21. Antiquity: Innocent Pikirayi. The Zimbabwe Culture: Origins And Decline Of South Access the article, Innocent Pikirayi. The zimbabwe culture origins and decline of southern Zambezian states.(Book Review) from Antiquity, a publication http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3284/is_200312/ai_n13169195

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles Antiquity December 2003 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for ASA News ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Save a personal copy of any page on the Web and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free. Get started now. Innocent Pikirayi. The Zimbabwe culture: origins and decline of southern Zambezian states.(Book Review) Antiquity December, 2003 by Lane, Paul Content provided in partnership with Read the full article with a Free Trial of HighBeam Research xxx+305 pages, 52 figures, 25 maps, 3 tables. 2001. Walnut Creek (CA): Altamira; 0-7591-0090-X hardback $65, 0-7591-0091-8 paperback $24.95. Few archaeological sites elsewhere on the African continent have inspired as much scholarly; amateur and popular interest as that of Great Zimbabwe. At least since the German explorer Karl Mauch visited the remains in September 1871 and drew them to the attention of the outside world, Great Zimbabwe has had a role to play in European imaginings of Africa and Africa's past. Well before Mauch claimed to have 'discovered' Great Zimbabwe, ... Read the full article with a Free Trial of HighBeam Research HighBeam Research Members : View the full text of this article Try

22. American Antiquity: The Zimbabwe Culture: Origins And Decline Of Southern Zambez Access the article, The zimbabwe culture Origins and Decline of Southern Zambezian States from American Antiquity, a publication in the field of http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go2053/is_200210/ai_n7103060

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles American Antiquity October 2002 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for ASA News ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Save a personal copy of any page on the Web and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free. Get started now. The Zimbabwe Culture: Origins and Decline of Southern Zambezian States American Antiquity October, 2002 by James Denbow The Zimbabwe Culture: Origins and Decline of Southern Zambezian States. INNOCENT PIKIRAYI. 2001. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA. xxx + 303 pp., 27 figures, 25 maps, 3 tables, 27 black and white plates, bibliography, index. $75.00 (cloth), ISBN 0-7591-0090-X; $26.95 (paper), ISBN 0-7591-0091-8. In this book, Innocent Pikirayi traces the development of states on the Zimbabwian plateau from their roots in the tenth- and eleventh-century Iron Age settlements of the Limpopo valley to their final demise with the forceful imposition of Colonial rule at the end of the nineteenth century. This is an ...

23. Zimbabwe, Ruined City, Zimbabwe See G. CatonThompson, The zimbabwe culture (1970). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2005, Columbia University Press. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0853430.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 27, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Rosh Hashanah ... Texas Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips google_ad_client = 'pub-1894504138907931'; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 240; google_ad_format = '120x240_as'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel =''; google_color_border = ['336699','B4D0DC','DFF2FD','B0E0E6']; google_color_bg = ['FFFFFF','ECF8FF','DFF2FD','FFFFFF']; google_color_link = ['0000FF','0000CC','0000CC','000000']; google_color_url = ['008000','008000','008000','336699']; google_color_text = ['000000','6F6F6F','000000','333333']; Encyclopedia Zimbabwe Pronunciation Key Zimbabwe [Bantu,=stone houses], ruined city, SE Zimbabwe, near Fort Victoria. It was discovered by European explorers c.1870, and some believed it the biblical Ophir, where King Solomon had his mines. From 1890 to 1900 some 100,000 gold mining claims were staked out there, but all proved barren. Modern archaeological evidence has shown that Zimbabwe was first occupied by the earliest Iron Age people in the 3d cent. It was abandoned sometime thereafter until it was reoccupied in the late 9th cent. or early 10th cent. The remaining ruins include a massive wall, constructed in the 11th cent., a strong fortress, nearby dwellings, and an elliptically shaped enclosure, commonly called the Temple. The buildings were once richly decorated with stone carvings and gold and copper ornaments. Archaeologists believe that the city was constructed by a local African culture with little outside influence.

24. UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND The zimbabwe culture ruins and reactions. Oxford Claredon Press. The zimbabwe culture. Origins and Decline in Southern Zambezi States. http://www.wits.ac.za/geography/sadr/ARCL 202 Handbook.htm

ARCHAEOLOGY II COURSE HANDBOOK LECTURE SCHEDULE Quarter Start date Topic Lecturer First 14 February African civilizations Prof Tom Huffman Second 13 April World rock art Dr B Smith Third 18 July Food Production Dr K Sadr Fourth 14 September Analytic Methods Ms A Esterhuysen Fieldwork is obligatory and will take place in the September break, between the third and fourth quarters. Contact Dr. Ben Smith (717-6044) for details. D.P. Requirement = Satisfactory participation in fieldwork and the course. Attend scheduled practicals and tutorials, all of which are compulsory. Student Assessment = In each quarter the students will be assessed on at least two pieces of assigned work. The assigned work may be a test, an essay (click here to see format for essays ), a presentation, a poster etc. Details will vary by lecturer. These assignments count for 50% of the quarter’s mark. The remaining 50% comes from the exam. Timetable = A diagonal Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Lecture Lecture Lecture Lecture Tutorial Practical Practical Practical AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS Prof Tom Huffman GREAT ZIMBABWE Topics Great Zimbabwe ruins Exotic hypotheses The first scientific archaeological excavations Who really built Great Zimbabwe and when Debates on the development of the Great Zimbabwe state Religion as a prime mover Cattle as a prime mover Trade as a prime mover Recent contributions Readings

25. A Letter From The Author Of "The Phantom Voyagers" And I am grateful to New Zimbabwe.com for bringing it to peoples In the introduction to the 2nd edition (1971) of her The zimbabwe culture she wrote http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/post/zimbabwe/art/greatzim/dickread1.html

A letter from the author of The Phantom Voyagers Robert Dick-Read [e-mail: robert.dread@ntlworld.com] I have received a great many emails regarding my book The Phantom Voyagers . And I am grateful to New Zimbabwe.com for bringing it to peoples' attention. But the review is not entirely accurate in one or two important respects. It gives the impression that I have said that INDONESIANS built the Great Zimbabwe. This is not the case. In my website It would be fair to say that without the input of Indonesians in ancient times, sub-Saharan Africa would be a very different place today. Amongst other things, one wonders, would the world have such magnificent African icons as The Great Zimbabwe or Nigeria's famous bronzes? There is much evidence to suggest that the people of The Great Zimbabwe I respect Professor George Landow for his work on Dickens, Ruskin, and European arts and design; but let's face it, he is not an Africanist. Furthermore, he is not entirely right in what he says about the great archaeologist of Zimbabwe, Gertrude Caton Thompson (no hyphen). In the introduction to the 2nd edition (1971) of her "The Zimbabwe Culture" she wrote: . . . the identity of the 'ruin-builders', and their predecessors who occupied the site, still eludes certainty. That they were African is generally agreed by qualified opinion, but evidence is confused by millennia of hybridisation and absorption, as well as by our present ignorance of the physical extent to which, in whole or part, African populations have been subject to Asiatic or other intrusions. Where the morphology leaves off genetics may take over.

26. Zimbabwe Culture Book From Books.co.uk zimbabwe culture. Sub Title Origins, Growth, and Decline of Precolonial States in Southern Zambezia. zimbabwe culture Book from Books.co.uk http://www.books.co.uk/zimbabwe_culture/075910090x.html

Author, Title, ISBN Author Title All Categories Advertise with us Home Page Press Home ... African Zimbabwe Culture Sub Title Origins, Growth, and Decline of Precolonial States in Southern Zambezia View larger image Author(s): Pikirayi, Innocent Format: Hardback ISBN: RRP: (checkout best prices) Where are you? [ UK US Global store stock level item price delivered fetching... fetching... fetching... fetching... Delivery Prices are based on the minimum cost of delivery for a single item. Synopsis Tracing the rise and fall of indigenous states of southern Zambezia, "The Zimbabwe Culture" analyzes the long contentious history of the remains of the remarkable cyclopean masonry, ranging from mighty capitals of traditional kings to humble farmsteads.;Forming a cornerstone of the geographical lore of Africa in the 17th and 18th centuries, debate on the origins, development and collapse of the Zimbabwe culture has never ceased and, with increasing archaeological research over the 20th century, has become more complex. Innocent Pikirayi examines the growth and decline of pre-colonial states on the entire Zimbabwean Plateau and southern Zambezia. Categories Home History African Home ... History Info Series Title N/A Series NO N/A Edition N/A Country Publication: USA Publication Date: Publisher AltaMira Page Length Page Size Part Number N/A Reviews: Author your own review!

27. Zimbabwe Culture Book From Books.co.uk zimbabwe culture. Sub Title Origins and Decline of Southern Zambezian States. zimbabwe culture Book from Books.co.uk View larger image http://www.books.co.uk/zimbabwe_culture/0759100918.html

Author, Title, ISBN Author Title All Categories Advertise with us Home Page Press Home ... African Zimbabwe Culture Sub Title Origins and Decline of Southern Zambezian States View larger image Author(s): Pikirayi, Innocent Format: Paperback ISBN: RRP: (checkout best prices) Where are you? [ UK US Global store stock level item price delivered fetching... fetching... fetching... fetching... Delivery Prices are based on the minimum cost of delivery for a single item. Synopsis Tracing the rise and fall of indigenous states of southern Zambezia, "The Zimbabwe Culture" analyzes the long contentious history of the remains of the remarkable cyclopean masonry, ranging from mighty capitals of traditional kings to humble farmsteads.;Forming a cornerstone of the geographical lore of Africa in the 17th and 18th centuries, debate on the origins, development and collapse of the Zimbabwe culture has never ceased and, with increasing archaeological research over the 20th century, has become more complex. Innocent Pikirayi examines the growth and decline of pre-colonial states on the entire Zimbabwean Plateau and southern Zambezia. Categories Home History African Home ... History Info Series Title N/A Series NO N/A Edition N/A Country Publication: USA Publication Date: Publisher AltaMira Press,U.S.

28. Shona Lessons Learn Shona Online Greetings Morning Evening Afternoon And Hello Interested in Learning Shona, keep the zimbabwe culture living? Check back with us. Committed to the zimbabwe culture and African Culture http://www.nyambo.com/zimbabwe-jokes/tpl/shonalessons.php

100% Clean Sign Our Guestbook Speech Interested in Learning Shona, keep the Zimbabwe Culture living? SHONA Lessons Start with the basics Why learn at Nyambo.. because Nyambo is a fun place to be... Did you know that Shona is a Bantu Language?.. it is.. Ndeipi?.. means whats up? .. a quick hello how are you doing.. This section answers the following questions: How do you say hello in Shona? , How do you say good Morning in Shona, How do you say Good Afternoon in Shona?, How do you say good Evening in Shona? and also how to be cool in saying a greeting in Shona. Greeting Mhoroi: Hello Iri izwi rinoshandiswa kukwazisa kana kutambira vanhu vaviri, kana kudarika, kana kuti munhu mumwe chete mukuru kwauri, kana mumwewo aunokudza. This is a word used to greet someone or to welcome more than one person. This word is also used when you pass someone. It is used to greet a person that is older than you or someone that you respect. Mhoroi baba : hello father Mhoroi amai: hello mother Ndeipi.... whats up

29. Kubatana - Archive - Sweden Consolidates Culture Support To Zimbabwe - SIDA - Ju Sweden consolidates culture support to Zimbabwe the arts and culture sector in Zimbabwe following a successful evaluation of the zimbabwe culture Fund. http://www.kubatana.net/html/archive/artcul/050701sida.asp?sector=ARTCUL&range_s

30. Zimbabwe zimbabwe culture, language, and dialects Zimbabwe language and dialects African Studies WWW Virtual Library African Studies WWW (U. Penn) http://www.lionden.com/zimbabwe.htm

Lion Den Up Study Tips Add Link ... Kevin Patton ALL rights reserved Lion Tracks Lion Den Expeditions Africa -> ZIMBABWE Kevin Patton's Zimbabwe Page Links and Information about Zimbabwe F or our latest trip click here! For exchange rates for Zimbabwe currency try Kevin Patton's Lion Den Currency Converter Lion Den Currency Converter or if you are ready to travel now try Kevin Patton's Lion Den Cheat Sheet Currency Chart for Adventurers Zimbabwe culture, language, and dialects Zimbabwe language and dialects African Studies WWW Virtual Library African Studies WWW (U. Penn) Africa- Languages and Software ... Indigenous Resources for Africa For links to specific topics or destinations related to our safari: Hwange National Park Hwange National Park - Zimbabwe Victoria Falls Zimbabwe Map and Information For today's weather in Zimbabwe: Personal Destination Guide - Virtually There This page was last edited on Back Lion Den Up About East Africa ... Zambia Zimbabwe Africa Books Skins Search Menu Send feedback (or just feed) to me at: webservant@lionden.com

31. PLAYAHATA.COM The zimbabwe culture Origins and Decline of Southern Zambezian States. Great Zimbabwe http//www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/post/zimbabwe/art/greatzim/gz1. http://www.playahata.com/pages/bhfigures/bhfigures14.html

Figures in Black History Courtesy of Morpheus Great Zimbabwe: Houses of Stone Located in the south central African nation of Zimbabwe are the ruins of monuments and cities built of stone. These ruins extend a radius of 100 to 200 miles, a diameter almost as great as the entire nation of France. Believed to have been built by southern Africans about 600-1,000 years ago they are evidence of a thriving culture in the heart of southern Africa. Enclosure of Zimbabwe ruins Zimbabwe Architecture Earliest habitation of the site was around 400 AD. The site consists of a large main stone enclosure and many other structures built in and around it. Building probably occurred in three phases. Zimbabwe was occupied from the 13th to the 15th centuries by ancestors of the Shona. Most archaeologists agree that the Zimbabwe-type stone structures were intended to be indicators of status for the dwelling places for the elite. Modern day Zimbabwean kings, like their African ancestral counterparts in Mali, the Nile Valley and elsewhere, still possess similar dwellings. The wall of the great enclosure, pictured above, measures 244 meters in length, is 5 meters thick at its greatest point, and is 10 meters high. Interestingly, it is tapered so that it is narrowest at the top, suggesting fairly sophisticated architecture. Wall of Great Enclosure Around 1000AD people began to build large stone buildings for their kings, positioning them away from land. Many believe this move may have occurred to escape the dangerous tsetse fly. About 150 of these great ruins similar to Great Zimbabwe exist today. Many of these have been severely impacted and almost demolished, at least 50, as a result of the hunger for gold by Europeans. The population of Great Zimbabwe, previously estimated at 1,000 before the outside dwelling areas were taken into consideration, is now believed to have been as high as 18,000.

32. Great Zimbabwe ie The zimbabwe culture can be described as an indigenous reaction to an external stimulusthe East Coast gold trade (Huffman 1977 in Connah 1987) http://bruceowen.com/worldprehist/3250s14.htm

World Prehistory: Class 14 Great Zimbabwe The first European to visit Great Zimbabwe was a German geologist, Carl Mauch, in 1871. He said: "I do not think that I am far wrong if I suppose that the ruin on the hill is a copy of Solomon's Temple on Mount Moriah and the building in the plain of copy of the palace where the Queen of Sheba lived during her visit to Solomon." Setting of Zimbabwe Plateau physical setting high plateau, mostly over 1000 m elevation (3,250 feet) on eastern edge of Kalahari desert, bounded to east by a scarp dropping to the coastal plain and the Indian Ocean rolling plains with granite outcrops some deeply incised river valleys ecology/agriculture very variable soil, from rich to poor in general, trees scattered in grassy savanna cool, plenty of rain; an attractive environment good pasturage for cattle and sheep good conditions for sorghum, millet, beans, and squash relatively frequent "bad" years, maybe one in five, call for risk-minimizing strategies like keeping large herds, or...? the eastern portion, where the Zimbabwe-type sites are, is for climatic regions an "island" free of tsetse flies, which in surrounding areas kill both livestock and people

33. Mapungubwe National Park - Official Site - World Heritage, Golden Rhyno, Trails, They document the rise of the zimbabwe culture which was one of the most complex social and political entities in Africa during the 8th and the 9th http://www.sanparks.org/parks/mapungubwe/tourism/history.php

@import "/includes/css/layout_3col.css"; Skip to content South African National Parks Conserving Nature since 1926 Parks A-Z Projects Forums Home ... Park Home Tourism Accommodation Activities Availability History ... Vital information Fauna and Flora Birding Mammals Vegetation Information for People with disabilities Contact us Contact details Feedback Find contact All-In-One ... Photo Gallery Travellers' Tales Tree-top Dawn on the Limpopo - A birdwatcher's delight by Chris Patton Mapungubwe National Park Natural and Cultural History The artefacts found at Mapungubwe rank among the most important pieces of ancient art yet found in sub-Saharan Africa. They document the rise of the Zimbabwe culture which was one of the most complex social and political entities in Africa during the 8th and the 9th centuries. The culture, based partly on gold and ivory trade with the East Coast traders, is believed to have had its origins in the Limpopo Valley and subsequently spread northwards into Zimbabwe. Finds of gold artefacts, beads, burial grounds and other remains indicate that Mapungubwe was one of the major centres of this culture and bear testimony to the way of life of African peoples more than 1000 years ago. The whole area also has a substantial amount of San Rock Art sites, dating from 15 000 years back. More recent history has seen people like Cecil Rhodes and Jan Smuts frequenting the area, where Jan Smuts had a house in the current park. Jan Smuts was in fact the first person to see the importance of the area, when he proclaimed the Dongola Botanical Reserve in 1922.

34. LOUIS COLLINS BOOKS ABAA: Zimbabwe Culture A Bibliography. By STEVENS (Patricia LOUIS COLLINS BOOKS ABAA, Seattle, Washington USA,is a bricks mortar bookstore featuring a select stock of Outof-Print and Scholarly books in all http://www.collinsbooks.com/cgi-bin/lcb455/16662.html

Browse by category Africa Americana Anthropology Archaeology Architecture Automotive Books about books Cinema Closet of Serendip Cookery Criminology Geography Geology History History - Europe Juvenile Linguistics Literature Medicine Music Natural History Philosophy Politics Psychology Religion Science Serendip Technology Transportation Quick Search Log In Username: Password: Create an account About Us LOUIS COLLINS BOOKS ABAA more Contact Us Terms Security ... Site Map LOUIS COLLINS BOOKS ABAA 1211 East Denny Way Seattle, WA 98122 This site is powered by Bibliopolis Title: Zimbabwe Culture a Bibliography. Author: STEVENS (Patricia M.). Description: Cape Town:: U of Cape Town, 1972.. first edition. 47pp. 8vo wrappers. slight cover wear otherwise very good. Item # Add to your cart We accept VISA/ MasterCard/American Express. Books are returnable within 10 business days. DOMESTIC POSTAGE : Postage is extra. Please add per order for MEDIA MAIL (6-8 days delivery); per order for PRIORITY MAIL (2-3 days) FOREIGN POSTAGE : Postage is extra on ALL orders.

35. Afropop Worldwide and shakers of zimbabwe culture such as Thomas Mapfumo and Oliver Mtukudzi. IM This afternoon the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions tried to hold a http://www.afropop.org/multi/interview/ID/19/Ish Mafundikwa, VOP radio Zimbabwe,

Love African music? Get our free e-Newsletter! Home Radio Explore Archives ... Return to Previous Page Ish Mafundikwa, VOP radio Zimbabwe, March 2002 Place and Date: New York/Harare Interviewer: Sean Barlow Sean Barlow of afropop.org talked with Ish Mafundikwa, Program Editor of Voice of the People radio (VOP) on Thursday March 14th in the aftermath of the disputed election results where President Robert Mugabe was declared the official winner of the March 9-11 poll. VOP is the only private radio station in Zimbabwe. Their target audience is the rural population, and they broadcast via short wave radio (transmitter is located in the Netherlands) in the Shona and Ndebele languages. Mafundikwa says VOP is especially interested in these issuesvoter education, consumer rights, environmental and gender issues. Plus they transmit interviews with the movers and shakers of Zimbabwe culture such as Thomas Mapfumo and Oliver Mtukudzi. In the interview below, Mafundikwa refers to Mugabe's party, ZANU-PF, and to opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai's party, the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC). Sean Barlow: What is the headline news today?

36. Great Zimbabwe Caton Thompson, Gertrude The zimbabwe culture ; Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1931. But see Gayre pp. 206-207, 218, 214 (including a footnote citing Mutwa http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/melwood/368/anczimb.html

web hosting domain names photo sharing ANCIENT ZIMBABWEAN CIVILIZATION by David McNaughton Adapted and published as 'The African Connection' in Horizons magazine ( Khaleej Times, Dubai, UAE), 6th February 1987 A summary appears at http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/melwood/368/zimsciam.html - based on an unsuccessful letter to Scientific American Lying in the interior of tropical southern Africa are hundreds of stone ruins. The largest of them, situated near Masvingo (previously called Fort Victoria), were known in the 16th century as Symbaoe ; later they were called the Zimbabwe Ruins . They consist of a fortress on a hill, nicknamed the Acropolis , and an elliptical "temple" now referred to as Great Zimbabwe . A dozen or so other sites were obviously satellite settlements of secondary importance . All buildings were unroofed, and were constructed using dry-stone walling techniques, i.e. without any cement or mortar, meaning that the granite bricks had to be carefully shaped and trimmed so as to fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. Virtually all these structures lie within the territory formerly known as Southern Rhodesia (now renamed Zimbabwe). Brief references were made to the Zimbabwe Ruins in 16th century Portuguese writings

37. Zimbabwe (Africa) Genealogy: Resources For Family History Research Ancestry.com. History Culture. Encyclopedia Zimbabwe History news.bbc.co.uk; Zimbabwe History zimbabwe culture IExplore.com http://www.kindredtrails.com/zimbabwe.html

Search Our Site powered by FreeFind Libraries, Archives Libraries University of Zimbabwe Library P.O. Box MP45 Mount Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe Phone: 303211 Ext. 1375 Special Collections Regional Archives National Archives Family History Centers LDS/Mormons familysearch.org Family History Library Catalog - Zimbabwe Societies The Historical Society of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Society Newspapers Chronicle - Zimbabwe *Government-affiliated newspaper from Bulawayo The Herald - Zimbabwe *Official daily newspaper Sunday News - Zimbabwe The Zimbabwe Independent P.O. Box BE 1165 Belvedere, Harare

38. Eastern And Southern Africa, 1400-1600 A.D. | Timeline Of Art History | The Metr In the area that is now Zimbabwe, traditions of monumental stone architecture initiated by the Great zimbabwe culture continue on a smaller scale. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/08/sfe/ht08sfe.htm

Encompasses present-day Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Botswana, and Namibia See also Central Africa Guinea Coast and Western and Central Sudan This large region is primarily rural and agricultural with several large coastal cities populated predominantly by Arabic traders. Elaborate mosques and palaces reflect the Islamic influence in the use of barrel vaulting and ornate decorative motifs on doors and windows. In the area that is now Zimbabwe, traditions of monumental stone architecture initiated by the Great Zimbabwe culture continue on a smaller scale. Beginning in the ninth century, trade networks link East Africa to Asia and the Middle East. This period is marked by first encounters with Europeans , primarily Portuguese traders , and subsequent struggles for control over the Indian Ocean trade networks. One site of this confrontation is the region south of the Zambezi River in present-day Mozambique and eastern Zimbabwe, where routes carrying precious metals and ivory to the coast are dominated by the emergent Mutapa state in the 1500s. In Ethiopia, the Early Solomonic period is one of intense scholarly and artistic production, including manuscripts, architecture, and panel paintings for the Orthodox Christian Church. The Bantu migration from the Cameroon-Gabon area to the coasts of East and South Africa concludes. Among other things, Bantu-speaking peoples introduce

39. Great Zimbabwe Information about the ruins at Great Zimbabwe. The zimbabwe culture Origins and Decline of Southern Zambezian States. The zimbabwe culture Ruins and http://www.occultopedia.com/g/great_zimbabwe.htm

40. CTV.ca | Twins Separated In T.O. Going Home To Zimbabwe Tinashe and Tinotenda Mufuka were born in Zimbabwe, joined at the torso. would have been shunned in rural zimbabwe culture, where such marks are seen as http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1121790229697_117199429/?hub

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