61. 11th European Solar Physics Meeting - SPM-11 Those activities concern solar activity and space weather monitoring, inclusivesending alerts and daily forecasts. We give an overview of the achievements http://wis.kuleuven.be/cpa/session6.3.htm

11th European Solar Physics Meeting - SPM-11 Session: Session 6.3: Coronal Mass Ejections and Space Weather (18) Type: Date: Friday, September 16, 2005 Time: Chair: G. Aulanier, S. Poedts, A. Hanslmeier Co-chair: Remarks: Seq Time Title Abs No SPACE CLIMATE, SPACE WEATHER AND FORECASTING CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE Lundstedt, H. Swedish Institute of Space Physics, SWEDEN Space weather as concept was introduced in late 1980s. The power black out in Quebec March 1989, dramatically urged for forecasts of effects on power systems. Satellite anomalies were shown to be related to solar storms. Several international space weather programs were initiated. The real breakthrough of space weather forecasts came when real-time solar wind data became available. For the first time could accurate forecasts be made about one hour ahead. Many of these forecasts, based on real-time solar wind measurements by ACE, are now distributed by the International Space Environment Service (ISES). Warnings, based on SOHO observations, also play an important role. During the Halloween event in 2003, not only warnings of approaching

62. Reinventing Multilateralism early warning of ballistic missile attack, and weather monitoring. spacebased weapons are expensive because they must remain operational in a space http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu:16080/Reinventing/ch_4_2.shtml

Reinventing Multilateralism Home Download PDF File Preface Acknowledgments ... NEXT For reasons of cost and vulnerability to enemy tampering, space has not been used so far to station weapons permanently. Space-based weapons are expensive because they must remain operational in a space environment for five to ten years without human intervention and because they are costly to launch into orbit. As such weapons orbit the earth, they are vulnerable to attack or to tampering with their communication links, which could affect their station-keeping commands and raise the specter of taking a weapon out of orbit prematurely. Moreover, because almost all of the space-faring nations are allies or strategic partners of the United States, it is difficult to envision against whom such ASAT capabilities would be directed. For example, India will not become a serious threat to U.S. space assets for political and technical reasons, unless both countries seriously mismanage their relationship. Elsewhere, all of the regional powers with whom the United States is likely to come into conflict in the next decade or more are not space-faring nations, nor will they become ones in the near future. PREVIOUS NEXT ACDIS Homepage About Us ... Contact Us Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security

63. Plasma Science And Technology - Applications - Space Plasmas space weather Center from the space Science Institute magnetosphere, wavepropagation, space weather monitoring and forecast, experiments ionospheric, http://www.plasmas.org/space-plasmas.htm

Applications Overview Technology Basic Plasma Physics Space Plasmas Plasma Astrophysics Magnetic Confinement Fusion High Energy Density Physics Alternate Concepts for Fusion ... Space Plasma Sites Space Weather Today's Space Weather from the NOAA Space Environment Center The Space Weather Bureau from NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Space Weather Center from the Space Science Institute Current Solar Images from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Space Weather page and CD from Rice University The Magnetosphere by J. L. Green Space Physics Tutorials from UCLA Space Physics Textbook from University of Oulu, Finland Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere by M. Peredo and D. Stern Plasma Wave Tutorial by W. S. Kurth Graphic: Sun-Earth Connection Education Forum Space Plasmas: General Resources U. S. Research Centers U. S. University Research Centers Non-U.S. Centers Space Plasmas -General Resources Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF),

64. Safety And Quality In Space, IAC Bremen 2003 space weather monitoring and Protection Issues for MEO and GEO IAC03-IAA.6.3.02Co-Author Rodgers Dr. Pete Truscott Radiation Models and Shielding http://www.iaanet.org/symp/bremen/bremenpapers6.html

International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) Web Site Papers 2003 IAA.6. SYMPOSIUM ON SAFETY AND QUALITY IN SPACE ACTIVITIES Quality Objectives and Standards for Space Programs The Challenge of Risk and Knowledge Management in Space Programs Space Environment and Space Weather Issues 1. Quality Objectives and Standards for Space Programs Papers in this session are especially expected on the following topics: how to categorize the space programs in order to allocate different Quality objectives, or what is the real Quality needs from the customers or users? How to balance cost, performance and quality requirements? Are the norms and standards an aid or a constraint? The papers shall aim to open a large discussion to enrich the activities of the Study Group. Mr. Sergey R. Lysy The Concept of High Reliability Support of Perspective Launch Vehicles IAC-03-IAA.6.1.01 Co-Author : Menshikov, Medushevsky, Klimenko Mr. C.O. Lino IAC-03-IAA.6.1.02 Co-Author : Sorice, Mussi, Caetano Mr. Adriano Autino

65. House Committee On Science NOAA has supplied space weather monitoring and forecasting information to NASAfor every human space flight mission since Apollo 8. http://www.house.gov/science/hearings/ets03/oct30/grunsfeld.htm

Your browser does not support script Search Science Committee Pages Select number of results displayed per page Statement of John M. Grunsfeld, Ph.D. Chief Scientist and Astronaut National Aeronautics and Space Administration Before the Subcommittee on Environment, Technology, and Standards Committee on Science House of Representatives October 30, 2003 The Chandra X-Ray Observatory and the recently launched Space Infrared Telescope Facility both use the SEC observations of solar wind conditions and geomagnetic activity as a critical input to their real-time models of the Earth's radiation environment. These models allow us to adjust our operations to mitigate sensor degradation and data loss. The result is that NASA is able to ensure optimal scientific return from these two flagship missions. The SEC observations are also crucial to NASA-funded research exploring the Sun-Earth connection. The Sun affects the entire solar system, including all scientific data collection satellites. Minimizing radiation exposure for Shuttle and International Space Station crews is imperative. NASA has sought the advice of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements concerning radiation exposure limits for our astronauts, and uses this advice in setting radiation dosage limits. NASA's radiation protection efforts are further guided by the ALARA (As Low as Reasonably Achievable) principle. Without the data provided by SEC, NASA would have to reassess its operations to protect against exposure to radiation events occurring without warning.

66. Monitoring Earth's Water Cycle From Space To Improve Weather Forecasting / March monitoring Earth s Water Cycle From space To Improve weather Forecasting. By DonComis March 1, 2004. Tom Jackson, a hydrologist with the Agricultural http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2004/040301.htm

Printable Version Email this page Advanced Search News News archive News by e-mail ... Noticias en espa±ol The NASA aircraft in flight over the Alabama study region. Click the image for more information about it. Read the magazine story to find out more. Monitoring Earth's Water Cycle From Space To Improve Weather Forecasting By Don Comis March 1, 2004 Tom Jackson, a hydrologist with the Agricultural Research Service's Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory in Beltsville, Md., is the lead scientist for validation of the data to be collected by Hydros, a new satellite being developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ). By 2010, Hydros should be orbiting the Earth daily and providing an unprecedented monitoring of the planet's water cycle. Data from Hydros will feed into weather and climate models that currently predict soil moisture for daily forecasts based on precipitation and other, indirect measurements. In the future, these models will have real-time, direct measurements of soil moisture from satellite sensors. Soil moisture is among the top terrestrial environment measurements needed by the U.S. Departments of

67. Presentation For The SPECIAL Workshop, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany Groundbased monitoring of space weather in Finland and Northern Scandinavia.Thomas Ulich1,2. 1space Physics Group, Dept. of Physical Sciences, http://cc.oulu.fi/~thu/public/2000/SPECIAL/thu.html

Ground-based monitoring of space weather in Finland and Northern Scandinavia Thomas Ulich Space Physics Group, Dept. of Physical Sciences, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Abstract All of the most important research and development activities at SGO are based on the same fundament: mathematical modelling of measurements and stochastic inversion theory. Exploiting these methods lead to completely new, revolutionary radar measurements, which gradually are being employed by a number of international radar facilities. Scientists of SGO and SPG are leading in the world concerning radar measurements as well as tomographic applications. Currently, a permanent chain of receivers for satellite tomography of the ionosphere is under development. Furthermore, a meteor radar is under construction and will be operational in 2001. In the present work, some examples of available data and recent results are presented briefly. SGO welcomes the scientists of SPECIAL to work with these data. Additional information is available on-line at www.sgo.fi.

68. Presentation For EGS General Assembly 2000, Nice, France monitoring of space weather effects by riometers in Northern FennoScandia.Thomas Ulich, Pekka Verronen*, Jyrki Manninen, Jorma Kangas, and Esa Turunen http://cc.oulu.fi/~thu/public/2000/EGS/SpaceWeather.html

Monitoring of space weather effects by riometers in Northern Fenno-Scandia Thomas Ulich, Pekka Verronen , Jyrki Manninen, Jorma Kangas, and Esa Turunen Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland Abstract

69. Space Weather Research At MSSL (1) We recently helped to define ESA s future space weather monitoring programmeas part of a contract led by Alcatel space industries. http://www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/www_plasma/research/spaceweather_research.html

Space Weather Research at MSSL The group are active in several areas of the application of space plasma physics. (1) We recently helped to define ESA's future space weather monitoring programme as part of a contract led by Alcatel space industries. (2) We recently conducted two studies part-funded by the satellite insurance industry, as part of the Tsunami initiative, to examine the effects of space weather on satellites. The first involved the development of a prototype "black box" detector to be carried by future commercial satellites. This will add much needed data to what are currently sparse records of the radiation environment near the Earth. The second study involved the characterisation of the magnetospheric environment at times of satellite anomalies. We produced a prototype web-based prediction tool for predicting periods of enhanced relativistic electron fluxes that may be hazardous to satellites, calibrated using earlier data. (3) We are working with MSSL's solar physics group on a study of radiation from space in aircraft cabins. This is a PPARC PIPSS award with Virgin Atlantic as the industrial partner; the study also includes the CAA and NPL. Satellites in Danger: The GPS satellites orbit brings them through the heart of the radiation belts, modelled in the figure above.

70. Colloquium 12 space weather prediction becomes an important issue to be addressed in the satellites in operational weather prediction, space weather monitoring, http://www.cosparhq.org/Meetings/collspaceweather.htm

COSPAR COLLOQUIUM on Space Weather Study Using Multi-point Techniques Date: September 27-29, 2000 Place: Taipei, Taiwan Local Organizer's site: papers submitted, registration, abstract information, accommodations, etc. Sponsored by Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Ministry of Education National Science Council (NSC) National Space Program Office (NSPO) National Central University (NCU) National Cheng Kung University (NCKU) Contact Person: Prof. J. K. Chao Institute of Space Science National Central University Chung-Li, Taiwan 320-01 Tel: 886-3-422-7151 ext. 5765 Fax: 886-3-422-4394 E-Mail: t272362@twncu865.ncu.edu.tw jkchao@jupiter.ss.ncu.edu.tw INTRODUCTION In order to provide a forum to discuss the many new results in this rapid-moving field and to forge international collaborations, a three-day meeting is scheduled in a resort area in Taiwan. Besides the scenic environment which will facilitate in-depth scientific discussions of the most modern issues in space research, the participants will also have the opportunity to visit the world-famous National Museum of the Old Palace where the treasures from the ten-thousand years old Chinese history are on view. SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM The program will be divided into four major areas: (A) Satellite Observations in Solar Corona, Solar Wind, and Magnetosphere

71. Wired 10.04: Star Tech Three door-die crisis scenarios, plus the six pillars of space-based defense.Scenario 1 Function weather monitoring, including ionospheric conditions http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/10.04/startech.html

Search: Wired News Animation Wired Magazine HotBot (the Web) Print email , or fax this article for free. Star Tech Star Tech: The Next Generation Three do-or-die crisis scenarios, plus the six pillars of space-based defense. Scenario 1 2006 Korean Peninsula A North Korean spy sub founders along South Korea's eastern coast. Fierce words quickly escalate to all-out war, threatening South Korea as well as 230,000 US citizens there and in nearby Japan. US space and air surveillance is ineffectual. The North Korean army hides 100 feet underground, out of reach of radar and daisy cutters. North Korea lobs Scud-type No Dongs, some outfitted with chemical warheads, across the DMZ. The North Korean volley is met with US theater defenses: Patriot PAC-3, Aegis, and experimental Israeli lasers. As the missiles fly, a nuke-tipped Taepodong-2 ICBM lifts off from its dirt-track launchpad in the north, headed for Seattle. America's newly deployed Airborne Laser misses as the ICBM clears the clouds. An Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle is launched from Alaska to intercept the ICBM over the mid-Pacific. The enemy missile initiates countermeasures, ejecting a fleet of look-alike balloons. But the gambit goes awry. The warhead tangles in its own decoys and falls into the ocean.

72. Govt. White Papers - China.org.cn The Chinese government holds that international space cooperation should as Committee on Earth Observation Satellites, World weather monitoring, UN http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/8/20-5.htm

IV. International Cooperation China persistently supports activities involving the peaceful use of outer space, and maintains that international space cooperation shall be promoted and strengthened on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, mutual complementarity and common development. Guiding Principles The Chinese government holds that international space cooperation should follow the fundamental principles listed in the "Deceleration on International Cooperation on Exploring and Utilizing Outer Space for the Benefits and Interests of All Countries, Especially in Consideration of Developing Countries' Demands," which was approved by the 51st General Assembly of the United Nations in 1996. China adheres to the following principles while carrying out international space cooperation: - The aim of international space cooperation is to peacefully develop and use space resources for the benefit of all mankind. - International space cooperation should be carried out on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, mutual complementarity and common development, and the generally accepted principles of international law.

73. APL Researchers Able To Map Global Space Weather This is a major achievement because monitoring this environment is extremely Timely, accurate space weather forecasts will give advance warning of http://www.jhuapl.edu/newscenter/pressreleases/2000/001218.htm

Go to APL Press Releases 18 December 2000 APL Researchers Now Able to Map Global Space Weather Technique Combines Data from Commercial Satellites And a Scientific Radar Network Researchers at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Md., (APL) are now able to simultaneously measure the magnetic and electrical fields over large areas of the ionosphere above the Earth's polar regions, providing the first continuous monitoring of electric currents between space and the upper atmosphere and generating the first maps of electric power flowing into the polar upper atmosphere. These advances will allow greatly improved understanding and forecasting of global space weather and help prevent disruption of communication and power systems when electromagnetic storms strike the nation. The work, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, makes use of magnetometers carried on each of the 66 satellites of the Iridium System satellite constellation operating as a global satellite communications network. Circling the globe in 470-mile-high, polar orbits, they are providing continuous measurements of the magnetic fields above the Earth's poles. Scientists at JHU/APL have developed techniques to extract the signatures of electrical currents flowing between the atmosphere and space from the magnetic field readings. Maps of the electric current in space are then constructed in much the same way that normal weather maps are made from weather station readings.

74. 3.5 The Ionospheric Mapping And Geocoronal Experiment (IMAGER): A New System For (IMAGER) a New System for monitoring Ionospheric space weather Session 3,space weather Impacts, Models and Forecast Capabilities (Room 617) http://ams.confex.com/ams/84Annual/techprogram/paper_72360.htm

Symposium on Space Weather The Ionospheric Mapping and Geocoronal Experiment (IMAGER): a New System for Monitoring Ionospheric Space Weather Kent S. Wood , NRL/E. O. Hulburt Center for Space Research, Washington, DC Extended Abstract (828K) Recorded presentation Session 3, Space Weather Impacts, Models and Forecast Capabilities (Room 617) Wednesday, 14 January 2004, 1:00 PM-5:30 PM , Room 617 Previous paper Next paper Browse or search entire meeting AMS Home Page

75. No Starting from July 1, 2004, one can easily access to space weather created anational space weather monitoring and prewarning center on June 1st, 2002. http://www.most.gov.cn/English/newletter/q371.htm

CHINA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NEWSLETTER The Ministry of Science and Technology People's Republic of China N June IN THIS ISSUE Space Weather Observation in Operation * Huge Investment for New Expedition Boat * China-US Young Scientists Exchange Project * Superconductor in Mobile Telecommunication * Advanced IPv6 Network * Biochemical Sand Control * China's Fuel Battery Sedan SPECIAL ISSUES Space Weather Observation in Operation Starting from July 1, 2004, one can easily access to space weather information and prewarning, simply by clicking the website of www.spaceweather.gov.cn . ontaining the information on space accidents prevention, telecommunication, navigation, ground facility safety, and warnings for possible space weathers threatening human health, the new website constitutes a reminder to users for shutting off their important equipment and facilities when space weather disasters come. China Meteorological Administration created a national space weather monitoring and prewarning center on June 1st, 2002. The center was put into trial operation in June 2003. During the trial operation, some hazardous space weathers, including the solar storm and its effects on ionosphere occurred from October 28 to November 4, 2003, were observed through the Chinese made Fengyun II earth satellite. The Center has provided timely space weather information and prewarning for authorities concerned.

76. Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera Image Gallery MOC is operated daily at Malin space Science Systems (MSSS). and red and bluewide angle cameras that provide daily global weather monitoring, http://www.msss.com/moc_gallery/

Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera Image Gallery Contains more than 187,000 Images! Welcome to the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) Image Gallery! This site contains all of the pictures of Mars acquired by NASA's Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) orbiter through September 2004. MOC is operated daily at Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS). MOC consists of three cameras: A narrow angle system that provides grayscale high resolution views of the planet's surface (typically, 1.5 to 12 meters/pixel), and red and blue wide angle cameras that provide daily global weather monitoring, context images to determine where the narrow angle views were actually acquired, and regional coverage to monitor variable surface features such as polar frost and wind streaks. Most of the high resolution images are obtained by careful planning and inspection of predicted MGS orbits by Mars scientists working at and/or visiting MSSS. The company is also responsible for archiving the data once they are received on Earth. To view MOC images, select one of the three categories below, and begin browsing! Narrow Angle Example MOC Narrow Angle Images High Resolution Images and their Context AB1 through M04 September 1997 - August 1999 M07 through M12 September 1999 - February 2000 ... April 2004 - September 2004 Wide Angle Regional Example MOC Wide Angle Images Regional Views and Context Images AB1 through M04 September 1997 - August 1999 M07 through M12 September 1999 - February 2000 ... April 2004 - September 2004 Wide Angle Global Map Example

77. Program For Session 3.11 space weather Models, Near Realtime monitoring and Predictions 17, Kamei,monitoring of space weather by Near Real-time Dst and AE Indices http://www.irfu.se/IAGA/Program_Lists/Ses_3.11.html

Session 3.11 Space Weather: Models, Near Real-time Monitoring and Predictions August 04 Presiding: Pulkkinen, Place: HSC 4 Time Presenting Author Title Baker Invited What is Space Weather? Boteler The August 4, 1972, Magnetic Storm: New Views from 25 Years on Koskinen What Will be the European Approach to Space Weather Modelling and Forecasting: Bottlenecks and Prospects Vasilyeva Geomagnetic Activity as Statistics of Fractals Papitashvili Space Weather Assets at NASA's National Space Science Data Center BREAK Singer Invited Space Weather: The Acquisition, Processing, and Availability of Real-time Magnetospheric Data Avakyan Database for Cross Sections of the UV Emission for the Planetary Atmospheric Gases Zhou Prediction of Strong Geomagnetic Storms from Solar Wind Data Using Neural Networks Reeves Relativistic Electron Response to the January 1997 Magnetic Cloud: Coordinated Observations from 12 Satellites Anderson Specifying the High Latitude F Region Weather BREAK Lundstedt Invited The Lund Space Weather Model: Status and Future Plans. Klimas Invited Space Weather Prediction Using Data-Derived Analogues of the Magnetospheric Dynamics Tritakis Prediction of Some Morphological Characteristics of the Two Forthcoming Solar Cycles.

78. WRITTEN STATEMENT BY DR. ERNEST HILDNER DIRECTOR, SPACE Today I will provide an overview of space weather, of SEC and the services it the nation’s investment in the current space weather monitoring network by http://www.ogc.doc.gov/ogc/legreg/testimon/108f/hildner1030.htm

WRITTEN STATEMENT BY DR. ERNEST HILDNER DIRECTOR, SPACE ENVIRONMENT CENTER MANAGER, SPACE WEATHER PROGRAM NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ON WHAT IS SPACE WEATHER, AND WHO SHOULD FORECAST IT BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGY, AND STANDARDS COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OCTOBER 30, 2003 SPACE WEATHER "Space weather" refers to conditions on the sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that can influence the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems and can endanger human life or health. Adverse conditions in the space environment can cause disruption of satellite operations, communications, navigation, and electric power distribution grids, leading to a variety of socioeconomic losses. National Space Weather Program Strategic Plan, FCM-P30-1995. Space weather storms are spawned by a variety of changes in solar outputs. First, the light from the Sun, at wavelengths both longer and shorter than the visible, can brighten abruptly. This light travels to Earth and affects the near-Earth environment The diagram illustrates the lead time between the occurrence of the parent event at the Sun and the terrestrial response; as well as the watches, warnings, and alerts issued by SEC. Thus, space weather has several kinds of storms much as meteorological weather has storms as different as tornadoes, blizzards, and hurricanes. A particular type of space weather storm has significant impacts on particular technologies so some customers are impacted by one type of space weather storm but not by another.

79. NOAA Education - Specially For Teachers ( Satellites And Space ) The primary customer of satellite information is NOAA s National weather Service, are necessary for providing complete global weather monitoring. http://www.education.noaa.gov/tspace.html

HOME Specially for Teachers These items are designed for the teacher to use in the classroom or as background reference material. There is also information about programs that provide training and other opportunities for educators. Taking the "Pulse" of the Planet - To learn more about NOAA's role in Earth Observing Systems, go to the blue text at the bottom of this page. SATELLITES Satellites and Orbits: An Introduction This is an easy-to-use interactive, animated introduction, for students in Grades 8 through 10, to satellites and the forces which determine orbits. Lessons highlight a short satellite history, a non-mathematical review of basic orbital physics, orbital terminology and orbit types with a focus on Earth observation and environmental monitoring. It includes a reading assignment, classroom demonstration, student activity lab, quiz and lesson instructions. eic.ipo.noaa.gov/education/index.php How Do You Build a Weather Satellite? This pdf file contains a booklet for students explaining what it takes to keep a satellite in space and what kinds of information can be gained from that satellite. (Scroll down the page to the title and click on it.) eic.ipo.noaa.gov/education/index.php

80. NOAA Education - Coolsites For Everyone ( Satellites And Space ) satellites are necessary for providing complete global weather monitoring . Today s space weather Take a look at the weather on the sun and compare http://www.education.noaa.gov/cspace.html

HOME Coolsites for Everyone SATELLITES NOAA's Satellites - NOAA operates the nation's system of environmental (weather) satellites and manages the processing and distribution of the millions of bits of data and images that these satellites produce daily. The primary customer of satellite information is NOAA's National Weather Service, which uses the data to create forecasts for the public, television, radio, and weather advisory services. There are two types of satellites: the geostationary operational environmental satellites (GOES) for short-range warning and "now-casting". Click here to go to the NOAA page on geostationary satellites. Polar-orbiting satellites are used for longer-term forecasting. Click here to learn more about the polar orbiting satellites. Both types of satellites are necessary for providing complete global weather monitoring. Geostationary Satellites GOES satellites provide the kind of continuous monitoring necessary for intensive data analysis. They circle the Earth in a geosynchronous orbit, which means they orbit the equatorial plane of the Earth at a speed matching the Earth's rotation. This allows them to hover continuously over one position on the surface. Because they stay above a fixed spot on the surface, they provide a constant vigil for the atmospheric "triggers" for severe weather conditions such as tornadoes, flash floods, hail storms, and hurricanes. www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/index.htm

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