21. Agronomy Journal -- Sign In Page ext. Publ. A3557. wisconsin coop. ext., Univ. of wisconsin, Madison. Bundy, LG,and ES Malone. Agric. Exp. Stn. and coop. ext. service, Manhattan, KS. http://agron.scijournals.org/cgi/content/full/97/4/1230

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ... SEARCH QUICK SEARCH: [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year: Vol: Page: This item requires a subscription to Agronomy Journal Online. Full Text Corn Yield Response to Nitrogen Rate and Timing in Sandy Irrigated Soils Gehl et al. Agron J. This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited ... Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager PubMed Articles by Gehl, R. J. Articles by Gordon, W. B. Agricola Articles by Gehl, R. J. Articles by Gordon, W. B. Related Collections Soil Fertility and Productivity Maize Nutrient Management Nitrogen To view this item, select one of the options below: Sign In User Name Sign in without cookies. Can't get past this page? Help with Cookies. Need to Activate? Password Forgot your user name or password? Purchase Short-Term Access Pay per Article - You may access this article (from the computer you are currently using) for 2 days for US$10.00

22. Nitrate Toxicity Of Montana Forages wisconsin coop. ext. http//www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/pubs/nitrate.htm. Copyright 2002MSU extension service We encourage the use of this document for http://www.animalrangeextension.montana.edu/articles/Forage/General/Nitrate-tox.

Home Search T o Forage Publications Nitrate Toxicity of Montana Forages by Dennis Cash, Rick Funston, Marc King and Dave Wichman; Extension specialists, MSU Animal and Range Science department, Bozeman and Miles City; Sweet Grass County Extension agent, Big Timber; Superintendent, Central Agricultural Experiment Station, Moccasin Forage crops can accumulate toxic amounts of nitrate (NO ). High nitrate has been reported in cereal grains (oats, rye, wheat, barley, triticale, etc.),bromegrass, orchardgrass, fescue, sorghum, sudangrass, millet, corn, sweetclover and alfalfa. Several weeds, such as kochia, lambs-quarter, pigweed, quackgrass and Russian thistle, can also have high nitrate levels, especially when growing under adverse conditions. Nitrate poisoning of livestock was reported as early as 1895. Livestock losses occurred for many years before elevated nitrate levels in forage were determined to be the cause of death. The term "oat hay poisoning" was the common explanation for livestock losses in the 1930s, because large acreages of oats were harvested for forage during drought years. Nitrate toxicity Nitrate itself is not toxic to animals, but at elevated levels, it can cause a noninfectious disease called

23. Back-to-Basics: Regional Updates Archive - Winter 2004-2005 wisconsin State coop. ext. Serv., University of wisconsin, Madison. According tothe Florida Agricultural Statistics service The all orange forecast http://www.back-to-basics.net/regional/archives/winter_2004-2005.htm

Northcentral Northeast Northern Great Plains Southern/Central Great Plains ... West Northcentral Harvest in 2004 was marked by record-breaking yields for many crops in many areas of the Northcentral region. Nutrient management plans will need to be updated to account for the quantities of P and K removed by crop harvest this past season. Range in estimated 2004 state average P removal (lb P O /A): alfalfa: 25 to 53 corn: 46 to 77 soybean: 26 to 43 wheat: 26 to 39 Range in estimated 2004 state average K removal (lb K O/A): alfalfa: 105 to 215 corn: 34 to 54 soybean: 46 to 74 wheat: 14 to 23 Summary of yield and nutrient removal changes from 2003 to 2004: alfalfa up 5 to 17% corn up 5 to 17% soybean up 5 to 51% wheat declined in 4 states and increased in one: range was -10 to 9% Table 1.

24. AgrAbility Of Wisconsin Funding USDA CSREES; UW coop. ext. service During its 12 years, AgrAbilityof wisconsin has provided direct assistance to about 1100 disabled farmers http://bse.wisc.edu/Updates_121203_012104/AnnualSum2004/Anul_Summ_Extension_04/E

AgrAbility of Wisconsin (Back to Safety and Health Section) (Back to Annual Summary, 200 R.T. Schuler*, S.L. Hicken, C.A. Skjolaas Funding: USDA CSREES; UW Coop. Ext. Service Cooperators: UW Biological Systems Engring.; Easter Seals Wis.; Wis. Div. of Vocational Rehabilitation This partnership of the UW Cooperative Extension Service and the FARM Center of Easter Seals Wisconsin (ESW) provides education and assistance to farmers with disabilities and to disabled members of their families. Extension staff provides education and awareness of AgrAbility through extension/outreach activities. ESW's role is to give on-farm help via worksite assessments and development of individual plans. During its 12 years, AgrAbility of Wisconsin has provided direct assistance to about 1100 disabled farmers and disabled members of their families. Disabilities addressed include cancer, lower back pain, spinal cord injuries, amputations, respiratory and cardiac problems, and visual and hearing impairments. A close relationship has developed with the Wisconsin Division of Vocational Rehabilitation (DVR) which provides on-site support to farmers to implement their assistive technology plans and to refer them to the AgrAbility program. Examples of assistance provided are computer software, air-suspension tractor seats, added tractor steps, powered feed carts, milking pipelines, personal transport machines, and tractor lifts. DVR counselors have received training from AgrAbility staff regarding accommodations most effective for farmers with disabilities.

25. AgrAbility Of Wisconsin Funding USDA CSREES; UW coop. ext. service. cooperators UW Biological SystemsEngring.; Natl. Easter Seals. The National AgrAbility Project provides http://bse.wisc.edu/Updates_121203_012104/AnnualSum2004/Anul_Summ_Extension_04/E

National AgrAbility Project (Back to Safety and Health Section) (Back to Annual Summary, 200 R.T. Schuler*, C.A. Skjolaas, M.E. Novak, R.H. Meyer, M.F. Beck, S.D. Grunder, T. Willkomm Funding: USDA CSREES; UW Coop. Ext. Service Cooperators: UW Biological Systems Engring.; Natl. Easter Seals The National AgrAbility Project provides training and educational support for the 24 state AgrAbility projects. These projects provide education and assistance to disabled farmers as described above for AgrAbility of Wisconsin. The national project requires a joint effort between state Cooperative Extension staff and staff from a non-profit disability organization, which is National Easter Seals. Training and education are provided through a national workshop, monthly newsletters, quarterly technical news, and e-mail. The website www.agrability-project.org was developed and will be further refined to provide information to state project staff and the general public. The website provides access to an assistive technology database listing more than 1000 items. A photo library recently became available to staff of state projects. The monthly newsletter is distributed electronically only. A National Workshop was planned and held in Omaha to provide training for state staff and others serving farmers with disabilities. Evaluation of all aspects of the project is a major component and has been initiated. A needs assessment for the state projects was developed and implemented. Plans have begun to determine how well the state projects are meeting the needs and expectations of the farmers whom they are serving. An impact survey has been developed that will indicate how well AgrAbiity is meeting the needs of farmers with disabilities.

26. Resources Guide / University Of Wisconsin - Madison Libraries /Steenbock Memoria Steenbock Library offers a Current Contents service whereby a weekly search Horticulture Solutions Series (Illinois coop ext.) Online Dictionaries The http://steenbock.library.wisc.edu/subjectguide/hort.htm

-MadCat Library Catalog- Find It -E-Journals- -RefWorks- ... -UW Madison Libraries- Journal Databases For Articles on Your Topic All Databases Academic Search Agricola Biological Abstracts CAB Abstracts Current Contents Medline Proquest Research Library PsycInfo PubMed Web of Science Research Guides by Subject Best Databases / Web Sites Agriculture Animal Science Biochemistry Biology Biol Systems Engineer Bioterrorism Organisms Chronic Wasting Disease Consumer Science Cranberries Crops Entomology Environment Family Economic Security Family Living/4H Lit. Search Families - Strengthening Fashion Food Science Forestry Genetically Modified Organisms Government Information Horticulture Interior Design Job Hunting on the Internet Landscape Architecture Life Science Comm Nutrition Organic Foods Reference Resources Retailing Soil Science Statistical Sources Veterinary Medicine Water-Related Info Wildlife Youth Leadership/Community Dev More subjects... I Want to... Services, Tips, Tutorials

27. Nitrate Toxicity Of Montana Forages From Montana State University Extension Serv Most MSU extension service agents can provide the Nitrate QuikTest, which is a wisconsin coop. ext. http//www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/pubs/nitrate.htm http://www.montana.edu/wwwpb/pubs/mt200205.html

MontGuide fact sheet #200205/Agriculture from the Montana State University Extension Service High nitrate levels frequently occur in forage crops, particularly in small grains grown under drought stress. This publication outlines strategies for avoiding nitrate toxicity, including proper management, monitoring forage nitrate levels and appropriate feeding programs. The Montana State University Extension Service is an educational resource dedicated to improving the quality of people's lives by providing research-based knowledge to strengthen the social, economic and environmental well-being of families, communities and agricultural enterprises. Take a look at more of our free publications or visit the Montana State University home page. Would you like to be notified by email when we post more MontGuide fact sheets to the Web? Send your email address to publications@montana.edu Would you rather have this MontGuide in a PDF format viewable with Adobe Acrobat Reader? Nitrate Toxicity of Montana Forages by Dennis Cash, Rick Funston, Marc King and Dave Wichman; Extension specialists, MSU Animal and Range Science department, Bozeman and Miles City; Sweet Grass County Extension agent, Big Timber; Superintendent, Central Agricultural Experiment Station, Moccasin

28. Abbreviated Titles 1995 : D-E I6P8 EC Neb. coop. ext. Serv. EC - cooperative extension service, Universityof Nebraska 275.29 N272EX EB Mont State Univ ext Serv* EB - Montana State http://www.nal.usda.gov/indexing/lji95/abrtie.htm

Abbreviated Titles : D-E *Previously used abbreviated title

29. Agriculture World General Information University of wisconsin Cooperative ext. service University of Wyoming Cooperativeext. service. Agriculture Organizations http://www.agricultureworld.net/linksgeneral.htm

General Agriculture Information Agricultural Organization Extension Services Ag Health Organizations Environmental Agencies ... Training Agricultural Health Organizations AgrAbility Agricultural Safety and Health Network Farm Safety and Health in Minnesota Clinicians Network ... University of Wisconsin Center for Agricultural Safety and Health Environmental American Crop Protection Association American Water Works Association EPA Integrated Risk Information System Farm*A*Syst and Home*A*Syst ... U.S. Trade Representative Food Safety American Meat Institute Fight Bac! Food Safety Food Safety - Gateway to Government Food Safety Information ... Wisconsin Division of Food Safety Injury Prevention Children's Safety Network Consumer Product Safety Commission National Institute for Farm Safety, Inc. National Safe Kids Campaign ... University of California Davis - Agricultural Health and Safety Center, Davis, CA Other Sites of Interest Alliance For America Agribiz Agriculture Online National Agricultural Marketing Association ... S G Cows Rural Youth National FFA TASK Training Farmedic National Training Center National Guidelines for First Aid Training in Occupational Settings (NGFATOS) National Safety Council - National Education Center for Agricultural Safety Extension Services

30. WSSA University, Government And Industry Website Links Page State Res., Ed., and ext. service Federal Interagency Committee for the Managementof wisconsin, U. wisconsin, http//www.uwex.edu/ces/ag/agpubs.htm http://www.wssa.net/directories/links.htm

The Society You will leave the WSSA web site when you click on any of the below listed sites Governmental And Regulatory Links Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development of Alberta, Canada Animal and Plant Control Commission - South Australia R. Carter (Weed Science advisor) Agricultural Research Service USDA Animal and Plant Control Commission - South Australia R. Carter (Weed Science advisor) Aphis noxious weed programs USDA ARS North Central Soil Conservation Research Laboratory - Morris, MN F. Forcella California Dept. of Pesticide Regulation Canadian Forest Service - Biocontrol Method for Reedgrass (English and French available) R. Winder Coop. State Res., Ed., and Ext. Service Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds (FICMNEW) - USDA D. Miller of University of Wisconsin - Madison IR-4 Program National Ag. Statistics Ser. National Wildlife Refuge Environmental Contaminant Page Weed Science Group, Agriculture Western Australia National Ag Library National Ag. Statistics Ser. National Plants Database Project ... Weeds, Noxious and Exotic and Invasive Plants Commercial Links Ag Chem Database Ag in the Classroom "Kid Video" and study guides Ag-Consultant Online AgriSurf! Searchable Ag index

31. CES CYF Network Human Resources Database Herman, Marilyn, Prof, University of wisconsin extension service. Herman, Bob,Staff Psychologist Resource Splst, University of Alaska Cooperative ext. http://www.cyfernet.org/profdata/view.asp

Home Professional Database Children, Youth and Families Professionals Database The purpose of the CYFERnet Experts Database is to facilitate networking, collaboration and technical assistance among the children, youth and family programs and staff of the Cooperative Extension Service. Search Results Name Position Institution Abell, Ellen Extension Specialist and Associate Prof Auburn University Abraham, Cathy Early Childhood Consultant self-employed Adcock, Bryan Child and Family Development Specialist University Outreach and Extension Anderson, Sarah Professor and Extension Family Life Specialist University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Servi Andrews, Rosa Coordinator NC 4-H School-Age Care Program North Carolina State University Anthony, Wilbon Extension Educator Prevention University of Illinois Extension Arrington, Wandra Extension Youth Development Agent Alcorn State University - Extension Program Bailey, Sandra (Sandy) Montana State University Bales, Diane Human Development Specialist University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Barbour, Joella

32. CYFERnet Editorial Board Members extension service, University of Arizona. Nancy Valentine, Ed.D., Nat’l ProgramLeader, Advisor, Solano Co. coop. ext. (reviewer only at present) http://www.cyfernet.org/about/editorialpub.html

Home Search: Title/Abstract Full Text Author Advanced Search CYFERnet Editorial Boards CYFERnet - Early Childhood Editorial Board CYFERnet - School Age Child Editorial Board School CYFERnet - Teen Editorial Board CYFERnet - Parent/Family Editorial Board ... CYFERnet - Community Editorial Board CYFERnet - Early Childhood Editorial Board: Lesia Oesterreich, M.S., CYFERnet Editor, Early Childhood Iowa State University Diane Bales, Ph.D. University of Georgia Talma Benevenedes, M.Ed.,CFCS Janie L. Burney, PhD, RD, HPHC Representative Tennessee State University Ann Michelle Daniels, Ph.D., ECI Representative South Dakota State University Kathy Reschke, Ph.D. Ohio State University Dan Weigel, Ph.D. University of Nevada Reno Dee Love, M.A. Purdue University CYFERnet - School Age Child Editorial Board School: Maureen Toomey, CYFERnet Editor, School-Age Child, Extension Associate University of Idaho Ina Lynn Linville, Ph.D., 4-H Youth Dev. Specialist, ECI Representative

33. Virginia-Wyoming And USDA Washington State Univ coop ext Agric and Nat Resources Prog 668 North RiverpointBlvd cooperative State Research, Education and extension serviceUSDA http://www.apsnet.org/directories/extension/vawy.htm

Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin ... USDA Virginia Adria C. Bordas Unit Coordinator/Extension Agent Environmental Horticulture Fairfax County 12011 Government Center Parkway Suite 1050 Fairfax, VA 22035 Phone: (703) 324-8558 Fax- (703) 324-5337 Ei Mary Ann Hansen Dept. of Plant Pathology, 106 Price hall Blacksburg, VA 24061-0331 Phone: 540/231-6758 Fax: 540/231-2130 maryannh@vt.edu Cl Chuan Hong Hampton Roads AREC 1444 Diamond Springs Road Virginia Beach, VA 23455 Phone: 757/363-3908 Fax: 757/363-3950 chhong2@vt.edu Or, Gk Charles S. Johnson 2375 Darvills Road Blackstone, VA 23824 Phone: 804/292-5331 Fax: 804/292-5623 Pa, To *Mitchell Patterson Virginia State University PO Box 9081 Petersburg, VA 23806 Phone: 804/524-5960 Fax: 804/524-5967 ex735@vtvml.cc.vt.edu IPM P. M. Phipps Tidewater Research Station PO Box 7098 Suffolk, VA 23437 Phone: 804/657-6450 Fax: 804/657-9333 Ne, Pe, IPM, Sy

34. Feeding The Dairy Herd Comm. and Computing Services Lincoln, NE 68583 402472-3023. Purdue University Ames, IA 50011 515-294-5247, University of wisconsin coop. ext. Pub. http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/livestocksystems/DI0469.html

WW-00469 Reviewed 1996 North Central Regional Extension Publication 346 feeding the DAIRY HERD James G. Linn, Michael F. Hutjens, Randy Shaver, Donald E. Otterby, W. Terry Howard and Lee H. Kilmer Table of Contents Ruminant Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy of the Adult Function of the Digestive Tract Calf Digestive System Feed Nutrients Energy Protein Vitamins Minerals Water Feedstuffs Forages Energy Concentrates (Grains and By-Product Feeds) Protein Supplements Feeding the Dairy Herd Dairy Cow Nutrition Calf Nutrition Heifer Nutrition Feeding Systems Forage Systems Grain Systems Mineral Systems Total Mixed Rations Ration Formulation Hand Calculated Rations Balanced Ration Check Sheet Purchasing Feed Feed Tag Interpretation Feed Additives Dollar Value of Common Feedstuffs Dairy Cow Diseases and Disorders Appendix Tables A-1 Sample budget of cost and returns for a milk cow and her replacement at three different levels of production A-2 Sample budget for raising heifers to 1350 lb in 24 months A-3 Estimating weight of dairy animals on basis of heart girth measurements A-4 Water quality guidelines for dairy cattle A-5 Daily nutrient recommendations for growing heifers A-6 Daily nutrient recommendations for lactating dairy cows A-7 Crude protein and energy allowances for milk production A-8 Calcium and phosphorus allowances for milk production A-9 Nutrient value of common forages A-10 Nutrient value of energy concentrates (grains, by-product feeds, and fat)

35. Extension Network wisconsin University of wisconsin extension Solid Hazardous Waste Steve Brachman http//www.uaf.edu/coopext/ COLORADO Colorado State University http://www.fcs.uga.edu/extension/housing/estar/estarnetwork.html

GEORGIA The University of Georgia Consumer Economics Jorge H. Atiles jhatiles@uga.edu 220 Hoke Smith Annex Athens, GA 30602-4356 http://www.gafamilies.com/housing ILLINOIS University of Illinois College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences Ted L. Funk funkt@uiuc.edu 338 AESB 1304 W. Pennsylvania Ave. Urbana, IL 61801 http://www.extension.uiuc.edu KENTUCKY University of Kentucky Linda Reece Adler lreece@uky.edu Room 306, Erikson Hall Lexington, KY 40506-0050 http://ces.ca.uky.edu/ces LOUISIANA Cooperative Extension Service Dr. Claudette Reichel creichel@agcenter.lsu.edu Knapp Hall - LSU Baton Rouge, LA 70803 http://www.LouisianaHouse.org MICHIGAN Michigan State University Extension Service Doug Woodard woodardd@msue.msu.edu 240 Agriculture Hall East Lansing, MI 48824 http://www.fcs.msue.msu.edu MINNESOTA University of Minnesota Extension Service Dr. Marilyn J. Bruin

36. Economics & Statistics Staff Biographies Steve also holds a Lecturer position at the University of wisconsin where he Tom can be reached at 800356-9655, ext 4064 or tbrisette@cuna.coop. http://advice.cuna.org/leadership_econ.html

SEARCH All CUNA sites Compliance Consumer Info Gov. Affairs Reg. Advocacy Strategic Services Training CU Statistics Economic Data Custom Research Reports ... Strategic Services Bill Hampel, Senior Vice President, Research and Policy Analysis The Research and Policy Analysis Department performs Market Research for Credit Unions and State Credit Union leagues, maintains a comprehensive Financial Data Base on Credit Unions and does a variety of Research on Financial and Economic issues of interest to the Credit Union movement. Hampel also writes Economic Analysis columns for several Credit Union Publications. Before joining CUNA, Hampel was an Assistant Professor of Economics at the University of Montana at Missoula. Before that he was an Instructor of Economics at Iowa State University at Ames. He has a Ph.D. in Economics from Iowa State. Hampel served as a staff member at Navy Federal Credit Union in Virginia during a one-year sabbatical in 1989-90, where he studied credit union operations and carried out a variety of consulting projects. He is a member of the American Economic Association and the National Association of Business Economists.

37. Research, Information, And Statistics a Fortune 500 financial services organization in Appleton, wisconsin, You can reach Kristina at 800356-9655, ext. 4287 or kgrebener@cuna.coop http://advice.cuna.org/custom_research/bios_mrktrsrch.html

SEARCH All CUNA sites Compliance Consumer Info Gov. Affairs Reg. Advocacy Strategic Services Training CU Statistics Economic Data Custom Research Reports ... Strategic Services Custom Research Vicki Joyal, Vice President, Market Research For more than 15 years, Vicki has helped CUNA earn its sterling reputation as the preeminent provider of credit union and member data collection and analysis. Vicki's work provides credit unions with the most accurate, dependable review of "what's happening out there" with their members and other credit unions. She leads CUNA's team providing market research and strategic intelligence to credit unions, leagues, and internal departments. Vicki is the primary analyst for, and publisher of CUNA's annual Credit Union Environmental Scan (E-Scan), the movement's leading strategic planning resource. Over the years, she has conducted and published original research and analysis on credit union service offerings and delivery channels, fees and product features, staff benefits and more. She was also the primary researcher for CUNA’s comprehensive Renewal and Renaissance Commission initiatives, and was instrumental in providing research and impact assessments to support the passage of H.R. 1151, the CU Membership Access Act. Before joining CUNA in 1988, Joyal held research analyst positions with Thrivent Financial for Lutherans, a Fortune 500 financial services organization in Appleton, Wisconsin, and with the State of Wisconsin.

38. State Coordinators Univ. of Nevada, Reno coop. ext. 2345 Red Rock Street, Suite 100 Of Vermontext. service 157 Old Guildford Road, 4 Brattleboro, VT. 05301 http://mastergardener.osu.edu/img/coordinators.html

State Master Gardener Coordinators STATE MASTER GARDENER COORDINATORS Please send any update information to Dick Funt at: Funt.1@osu.edu ALABAMA Kerry Smith 101 Funchess Hall Auburn University Auburn, AL 36849-5630 phone: (334) 844-3036 E-mail: smithkp@auburn.edu MONTANA Bob Gough P.O. Box 173120 Montana State University Bozeman, MT. 59717-3120 phone: (406) 994-6523 E-mail: rgough@gemini.oscs.montana.edu ALASKA Cooperative Extension Service, UAF PO BOX 75-8155 Fairbanks AK 99775 Phone (907) 474-2423 Fax (907) 474-6885 website: www.cnipm.org NEBRASKA Susan Schoneweis Extension Coordinator - Home/ Environmental Horticulture Univ. of Nebraska- Lincoln 377 Plant Science Lincoln, NE. 68583-0724 phone: (402) 472-1128 fax: (402) 472-8650 E-mail: sschoneweis1@unl.edu

39. Wisconsin Auto And Truck Dealers Association A dealerowned cooperative plan enables dealers to purchase parts and otherequipment at reduced Les Meineke, service Consultant (800)613-4624 ext. 4330 http://www.watda.org/WATDA/Public/End_Svcs.asp

Products Order Forms Endorsed Services Cafeteria Plan ... Press Room WATDA Endorsed Services Advertising Specialties Automobile Valuation Guides Bonds Buying Cooperative ... Vehicle Service Contracts WATDA Endorsed Services Program is administered by: Jim Neustadt, VP - Member Services P.O. Box 5345 Madison, WI 53705-0345 jneustadt@watda.org Advertising Specialties WATDASI Forms offers a full line of advertising specialties to meet all of your dealership needs. To receive a quote or order your dealership specialties contact Donna Michaelis or John Strange at (800)236-7672 or email at John Strange Donna Michaelis . When you support WATDA Services you support yourself. WATDASI FORMS 150 East Gilman, Suite A

40. Rural Development Summary A similar model of limited liability, entitled wisconsin s recreational use Wyoming farm and ranch recreation enterprises. Wyo. coop. ext. Serv. http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/RanchRecr/handbook/rural_development.htm

CHAPTER XI. SUMMARY Policy Premises Spectrum of Opportunities Education Feasibility Studies ... Literature Cited Rural Development Policy Strategies for Farm and Ranch Recreation The purpose of this paper is to describe, from a public policy perspective, roles of regional, state and local governments and the university in encouraging rural entrepreneurs to develop farm and ranch recreation. Whether these roles are accepted and adopted depends largely upon the economic development philosophy of state and local governmental administrators, state legislators, and community civic and business leaders. Policy Premises Supplemental income . - A basic premise should be that ranch recreation is supplemental to each ranch's crop/livestock operations and is not meant to replace traditional agriculture. Indeed, crop and livestock production may be one of the major attractions for many potential customers from urban areas (Powell, et al. 1987b). Big game hunting . - A second premise is ranch recreation is much more comprehensive that just big game hunting. However much of the data available on rural outdoor recreation policy originated from hunting conflicts. Most of the policy examples pertaining to public hunting on private lands are applicable to other kinds of public outdoor recreation on ranches. The questions of whether or how to compensate landowners for wildlife habitat and allowing landowners to charge sportsmen for access to use state-owned wildlife have greatly clouded the issue of encouragement of rural landowners to develop ranch recreation. Many landowners indicate fishing and big game hunting are the only kinds of ranch recreation activities of interest to them (Powell, et al. 1987a).

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