21. Transcultural Psychiatry -- Sign In Page Among traditional xhosaspeaking peoples, the relationship with the ancestors is given expression in Initiation of xhosa indigenous healers (Amagquira). http://tps.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/40/2/194

JOURNAL HOME HELP CONTACT US SUBSCRIPTIONS ... SEARCH QUICK SEARCH: [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year: Vol: Page: This item requires a subscription to Transcultural Psychiatry Online. Ancestor Reverence and Mental Health in South Africa Berg Transcultural Psychiatry. This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) References ... Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager To view this item, select one of the options below: Sign In User Name Sign in without cookies. Can't get past this page? Help with Cookies. Need to Activate? Password Forgot your user name or password? Purchase Short-Term Access Pay per Article - You may access this article (from the computer you are currently using) for 1 day for US$25.00 Pay for Admission - You may access all content in Transcultural Psychiatry Online (from the computer you are currently using) for 24 hours for US$75.00. Regain Access - You can regain access to a recent Pay per Article or Pay for Admission purchase if your access period has not yet expired.

22. A Modern History Of South Africa - USSAS - University Scholarships For South Afr In particular, the xhosa skirmished frequently with the eastwardmoving settlers, Initially, both colonial settlers and indigenous peoples engaged http://www.ussas.com/sa_history.html

The history of South Africa can be traced back to the direct ancestors of modern humankind millions of year ago. Cave paintings dating back over 20,000 years ago are scattered throughout the region with more recent archaeological evidence tracing the movement of the Bantu in their southward migration around 700 AD. The Bantu were the ancestors of today's main South African language groups, the Nguni, Sotho, Venda and Tsonga. Cape settlers expanded their territory towards the north and the east in the beginning of the 18th century. The Trek Boers, who were white farmers, led the Great Trek branching out into the countryside in search of grazing land for their cattle. However, successful armed opposition from native peoples challenged the Boers. In particular, the Xhosa skirmished frequently with the eastward-moving settlers, with the first of several major wars along the Great Fish River occurring in the last quarter of the 18th century and continuing intermittently into the mid 19th century as Boers numbering in the thousands ventured out of Cape Town escaping economic problems within the settlement. Initially, both colonial settlers and indigenous peoples engaged primarily in agriculture and small-scale craft work, but in the late nineteenth century, gold was discovered on the Witwatersrand in the northeast region of the country, and the city of Johannesburg was established to exploit the resource. Mining became a major economic activity of South Africa, and remains so to the present day. European settlers and their descendants had from the beginning exploited forced indigenous labor on the farms. Now, African men were impressed to work in the mines.

23. Xhosa | Red Blanket People | Tribe, South Africa... indigenous peoples, the socalled Mfecane/Difeqane (“The Crushing”). Today, many of the xhosa-speaking people of South africa are Christians, http://southern.africa-tours.info/africa_xhosa.html

Main Southern Africa Travel (home) About: Siyabona Africa African Safari Tours 5 day Drakensberg Hike ... 2 day Shamwari Game Reserve Xhosa Introduction The Xhosa , also often called the “Red Blanket People”, are of Nguni stock, like the Zulu . The name Xhosa is a generalised term for a diversity of proud clans, the Pondo, Bomvana, Thembu and the Xhosa tribe itself. Red and the orange of ochre were the traditional colours of the Xhosa , Tembu and Bomvana (“the red ones”). The first group of early Nguni immigrants to migrate to South Africa consisted of the Xhosa , (made up of the the Gcaleka, Ngqika, Ndlambe and Dushane clans), the Thembu and Pondo. However, a second group of Nguni-speakers joined these tribes later. These were the tribes that Shaka, the Zulu king, drove out of Zululand. Some returned to Zululand when peace was declared, but those who remained became known as the Mfengu and were assimilated into the Xhosa nation. The early immigrants formed the backbone of the Xhosa nation and have good reason to be proud. Not only were they to become the second largest group of Black Africans in South Africa but they were also the only ones that were never defeated or enslaved by any other tribe. Eastern Cape Province They even repulsed the mighty Zulu chief, Shaka. Ex-President Nelson Mandela belongs to this ethnic group. The Xhosa live mainly in the

24. Minorities At Risk (MAR) indigenous peoples. BURUNDI. HUTUS. 4707. 0.8500. communal contender. BURUNDI SOUTH africa. xhosa. 7282. 0.1700. communal contender. SOUTH africa http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/data/africatbl.htm

25. Demographics Of South Africa -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article from the earliest settlers, their slaves, and the indigenous peoples. to Zulu) xhosa, (A member of the tall Negroid people of southeast africa http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/d/de/demographics_of_south_africa.

Demographics of South Africa [Categories: Demographics by country, South Africa] Background Until 1991, (A republic at the southernmost part of Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1910; first European settlers were Dutch (known as Boers)) South Africa n law divided the population into four major racial categories: blacks (African), whites, coloureds, and Asians. Although this law has been abolished, many South Africans still view themselves and each other according to these categories. Black Africans comprise about 79% of the population and are divided into a number of different ethnic groups. Whites comprise about 10% of the population. They are primarily descendants of (The West Germanic language of the Netherlands) Dutch (The Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France) French (An Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the Commonwealth countries) English , and (A person of German nationality) German settlers who began arriving at the Cape in the late 17th century. There is a

26. 1 Peoples Of South Africa We know that the process of absorption of the Khoikhoi by the xhosa Nonindigenous peoples in South africa. White Europeans—ancestors of the Afrikaners http://husky1.stmarys.ca/~wmills/course322/1Peoples_of_SA.html

Home History 322 lecture list Wallace G. Mills Hist. 322 1 Peoples of S. Africa Peoples of South Africa San (Bushmen) - they were hunters and food-gatherers. -they employed stone age technology, but they had very extensive and sophisticated knowledge of plants and animals in their environment. - they were the cave painters in South Africa; they used similar themes and materials as were used by cave painters in the Sahara dating back about 30,000 years. Khoikhoi (Hottentots) - the Khoikhoi were pastoralists (cattle-keepers); - they had some metals (copper and alloys); they may have acquired these in trade (some evidence of dispersion of metals from central Africa), but there are also evidences of smelting in number of areas of the north-western Cape and Namibia. - pastoralism gave more control over food supply and somewhat more intensive exploitation allowed denser population and larger political/judicial systems; however, these systems often did not function continuously throughout the year. Annual migrations would bring people together for part of the year; then they would disperse to other grazing grounds for the remainder of the year. Thus, the degree of control and the level of cohesion were limited. - the Khoikhoi were vulnerable to loss of cattle because their way of life and livelihood depended on this; yet cattle were practically the only commodity which they could trade for European goods. As dependencies on these goods grew, loss of cattle left few economic choices except to become labourers for the white settlers.

27. 18 White Settlers In South Africa A couple of them even married xhosa wives. people on both sides were confident; Not only did they tend to take a high hand with indigenous peoples, http://husky1.stmarys.ca/~wmills/course316/18White_Settlers.html

Wallace G. Mills Hist. 316 18 White Settlers White Settlers in South Africa to 1870 - from an early period (probably because of the presence of non-white slaves), whites were unwilling to do physical labour. Thus, importing of slaves was an on-going requirement. - the company also tried to encourage settlers to emigrate from the Netherlands, but only a handful of families did so until 1688. As the result of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (and accompanying persecution of Huguenots), thousands of French Protestants fled as refugees to the Netherlands and England. In the Netherlands, they were offered the chance to go to the Cape and about 200 Huguenot families accepted and emigrated there over the next 2 years or so. This was a very substantial addition to the very slow growing white community. Moreover, these were families and helped to balance the sexes among whites. - even before the arrival of the Huguenots, the settlement had outgrown the Cape peninsula and had spread across the Cape Flats (a sandy, dry area unsuitable for agriculture) to the area of Stellenbosch and the Hottentots Holland Mountains. The Huguenot families were settled interspersed (a deliberate policy) among the existing Dutch families, helping to settle the country to Paarl and beyond; the Huguenot families were quickly assimilated (they were Calvinist, just like the Dutch Reformed Church). Trekboers - in the original settlement at Cape Town to the west of the Hottentots Holland Mtns., the emphasis was upon agriculture. However, the Company had been unable to prevent burgers from acquiring and keeping cattle.

28. South Africa - Columbia Encyclopedia® Article About South Africa (Bushmen) are among the oldest indigenous peoples of South africa. Founded in 1819 as a military post on xhosa land, the Grahamstown area was the site http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/South Africa

Domain='thefreedictionary.com' word='South Africa' Your help is needed: American Red Cross The Salvation Army join mailing list webmaster tools Word (phrase): Word Starts with Ends with Definition subscription: Dictionary/ thesaurus Computing dictionary Medical dictionary Legal dictionary Financial dictionary Acronyms Columbia encyclopedia Wikipedia encyclopedia Hutchinson encyclopedia South Africa Also found in: Dictionary/thesaurus Acronyms Wikipedia Hutchinson 0.01 sec. Page tools Printer friendly Cite / link Email Feedback South Africa, Afrikaans Suid-Afrika, officially Republic of South Africa, republic (1995 est. pop. 45,095,000), 471,442 sq mi (1,221,037 sq km), S Africa. It borders on the Atlantic Ocean in the west, on Namibia in the northwest, on Botswana and Zimbabwe in the north, on Mozambique and Swaziland in the northeast, and on the Indian Ocean in the east and south. Lesotho is an independent enclave in the east. The largest city is Johannesburg Johannesburg , city (1991 pop. 1,574,631), Gauteng, NE South Africa, on the southern slopes of the Witwatersrand at an altitude of 5,750 ft (1,753 m). Click the link for more information.

29. Jonathan Ball Publishers - New Books The House of Phalo, the first modern history of the xhosa, relates the the most numerous and important indigenous peoples in contemporary South africa, http://www.jonathanball.co.za/home.asp

30. INTRODUCTION SOUTH AFRICA (Huridocs Code 5458) 1. BACKGROUND DATA CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY Southern africa was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples cultural groups including Zulu, Sotho, xhosa and Tswana peoples. http://www.law.qub.ac.uk/humanrts/emergency/safrica/saf1.htm

31. AllAfrica.com South Africa [opinion] That S Cool, Great-Granddad of the dawn of literacy among the indigenous peoples of southern africa. Isigidimi and a linguist working on comparative studies of xhosa and Sotho. http://allafrica.com/stories/200508040230.html

32. MOST Ethno-Net Publication: Anthropology Of Africa of the various indigenous african peoples into modern states, He found that xhosa migrants to East London, South africa could be divided into two http://www.ethnonet-africa.org/pubs/p95modo.htm

MOST ETHNO-NET AFRICA PUBLICATIONS Anthropology of Africa and the Challenges of the Third Millennium - Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts, PAAA / APA, 1999 An Anthropologist’s View of Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts in Africa I.V.O. Modo Department of Social Anthropology/Sociology National University of Lesotho P.O. Roma 180 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Ethnicity denotes an extreme consciousness of and loyalty to a particular linguistic and cultural group unidentified with any other group (Udoh 1998:38). Such groups usually possess myth of origin, traceable to an epical ancestor or ancestress. With a strong ruling house such ethnic groups like the Yoruba, Edo, Fante were able to organize themselves into Empire or Kingdoms, conquering and incorporating other lesser ethnic groups as vassals. With the coming of colonial masters, treaties were signed with such kingdoms wherever they existed; especially during the 17th and 18th centuries (Bradbury et al 1965; Igbafe 1972). Origin of ethnicity in Africa Ethnicity in post-colonial Africa is principally a response to the new social structure the indigenous people found themselves in during the colonial era and at independence. The cultural upbringing is seriously at variance with the social processes of the modern era. Bohannan (1957) speaks of the philosophy of limited good among the Tiv of Nigeria. All goods are communally owned and so the possession of a good by one person is the loss of that good by another. This concept is applicable to every tribe in most circumstances. Ethnic discrimination has its root in the favouritism shown to kin group members as could be seen from the principle of segmentary opposition among the Tiv of Nigeria (Bohannan 1969) or Nuer of Southern Sudan (Evans-Pritchard 1940).

33. Page 1 or nothing of the history of other indigenous peoples of South africa or While appreciating the desire of the xhosa people to acclaim the heroic http://www.iol.co.za/html/news/reflections/page2.php

A nation built on memories By Nelson Mandela (extract from 'Whither the Black Consciousness Movement? An Assessment') As far as Robben Island is concerned, it is understandable that Xhosas in the past may have called it after Makana, since in those days they thought as Xhosas rather than as Africans and even much less as blacks. After all, Makana was a leader who commanded an army of 18 000 in 1890 and who devastated white areas for several months. His people were greatly disappointed by his banishment and deeply shocked by his unexpected death when trying to swim from the island to the mainland. They knew very little or nothing of the history of other indigenous peoples of South Africa or about the men who were deported here long before Makana’s time. Let's not talk past each other By Frene Ginwala In what appears to be a simple debate on whether or not to rename Robben Island, a number of important issues on South African identity and the universality of human rights are raised. Since 1994, name and symbol changes have been on the national agenda. Frequently the intent is perceived as petty or retributive, or is trivialised as an attempt to impose "politically correct language". Language and the choice of particular words evolve on the basis of values and assumptions in society or are imposed by the dominating ideology and culture. Today we can laugh at the ludicrous apartheid definitions: "native", "Bantu", "plurals"; "Whites" or "Europeans" to include Japanese, Iranians and Koreans and exclude Chinese; the expropriation of the term "South African" and newspapers reporting "1 South African and 23 Bantu died in a mine explosion..." Our country remains littered with place names which reflect the nomenclature of white superiority.

34. Enrico's Perspective One After the European invasions in the late 1800s, indigenous peoples had to adapt Therefore, I would encourage xhosa students to sing xhosa music and to http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/go/capetown/P-eperspective1.html

Perspective One: Enrico Pedro Comments on the Music Class Event Each event in Project Capetown is accompanied by a set of professional perspectives that address the issues raised in the questions at the end of the events. These perspectives are provided by Joanne Herbert, a teacher education professor at the University of Virginia, and Enrico Pedro, a South African graduate student in education also at the University of Virginia. The Perspective Clicking an item below will take you to the indicated part of this document, or you can scroll through the questions in order. Question One: These students have just crossed social and educational boarders to become part of a new culture, yet their music suggests they maintain a strong center in their tribal culture. Does this seem compatible with or contradictory to the idea of an integrated school? Question Two: Integration is still a problem in schools around the world. What do you know about some of the more and less successful efforts to integrate schools in your country? Question Three: If you were a music teacher in a Cape Town integrated school, would you encourage the maintenance of tribal singing groups or work to integrate black voices into existing choruses, or both?

35. South Africa Seminar: Info Pages It is closely related to xhosa, Zulu and Ndebele. The Swazi people It is the most spoken indigenous? language in africa, making up the mother tongue http://www.stanford.edu/~jbaugh/saw/Tracy_Language_&_Ebonics.html

Global Perspectives on Human Language: The South African Context Language Systems in South Africa and Their Parallels to the Linguistic Struggle of Blacks in the U.S. Additional Links Tracy Conner Updated 9-19-2004 South Africa is a country where the fierce hold of apartheid is a decade removed and economic success is still sharply divided among color lines. Nevertheless, some of the most progressive policies dealing with language have been constructed. Under the National Language Policy Framework (NLPF) organized in 2003, higher salience was placed on languages other than those of previous European colonizers. Although the expanded policy ideally should have evened the racial playing field, it has actually continued racial and economic stratification through the subtleties of language. Before 2003, the language policy in South Africa allowed only for two official languages, Afrikaans and English, meaning these were the only languages of instruction. Today English is considered to be the language of upward mobility, and Afrikaans is the language of instruction in many schools, while the mother tongues of much of the population are the indigenous languages of Southern Africa. Before legislation expanding the official languages was passed, the masses who had been labeled inferior during apartheid were now "free" to speak an "inferior" language under that system. The NLPF passed this new policy to equalize languages within society. However, one must keep in mind that "[i]t is not language per se, but its power to function as a 'proxy' for wider social issues which fans the flames over public disputes over language," (Johnson, 599). For this reason, the linguistic differences that led to hardship in this country in some ways parallel similar language issues in the Black community of the US. By comparing and contrasting these language issues, it may be possible to realize a common goal, and continue to move forward address existing linguistic inequalities.

36. Xhosa xhosa and other black African peoples did have access to some education and there The indigenous people they met on their migrations were the Khoisan http://imb.org/cesa/peoplegroups/xhosa.htm

People Profile The Xhosa Religion: Christianity Population: 6,734,000 (Operation World) Status: 25% African Traditional Religion Location: The Xhosa people are black Africans who are mostly known as cattle herders and live in beehive shaped huts in scattered homesteads ruled by chiefs. They live primarily in the Eastern Cape areas called Ciskei and Transkei. Xhosa are also found all over the Republic of South Africa in various occupations. History: The Xhosa were part of the gradual Bantu migration movement from southern Zaire in various directions to cover most of Africa south of the Sahara. They are descended from a clan of the Nguni. By 1600 the Xhosa people by that name were in the Eastern Cape and from 1705 there were periodic minor clashes with the sparse Boers (Dutch-Afrikaner farmers). As the number of Boers grew and they expanded further north and east from the Cape, clashes increased. As South Africa shifted politically between British and Dutch rule, clashes with the Xhosa grew in magnitude, as with the Zulu in the Natal area farther north. In British South Africa traditional areas of the Xhosa and other peoples were preserved as autonomous territories. These later became administrative districts of the Union of South Africa in 1910. The Union remained part of the British Empire and Commonwealth until after WW II. In the election of 1948, the Afrikaner National socialist party won control, restoring Afrikaner control to South Africa for the first time since the annexation of the Boer Republics by 1879. The Afrikaner government withdrew South Africa from the Commonwealth and imposed the segregation policy called "apartheid" (apart-ness).

37. Resources On The Tabwa xhosa Praise Poetry Southern Afroamerican and african Studies, africa indigenous People Baule africa, african Anthropology General Resources. By http://www.mongabay.com/indigenous_ethnicities/african/Tabwa.html

Tabwa Indigenous Ethnicities index Home People African ... Contact Tabwa Web resources african indigenous people bamana Home. Africa, African Anthropology - General Resources. ... Nok Nuna Oron Owo Pende Pokot african art, real antiques shop, gifts. Discuss tribes, masks ... A $265 million museum devoted to the indigenous art of the Americas, Africa, Asia African tribes The ndako gboya appears to be indigenous; a spirit that affords protection from Ethno-Net Database: Zambia ...in Zambia (1993 Johnstone), 25% of the population, including 741,114 Bemba, 32,022 Cartographic History ...provides the examples of a wide variety of indigenous African mapping traditions: Africa Direct-Ethnographic art, trade beads, masks, carvings ... Tabwa people. ... Zulu spoons were carved by men only, out of a variety of hard and soft Teaching Africa for K-12 ...ssrg/africa/history/hisk12.html African Indigenous Knowledge Systems ... Mbole, Mossi, African Culture - Society on the Internet Lobi, Luba, Lwalwa, Makonde, Mbole, Mossi, Pende, Suku, Tabwa, Woyo, Yaka ... Batimalliba ...has served to marginalize the indigenous cartographic record.". ... Bassett's inventory

38. Resources On The Berber xhosa, Zulu, and six other African languages. Mr. Benon Mugarura from the African indigenous and Minorities peoples Organisation explained that in . http://www.mongabay.com/indigenous_ethnicities/african/Berber.html

Berber Indigenous Ethnicities index Home People African ... Contact Berber Web resources Berbers ...in North Africa, Tunisia, being Berber is synonymous with being an illiterate peasant dressed in traditional garments. As with other indigenous peoples in the ... african indigenous people bamana Africa, African Anthropology - General Resources. ... Aowin Asante Babanki Baga Bali Bamana Bamileke Bamum Bangubangu Bangwa Baule Beembe Bembe Berber Bidyogo Bobo ... African Tribes - Berber People Recommended Book. The Berbers (The Peoples of Africa) The Berber-speaking peoples are regarded as the indigenous tribes of North Africa. ... ...like Zinedine Zidane have helped to raise the profile of Berber history and identity, but earning recognition as an indigenous African culture threatened by ... Ethnicity and Race by Countries Venezuela, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people. ... Western Sahara (proposed state), Saharawi, Arab, Berber. ... Africa - Re: Re: Morocco is a predominately Amazigh (Berber) ... The North African countries are being ruled by Arab nationalistic orientated regimes, who are ... methods in order to try to eradicate the indigenous Berber culture ... NativeWeb Home Its mission is to preserve and promote indigenous culture in general and the ... Mouvement Culturel Berbere (Berber Cultural Movement), Berber, Africa, 921. ...

39. A Cultural Profile Of The Xhosa Of South Africa A brief cultural profile of the xhosa people of South africa. The indigenous people they met on their migrations were the Khoisan (Bushmen and Nama or http://orvillejenkins.com/profiles/xhosa.html

Profiles Menu Orville Jenkins Home People Profile The Xhosa of South Africa Population Religion : Christianity Status : 25% African Traditional Religion NARRATIVE PROFILE Location : The Xhosa people are black Africans who are mostly known as cattle herders and live in beehive shaped huts in scattered homesteads ruled by chiefs. They live primarily in the Eastern Cape areas called Ciskei and Transkei. Xhosa are also found all over the Republic of South Africa in various occupations. History : The Xhosa were part of the gradual Bantu migration movement from southern Zaire in various directions to cover most of Africa south of the Sahara. They are descended from a clan of the Nguni. By 1600 the Xhosa people by that name were in the Eastern Cape and from 1705 there were periodic minor clashes with the sparse Boers (Dutch-Afrikaner farmers). As the number of Boers grew and they expanded further north and east from the Cape, clashes increased. As South Africa shifted politically between British and Dutch rule, clashes with the Xhosa grew in magnitude, as with the Zulu in the Natal area farther north. In British South Africa traditional areas of the Xhosa and other peoples were preserved as autonomous territories. These later became administrative districts of the Union of South Africa in 1910. The Union remained part of the British Empire and Commonwealth until after WW II.

40. People During the seventeenth century, the xhosa migrated from central africa to settle in Europe and indigenous people create an exceptional food experience. http://www.encounter.co.za/people.html

Home Article Archive Newsletters Travel Guides ... Contact Us Search Feautures Nature Destinations Wildlife History ... Vacations Newsletter Email Address Have travel deals, information on destinations, people and events delivered to your desktop with Southern Africa Places' FREE newsletter - Encounter Southern Africa. People The real heart of South Africa is the diversity of people and cultures. Many of South Africa’s cultures have their roots in an ancient world, whilst some of the cultures are relatively new. The South African population consists of 9 large and a number of smaller groups. South Africa has a population of 45 million people with the racial groups as African (79,0%), White (9,6%), Coloured (8,9%) and Indian/Asian (2,5%) There are 11 official languages spoken in South Africa with English largely spoken in most urban areas of the country. Wines of the Cape - White Wines The bulk of South Africa's experience with wine rests on the shoulders of white wine grapes, particularly Chenin Blanc. White wine varieties include Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Colombar and Hanepoot.

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