/15/anthrax.europe/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 Schroeder office in anthrax scare Envelopes containing suspicious powder like this one being examined in California have been found across the world BERLIN, Germany A white powder has been found in the mailroom at German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder's offices as fears of anthrax attacks grow worldwide. Authorities were investigating whether the substance was dangerous, the German government said. The mailroom at the federal chancellery in Berlin was sealed off after two postal workers discovered the powder, which had trickled out of an envelope, a government spokesman told the Associated Press. The spokesman said there was no immediate indication whether there was a genuine threat. It was unclear whether Schroeder was in the building in central Berlin at the time. Investigations into possible deliberate infections of anthrax had also spread from the United States on Monday to France, Israel and Australia.

104. Anthrax who sent anthrax to the top Democrat in Congress and to the media just before passage There is ample evidence that the anthrax in the letters mailed to http://www.oilempire.us/anthrax.html

Biowarfare: who sent anthrax to the top Democrat in Congress and to the media just before passage of the "USA PATRIOT" Act? U ncle S am's A rmy P ackages of A nthrax T errorized R epresentatives I nto O bliterating T olerance introduction updates and blog all files chapters ... dictionary Cheney's crime, not a failure - the American Reichstag Fire peak oil the real connection between Iraq and 9/11 World War IV "the war that will not end in our lifetime" fascism and Homeland Security, the war on freedom media manipulates minds, left gatekeepers, psyops stolen elections ballot machines, lone gunmen, plane crashes Bush - oil we are saying, give impeachment a chance permatopia : permaculture solutions to Peak Oil and climate change - toward a sustainable civilization personal, local, global responses to Peak Oil and climate change http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/022405C.shtml The Lure of Bio-Weapons By Bernard Lown and Prasannan Parthasarathi The Boston Globe Wednesday 23 February 2005 There is ample evidence that the anthrax in the letters mailed to Congress and elsewhere came from the Army biological weapons laboratory at Fort Detrick, Md.

105. CNN.com - Lithuania Anthrax Test Positive - November 2, 2001 CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/11/02/lithuania.anthrax/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 Lithuania anthrax test positive VILNIUS, Lithuania (CNN) Test results show at least one mailbag at the U.S. Embassy in the Lithuanian capital has tested positive for anthrax, an embassy spokesman said. "The embassy has confirmed at least trace amounts of anthrax in one of the five mailbags" sent to the Microbiology Laboratory of the Vilnius Public Health Centre, embassy public affairs officer Michael Boyle told CNN on Friday. He said the embassy is waiting for directions from Washington on how to handle decontamination of the embassy's mailroom and any other sections of the building that may need to be cleaned up. VIDEO U.S. investigators are trying to keep up with the growing number of people testing postitive for anthrax. CNN's Eileen O'Connor reports (October 31) Play video (QuickTime, Real or Windows Media)

106. Anthrax anthrax naturally infects many species of grazing mammals, can also affect animals such as pigs anthrax bacteria filling a capillary in fatal infection http://www.coppettswood.demon.co.uk/anthrax.htm

ANTHRAX The anthrax bacillus Bacillus anthracis is an aerobic, Gram-positive rod which forms spores on contact with oxygen. On culture in the laboratory long chains of square-ended bacteria are produced, giving colonies on solid media an appearance of swirling hairs (medusa-head colonies). Cultures held at 37C show the gradual appearance of one spore per bacterium, bring in the centre of the cell over a period of 12-24 hours. Spore formation is slower at lower temperatures. Anthrax naturally infects many species of grazing mammals, can also affect animals such as pigs and badgers, which cat a mixed diet by grazing and scavenging pasture, and also eating insects and small animals. Carnivores are also occasionally affected. Infection is usually by ingestion of food from spore-contaminated pasture, but is occasionally by inoculation or exchange of infected discharges from sick animals, or by consumption of heavily-infected meat. Herbivores are very susceptible to anthrax, and suffer overwhelming sepsis with invasion of the bloodstream. Anthrax bacteria filling a capillary in fatal infection (electron micrograph X1250) When affected animals die, their bodies contaminate pasture, as the bacteria which they release will produce spores. Spores are resistant to a wide range of climatic conditions and can remain on contaminated ground for many years.

107. CNN.com - Pakistan Reports Anthrax Exposures - November 2, 2001 CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/11/02/pakistan.anthrax/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 Pakistan reports anthrax exposures The newsroom of Pakistan's Daily Jang in Karachi is examined ISLAMABAD, Pakistan (CNN) Two people at separate locations have been exposed to anthrax, and at least one letter has turned up containing anthrax, Pakistan's science minister said Friday. Neither of the two people exposed has exhibited symptoms of the disease, said Science and Technology Minister Atta-ur-Rahman. "I think that they were detected in time and treated in time," he said. Officials have confirmed only one letter contains anthrax, said Rahman. A private laboratory has issued reports on three other letters "and they need to be confirmed by the government," Rahman said. COUNTRY PROFILE At a glance: Pakistan Provided by CountryWatch.com

108. Anthrax Vaccination Immunization Program EXPOSED anthrax Vaccination reference information, position papers, opinion, and current events. http://www.avip2001.net/

Anthrax Vaccination Immunization Program EXPOSED Government proponents of the Anthrax Vaccination Immunization Program (AVIP) claim the threat of Anthrax weaponry is so great, the risk associated with the vaccine is justified to ensure adequate protection for our troops. Half of U.S. Military Personnel Refuse Anthrax Shot On Sept. 4, 2005 this country lost a true American Hero with the passing of LTC Russ Dingle...He is a man we will never forget. THE FDA IS NOW FINISHED TAKING COMMENTS ON THE OLD VACCINE'S LICENSE Proposed rule in Adobe Acrobat Comment submitted by Dr. Nass and Others in Acrobat Format Anthrax Vaccine Contents Troop Experiences Opinion Official Documents Government Information News Articles Position Papers Congressional Testimony Bioterrorism Today Informative Sites The current vaccine against anthrax is unsatisfactory for several reasons. The vaccine is composed of an undefined crude culture supernatant adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide. There has been no quantification of the protective antigen content of the vaccine or of any of the other constituents, so the degree of purity is unknown. Standardization is determined by an animal potency test. The undefined nature of the vaccine and the presence of constituents that may be undesirable may account for the level of reactogenicity observed. (p.636) Brachman PS, Friedlander AM. Anthrax. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, editors.

109. CNN.com - FBI Searches Apartment In Anthrax Probe - June 26, 2002 CNN http://cnn.com/2002/US/06/25/anthrax.search/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 FBI searches apartment in anthrax probe An FBI investigator talks with a motorist at the entrance to Detrick Plaza Apartments next to Fort Detrick in Frederick, Maryland. From Kevin Bohn CNN Washington Bureau WASHINGTON (CNN) The FBI searched an apartment Tuesday next to Fort Detrick, Maryland, in connection with the anthrax investigation, but so far the search has not turned up anything suspicious, a law enforcement official told CNN. The official said the apartment owner previously worked at the U.S. Army bioweapons laboratory at Fort Detrick but does not work there now. He consented to the search, which lasted several hours, the official said. The apartment is in a complex next to the fort. The law enforcement official said no arrest has been made and "no one is about to be arrested." The apartment resident has cooperated with authorities before, according to the source. EXTRA INFORMATION In-Depth: Anthrax Fort Detrick has been one of the centers of the FBI investigation because workers had experimented with anthrax.

110. Anthrax ETool: Home OSHA anthrax eTool. What should I do if I have an anthrax threat at my workplace? How do I clean up my worksite that has been contaminated with anthrax? http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/anthrax/

U.S. Department of Labor www.osha.gov MyOSHA [skip navigational links] Search Advanced Search A-Z Index eTools Home Anthrax ... Credits Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium called Bacillus anthracis . It is generally acquired following contact with anthrax-infected animals or anthrax-contaminated animal products. Anthrax has received heightened attention recently because of its use as a biological warfare agent. eTools are illustrated, interactive web-based training tools on occupational safety and health topics. As indicated in the , eTools do not create new OSHA requirements. Home What is Anthrax? Who is at risk? How do I prepare? ... Privacy and Security Statement 200 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20210

111. CNN.com - Workers Sent Home After World Bank Anthrax Scare - May 20, 2002 CNN http://cnn.com/2002/US/05/20/anthrax.world.bank/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 Workers sent home after World Bank anthrax scare WASHINGTON (CNN) Employees of the the World Bank were asked to work from home for the next few days after some mail tested positive for anthrax on Monday. World Bank spokeswoman Caroline Anstey told CNN that a bundle of mail tested positive after an initial test for anthrax, but then tested negative following a more extensive test. About 1,200 employees departed the World Bank, located in downtown Washington, at 4 p.m. EDT "as a precaution," she said. According to Anstey, no specific threats were received by the bank nor was there a specific piece of mail that seemed suspicious. The results of a culture analysis, which the bundle will now undergo, will be ready late Wednesday or Thursday, Anstey said. The World Bank is one of the world's largest sources of development assistance, working in more than 100 developing nations, according to a message on its Web site. It is headquartered in Washington and employs more than 8,000 people there.

112. OSHA Emergency Preparedness And Response: Home anthrax Now, more than ever, we must work together to protect the health of our employees. New Electronic Health and Safety Plan for anthrax http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/bioterrorism/anthrax/

U.S. Department of Labor www.osha.gov MyOSHA [skip navigational links] Search Advanced Search A-Z Index document.write(''+todayDate+'') Site Index: A B C D ... Find It! in DOL Department of Labor Credits Protecting the worksite against terrorism: Anthrax "Now, more than ever, we must work together to protect the health of our employees." DOL Secretary Chao, DOL News Release Electronic Health and Safety Plan for Anthrax OSHA/EPA e-HASP software . Version 1.0 (September, 2003). Software for developing a written site-specific safety and health plan. What is Anthrax? more... Resources Anthrax Concerns CDC Anthrax FAQ Protect Workers Suspicious Mail Protective Clothing ... Threat Handling FEMA Hazard Planning USPS News Release Mailroom Training Who Can be Exposed to Anthrax? more... How Can You Prevent/Control Exposure and Infection? more... Frequently Asked Questions more... Need More Information? more... How Can You Check Your Mail? more...

113. CNN.com - FBI Draining Pond For Anthrax Clues - Jun. 10, 2003 CNN http://cnn.com/2003/US/South/06/10/anthrax/index.html

BREAKING NEWS Fourteen bodies found Thursday inside the flooded Memorial Hospital in New Orleans. Details to come. The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Newsletters CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com FBI draining pond for anthrax clues From Kelli Arena CNN Washington Bureau Workers drain a Maryland pond Monday as part of the FBI anthrax investigation. Story Tools VIDEO The FBI is draining a pond near Fort Detrick, Maryland, as part of the investigation into the 2001 anthrax mail attacks, CNN's Kelli Arena reports (June 9) PLAY VIDEO RELATED Anthrax at a glance Anthrax agents hunt lab equipment in pond Researcher says he'll sue over anthrax probe FBI searches scientist's home in anthrax probe ... U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases HEALTH LIBRARY All about Anthrax Health Library WASHINGTON (CNN) The FBI was expected to continue draining a one-acre pond Tuesday in Frederick, Maryland. It is searching for evidence in the deadly 2001 anthrax attacks, the FBI and a city spokeswoman said. FBI agents have returned to the site several times since the winter as part of their investigation.

114. Farmnote 55/1994 : Anthrax : Department Of Agriculture Clinical signs that can be found in sheep, goats, cattle and humans. Includes treatments that are described. http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/agency/Pubns/farmnote/1994/F05594.htm

Department of Agriculture, Western Australia Anthrax Farmnote No 55/94 Anthrax was diagnosed on three cattle properties in an isolated area at Walpole, about 100 km west of Albany in March 1994. Prior to that date anthrax had not been reported in Western Australia. A total of 29 cattle died in this outbreak from January to April 1994. The source of the infection has not as yet been identified. All remaining cattle on each property were vaccinated and will be vaccinated annually for at least five years. All properties were quarantined for a minimum of six weeks from the time of the last death, and until 'management' programs were put in place on each property to minimise the risk of further outbreaks of disease. Anthrax is a notifiable disease under the Stock Diseases (Regulations) Act. If anthrax is suspected, then it is a legal requirement to notify Department of Agriculture as quickly as possible. Cause Anthrax is caused by a bacterium, Bacillus anthracis . This bacterium forms spores which can remain viable in the soil for up to 50 years. It may affect many species of domestic and wild animals, and people. Clinical signs in animals Death is less sudden in pigs and dogs; therefore sick animals may be seen. They may be drowsy and have a characteristic large swelling of the throat. This swelling interferes with breathing and can choke the animal to death.

115. Terrorismfiles.org : Anthrax As A Biological Warfare Agent, Terrorismfiles.org Information on bacillus anthracis, the use on anthrax in terrorist attacks, prevention and symptoms. http://www.terrorismfiles.org/weapons/anthrax_biological_warfare_agent.html

Terrorism History of terrorism Terrorism in the 20th century Drug trafficking and terrorism ... Weapons of Mass Destruction Anthrax as a Biological Warfare Agent Bacillus anthracis click to view larger Anthrax is the preferred biological warfare agent It is highly lethal. There are low barriers to production. It is easy to weaponize. Currently, we have a limited detection capability. What is Anthrax? Fact Sheet also called splenic fever malignant pustule , or woolsorters' disease acute , specific, infectious, febrile disease of animals, including humans, caused by Bacillus anthracis , an organism that under certain conditions forms highly resistant spores capable of persisting and retaining their virulence in contaminated soil or other material for many years. A disease chiefly of herbivores (grass eaters), the infection may be acquired by persons handling the wool, hair, hides, bones, or carcasses of affected animals.

116. CDC Chief Anthrax Risk Down, Mysteries Remain CNN http://cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/01/12/anthrax.postal.ap/index.html

117. Health Canada - Emergency Preparedness - Anthrax A series of topical and brief publications produced by Health Canada for the public, media and special interest groups. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/epr/bioterrorism.html

118. CNN.com - Official: Unusual Coating In Anthrax Mailings - April 11, 2002 CNN http://cnn.com/2002/US/04/10/inv.anthrax.investigation/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 COMPLETE COVERAGE FRONT LINES AMERICA AT HOME Official: Unusual coating in anthrax mailings From Kelli Arena CNN Washington Bureau WASHINGTON (CNN) Scientists have found a new chemical in the coating on the anthrax spores mailed to journalists and politicians last fall, a high-ranking government official said Wednesday. The discovery of the unnamed chemical, something scientists are familiar with, was surprising, the official said. Previously, officials had reported that the coating on the anthrax included silica, which helped the spores not to clump. The purity, fineness and potency of the anthrax particularly that mailed to Sens. Tom Daschle, D-South Dakota, and Patrick Leahy, D-Vermont makes it highly unlikely that the sender of the letters made and treated the spores in a makeshift setting, according to officials involved in the massive investigation.

119. WHO | Anthrax anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous mammals, although other mammals WHO has produced Guidelines for the surveillance and control of anthrax in http://www.who.int/entity/mediacentre/factsheets/fs264/en/

All WHO This site only Home About WHO Countries Health topics ... Contacts Media centre WHO WHO sites Media centre Fact sheets ... printable version Fact sheet N°264 October 2001 Anthrax Overview Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous mammals, although other mammals and some birds have been known to contract it. Humans generally acquire the disease directly or indirectly from infected animals, or occupational exposure to infected or contaminated animal products. Control in livestock is therefore the key to reduced incidence. There are no documented cases of person to person transmission. The disease's impact on animal and human health can be devastating. WHO has produced Guidelines for the surveillance and control of anthrax in humans and animals The causative agent of anthrax is the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis , the spores of which can survive in the environment for years or decades, awaiting uptake by the next host. The disease still exists in animals and humans in most countries of sub-Sahelian Africa and Asia, in several southern European countries, in the Americas, and certain areas of Australia. Disease outbreaks in animals also occur sporadically in other countries. There are 3 types of anthrax in humans: cutaneous anthrax, acquired when a spore enters the skin through a cut or an abrasion; gastrointestinal tract anthrax, contracted from eating contaminated food, primarily meat from an animal that died of the disease; and pulmonary (inhalation) anthrax from breathing in airborne anthrax spores.

120. CNN.com - Report Raises Question Of Anthrax, Hijacker Link - March 23, 2002 CNN http://cnn.com/2002/US/03/23/anthrax/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 Report raises question of anthrax, hijacker link FORT LAUDERDALE, Florida (CNN) A memorandum issued by a prestigious research center concluded that one of the September 11 hijackers might have been infected with cutaneous (skin) anthrax when he sought treatment at a Florida hospital before the attacks. The Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies' report raised questions about ties between Ahmed al-Haznawit who was treated at Holy Cross Hospital in Fort Lauderdale in June, 2001 and the spate of anthrax-laced letters sent through the U.S. mail that killed five in October and November. But a U.S. government source said that six months of painstaking investigation have yielded no evidence that the hijacker, who was treated for a skin lesion, was infected with cutaneous anthrax. "There's nothing new in this report," the source said. "We don't dismiss it, but we have been unable to make any connection between anthrax and the September 11 hijackers."

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