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         Water Systems & Oceans Geography:     more detail
  1. Living Geography: Explore the World's Oceans, Rivers, Weather and Maps Through Exciting Activities and Experiments (Geography)

61. Geography Of Russia - Physical Environment, Global Position And Boundaries, Topo
Russia has thousands of rivers and inland bodies of water, providing it with oneof the world s Because Russia has little exposure to ocean influences,
http://worldfacts.us/Russia-geography.htm
Geography of Russia
World Facts Index Russia Map of Russia CURVING AROUND THE NORTH POLE in a huge arc, Russia (the Russian Federation) spans almost half the globe from east to west and about 4,000 kilometers from north to south. Divided into eleven time zones, Russia is by far the world's largest country. It occupies much of Eastern Europe and northern Asia. The country's terrain is diverse, with extensive stands of forest, numerous mountain ranges, and vast plains. On and below the surface of the land are extensive reserves of natural resources that provide the nation with enormous potential wealth. Russia ranks sixth in the world in population, trailing China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. The population is as varied as the terrain. Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians) are the most numerous of the more than 100 European and Asiatic nationalities. The Soviet and Russian environmental record has been generally dismal. Seven decades of Soviet rule left irradiated landscapes and marine ecosystems, a desiccated inland sea, befouled rivers, and toxic urban air as reminders of the consequences of seeking industrialization at any price. Russia and the other Soviet republics responded to the pressures of the long and costly Cold War by developing a defense-oriented, production-obsessed economy amid ecological devastation. Without a genuine environmental movement until its final years, the Soviet Union left in its wake an environmental catastrophe that will take decades and perhaps trillions of dollars to repair even partially.

62. 8(b) The Hydrologic Cycle
Physicalgeography.net FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL geography The planetarywater supply is dominated by the oceans (see Table 8b1).
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8b.html
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY HOME FUNDAMENTALS
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GLOSSARY ... ABOUT CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (b). The Hydrologic Cycle The hydrologic cycle is a conceptual model that describes the storage and movement of water between the biosphere atmosphere lithosphere , and the hydrosphere (see Figure 8b-1 ). Water on this planet can be stored in any one of the following reservoirs: atmosphere oceans lakes rivers ... snowfields , and groundwater Figure 8b-1 Hydrologic Cycle.
Water moves from one reservoir to another by way of processes like evaporation condensation precipitation deposition ... melting , and groundwater flow . The oceans supply most of the evaporated water found in the atmosphere. Of this evaporated water, only 91 % of it is returned to the ocean basins by way of precipitation. The remaining 9 % is transported to areas over landmasses where climatological factors induce the formation of precipitation. The resulting imbalance between rates of evaporation and precipitation over land and ocean is corrected by runoff and groundwater flow to the oceans. The planetary water supply is dominated by the oceans (see Table 8b-1 ). Approximately 97 % of all the water on the Earth is in the oceans. The other 3 % is held as freshwater in glaciers and icecaps, groundwater, lakes, soil, the atmosphere, and within life.

63. 1Up Travel > Pacific Ocean Geography - Geographic Facts On Pacific Ocean Can Be
Find all the geographical facts on Pacific Ocean related to Location, Geographic warmwater gyre (broad circular system of currents) and in the southern
http://www.1uptravel.com/international/other/pacific-ocean/geography.html

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Pacific Ocean Geography
Location: body of water between Antarctica, Asia, Australia, and the Western Hemisphere Geographic coordinates: 00 N, 160 00 W Map references: World Area:
total: 165.384 million sq km
note: includes Bali Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Flores Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Tonkin, Java Sea, Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Savu Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies about 18 times the size of the US; the largest ocean (followed by the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean); covers about one-third of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the world

64. Canadian Geographic Magazine: Maps, Travel, Photography, Geography Contests, And
The hydrological system constantly recycles water molecules, Ocean water inthe Atlantic evaporates into the warm air near the equator, leaving behind a
http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/mj04/alacarte.asp

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Salt of the Earth
Will the rapidly shifting composition of the Atlantic Ocean lead to more serious climate changes?
By Steven Fick and Jessa Sinclair Oceanographers monitoring the planet’s hydrological cycle believe the delicate equilibrium that keeps the global water system in check is shifting. Armed with 40 years of data, they have recently discovered troubling changes in salt levels in the Atlantic Ocean. The hydrological system constantly recycles water molecules, transporting them from the surface to the atmosphere and back again. Ocean water in the Atlantic evaporates into the warm air near the equator, leaving behind a salty surface. That water vapour is then blown to colder climes by rising air currents, where it falls as rain or snow, freshening polar waters. Powerful ocean currents mix it all, keeping the tropical ocean from getting too salty and the poles from getting too fresh. A recent study of salinity by Canadian, British and American scientists shows that water near the equator is becoming saltier and warmer than normal, while the sub-polar North Atlantic is becoming cooler and fresher (below). With evidence of similar changes in the Mediterranean Sea and the Pacific and Indian oceans, the findings suggest that the hydrological cycle is speeding up, moving faster than the ocean’s compensatory mixing process. The trend appears to have accelerated since 1990. Researchers suggest recent climate changes may be encouraging evaporation of low-latitude waters, which means more water vapour is moving to the poles.

65. Canadian Geographic Magazine: Maps, Travel, Photography, Geography Contests, And
The ocean is one of Earth s greatest frontiers. Beneath its surface lies The RAR system led to developments in the understanding of sound in sea water
http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/mj05/indepth/history.asp

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Making Waves
Two centuries of technological advances have allowed underwater pioneers to plumb the depths as never before.
Story by Matthew Talbot The ocean is one of Earth's greatest frontiers. Beneath its surface lies a nearly untouched world that few people have been lucky enough to explore. But from deep-sea soundings to submarines, marine technology has advanced so steadily over a period of 200 years that today the ocean is nearly completely open to underwater pioneers. They've been able to determine the age of the sea floor, find the wreck of the Titanic and discover new life forms.
SOUNDING OFF
Sir James Clark Ross, a British explorer, took the first modern sounding Between 1874 and 1885, the U.S. Coast Survey steamer Blake brought innovations to the field. The ship's crew mapped the Gulf of Mexico using the first piano-wire sounding machine. Theirs was the first accurate map of any part of the deep ocean. They were the first to use steel rope rather than hemp in dredging operations, and the first to use that tapered steel wire to anchor the ship in incredible depths. Today, many scientists use steel wire to lower tools into the ocean, and the Blake's method of deep-sea anchoring is used to moor weather buoys, which warn of approaching storms. After the Titanic sank, in 1912, scientists were driven to find new ways of exploring the underwater world. They discovered the depth of the ocean could be found using electromechanical sounding systems. This research intensified during the First World War as underwater warfare became predominant.

66. Pacific Ocean Geography 2001 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural
Location body of water between the Southern Ocean, Asia, Australia, No claimsare made regarding the accuracy of Pacific Ocean geography 2001
http://workmall.com/wfb2001/pacific_ocean/pacific_ocean_geography.html

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    Pacific Ocean
    Geography 2001
    http://www.photius.com/wfb2001/pacific_ocean/pacific_ocean_geography.html
    SOURCE: 2001 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK
      Location: body of water between the Southern Ocean, Asia, Australia, and the Western Hemisphere Geographic coordinates: 00 N, 160 00 W Map references: World Area:
      total: 155.557 million sq km
      note: includes Bali Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Flores Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Tonkin, Java Sea, Philippine Sea, Savu Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies Area - comparative: about 15 times the size of the US; covers about 28% of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the world Coastline: 135,663 km Climate: planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December
  • 67. Pacific Ocean Profile: Geography
    Other Pacific Ocean geography Climate, planetary air pressure systems andresultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east
    http://www.nationmaster.com/country/zn/Geography

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    Factoid #150 Peru ’s national bird is the Andean cock of the rock (Rupicola peruviana). Interesting Facts Make your own graph:
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  • Africa Asia Europe Middle East ... Pacific Ocean : Geography View this page with sources or definitions listed for each statistic Area - A note includes Bali Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Flores Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Tonkin, Java Sea
  • 68. AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System On Water And Agriculture
    FAO s Information System on water and Agriculture geography, climate andpopulation. The total area of the region is about 20.4 million km2,
    http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/regions/lac/index2.stm
    AQUASTAT Agriculture 21 FAO Home Español FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture AQUASTAT Home Regional Overviews General Summary
    Latin America
    ... Thematic maps
    General summary Latin America and the Caribbean
    Geography, climate and population
    The total area of the region is about 20.4 million km , which is 15.2 percent of the total land area of the world (Table 1). Argentina, Brazil and Mexico together represent nearly 65 percent of the total area of the region. The total population estimated in 1997 was 486 975 000 inhabitants, which represents 8.3 percent of the world population (Table 1). Brazil and Mexico are the most populous countries and together represent 53 percent of the total population of the region. The annual regional demographic growth rate for the period 1990-1997 is estimated at 1.4 percent, similar to that of the world for the same period. TABLE 1
    Regional distribution of the population
    Subregion Area Population 1997 % of economic active population engaged in agriculture km² % of the Region Inhabitants Rural population % Inhabitants per km² Mexico Central America Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Guyana Sub-region Andean Sub-region Brazil South Sub-region World Does not include the Argentine and Chilean Antarctic Territory, nor the Chilean Pacific Islands.

    69. USIA - An Outline Of American Geography - Chapter 16
    The ice limits ocean transport in the Arctic to a brief, often hectic period each these points provided effective control of the entire water system.
    http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/GEO/geog16.htm
    An Outline of
    American Geography MAP
    CHAPTER 16
    THE NORTHLANDS
      T he United States is in many ways a creation of a frontier experience. The push westward remains part of recent American history, and many still live who remember the days of early settlement, of the often heroic struggle with the land. The American frontier is largely gone today. Although humans presumably have the technology to live anywhere on the earth's surface, those areas of the United States that can be occupied with moderate physical and economic effort are already staked out. Extending as far south as the northern Great Lakes states and including the interior to the Canadian border, as well as parts of Alaska, the Northlands ( Map 15 : 19K) remains sparsely settled. The inhospitable nature of the physical environment plus the consequent thinness of settlement give the Northlands its special character. A HARSH ENVIRONMENT Not only are winter temperatures low across most of the region, but winters are long. The average time between the last frost in the spring and the first in the fall is roughly 135 days at the southern margins of the area but little more than 14 days along parts of the Arctic Ocean. Because virtually all major food crops need a growing season of longer than 90 days, they can be grown in only a few small areas along the southern margins. Summers, generally short and cool, can have surprisingly warm days. Maritime moderation is significant only along the peripheries, mainly in the east and west.

    70. US Dept Of State - Publications
    To the north, tundra soils, often water saturated and frozen, dominate. The ice limits ocean transport in the Arctic to a brief, often hectic period
    http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/geography/geog16.htm
    Advanced Search/Archive Tuesday September 27, 2005 USINFO Publications An Outline of
    American Geography MAP
    CHAPTER 16
    THE NORTHLANDS
      T he United States is in many ways a creation of a frontier experience. The push westward remains part of recent American history, and many still live who remember the days of early settlement, of the often heroic struggle with the land. The American frontier is largely gone today. Although humans presumably have the technology to live anywhere on the earth's surface, those areas of the United States that can be occupied with moderate physical and economic effort are already staked out. Extending as far south as the northern Great Lakes states and including the interior to the Canadian border, as well as parts of Alaska, the Northlands ( Map 15 : 19K) remains sparsely settled. The inhospitable nature of the physical environment plus the consequent thinness of settlement give the Northlands its special character. A HARSH ENVIRONMENT Not only are winter temperatures low across most of the region, but winters are long. The average time between the last frost in the spring and the first in the fall is roughly 135 days at the southern margins of the area but little more than 14 days along parts of the Arctic Ocean. Because virtually all major food crops need a growing season of longer than 90 days, they can be grown in only a few small areas along the southern margins. Summers, generally short and cool, can have surprisingly warm days. Maritime moderation is significant only along the peripheries, mainly in the east and west.

    71. DLESE Find A Resource: Collections That Contain: Talking Trash About The Oceans:
    Full description of this resource provided by Digital water Ed Library (DWEL) Multiple pathways or review systems contribute to this collection and
    http://www.dlese.org/dds/view_resource.do?description_all=DWEL-000-000-000-461&c

    72. Introduction To Sea World Geography, Indian Introduction To Sea, On Earth, The T
    And next to Earth ie forth planet of our Solar System is Mars. water has anunusual property of storing heat. As a result, the ocean act as a great heat
    http://www.4to40.com/earth/geography/index.asp?article=earth_geography_introduct

    73. Graduate Courses: UCSB Geography Department
    Geog 208 water Resource systems Analysis, 4.0 Loaiciga. Recommended preparationGeography 112, 116, upper-division calculus and statistics.
    http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/courses/grad_courses.htm
    navHomeFlag=false; Academics Courses People About ... Index
    Graduate Course Descriptions
    Geog 200A - Introduction to Geographic Research, 2.0 - Staff Prerequisites: Required of all geography graduate students. Normally taken in fall quarter of entering academic year. Presentation and discussion by department faculty of research areas in the department. Systematic and techniques areas of emphasis will be presented, as well as department facilities and research collaborations with other institutions. Geog 200B - Introduction to Geographic Research, 4.0 - Staff Prerequisites: Geography 200A or approval of Graduate Committee. Required of all geography graduate students. Normally taken in winter quarter of entering academic year. Fundamental issues of research in geography and related areas: the geographic perspective, scientific reading/writing and problem formulation, research techniques, the scientific enterprise, and science and society. Geog 200C - Introduction to Geographic Research, 2.0 - Staff Prerequisites: Geography 200A or approval of Graduate Committee, and Geography 200B. Required of all geography graduate students. Normally taken in Spring quarter of entering academic year. Requires instructor number to register. Directed readings and research leading to a draft thesis proposal (MA students) or a systematic literature review in perspective dissertation area (Phd students); participation in seminars discussing ongoing graduate research.

    74. Dummies::Going With The Flow In Geography: Ocean Currents
    Figure 1 A generalized geography of ocean surface currents. The affectedocean water circulates and also influences the behavior of atmospheric
    http://www.dummies.com/WileyCDA/DummiesArticle/id-1191.html

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    Home ... Beyond the Classroom Going with the Flow in Geography: Ocean Currents
    Going with the Flow in Geography: Ocean Currents
    Adapted From: Geography For Dummies The oceans have warm and cold surface currents that act like a global heating and air-conditioning system. They bring significant warmth to high latitude areas that would otherwise be much cooler, and significant coolness to low latitude areas that would otherwise be much warmer. The currents also play a major role in determining the global geography of precipitation. The sun can more easily evaporate warm water than cold water, and thereby produce the atmospheric vapor that results in rain. Therefore, lands that get sideswiped or impacted by warm currents tend to have abundant precipitation in addition to a comparatively warm climate. Conversely, lands impacted by cold currents tend to receive very little precipitation in addition to a comparatively cool climate. Generally, surface currents exhibit circular movements (see Figure 1). North of the equator, the flow is usually clockwise. South of the equator, the flow tends to be counter-clockwise. These movements are principally products of prevailing winds that "push" the ocean's surface. On the map you can see occasional exceptions to the general rules of circulation. They are the results of deflections caused by the angle at which a current strikes a land mass or the continental shelf, or by the direction of prevailing sea level winds at particular latitudes.

    75. Atlantic Ocean - Map - Geography
    geography, Atlantic Ocean clockwise warmwater gyre (broad, circular systemof currents) in the northern Atlantic, counterclockwise warm-water gyre in
    http://www.exxun.com/AtlanticOcean/b_mp.html

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    Evolving xxlarge UNion - thousands of windows on the world - constantly updated Home Countries Flags Maps ... Notes and Definitions Atlantic Ocean
    Flag Introduction Map Geography ... Music Translation Map Atlantic Ocean Physical Map of the World Physical Map of the World - section Geography Atlantic Ocean Location:
    body of water between Africa Europe , the Southern Ocean , and the Western Hemisphere Geographic coordinates:
    00 N, 25 00 W Map references:
    Political Map of the World Area:
    total: million sq km
    note: includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, part of the Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico , Labrador Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, almost all of the Scotia Sea, and other tributary water bodies Area - comparative: slightly less than 6.5 times the size of the US Land boundaries: void Coastline: km Maritime claims: void Climate: tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November Terrain: surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea

    76. Water Geography
    Also, the geography of water has an effect on the environment and ecosystem. Salt marshes are flooded by incoming ocean tides and have an inflow of
    http://imnh.isu.edu/waterdiscoverybox/SubMenu1/content_geography_temp.htm
    Water Discovery Box ...it's all about water. The Geography of Water Learn More About Water Let's Learn About The Geography of Water
    Geography effects where water is found. In places where water collects important geographic features are formed. Also, the geography of water has an effect on the environment and ecosystem.
    There are many geographic water features. Salt water features include: lagoons, gulfs. bays, estuaries, fjords, harbors, sounds, seas, and straits. Freshwater features include: coves, creeks, inlets, lagoons, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, streams, tributaries, and waterfalls. Can you locate some of these water features on a map?
    Wetlands
    Wetlands are low laying geographic features where shallow expanses of water collect. Swamps, marshes, bogs, prairie potholes and vernal pools are all wetlands. Wetlands are important ecosystems that support a great diversity of living things.
    Wetlands are an important natural filter where plants trap sediment, nutrients, and pollutants.

    77. Atlantic Ocean Geography 1998 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natura
    clockwise warm water gyre (broad, circular system of currents) in the northern No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Atlantic Ocean geography
    http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb1998/atlantic_ocean/atlantic_ocean_geograp

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    Atlantic Ocean
    Geography 1998
    http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb1998/atlantic_ocean/atlantic_ocean_geography.html
    SOURCE: 1998 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK
      Location body of water between Africa, Europe, Antarctica, and the Western Hemisphere Geographic coordinates 00 N, 25 00 W Map references World Area
      total: 82.217 million sq km
      note: includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Scotia Sea, Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies Area - comparative slightly less than nine times the size of the US; second-largest of the world's four oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than Indian Ocean or Arctic Ocean) Coastline 111,866 km Climate tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November Terrain surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea from October to June; clockwise warm water gyre (broad, circular system of currents) in the northern Atlantic, counterclockwise warm water gyre in the southern Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin
  • 78. Pacific Ocean Geography 1998 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural
    warmwater gyre (broad circular system of currents) and in the southern Pacific No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Pacific Ocean geography
    http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb1998/pacific_ocean/pacific_ocean_geography

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    Pacific Ocean
    Geography 1998
    http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb1998/pacific_ocean/pacific_ocean_geography.html
    SOURCE: 1998 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK
      Location body of water between Antarctica, Asia, Australia, and the Western Hemisphere Geographic coordinates 00 N, 160 00 W Map references World Area
      total: 165.384 million sq km
      note: includes Bali Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Flores Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Tonkin, Java Sea, Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Savu Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies Area - comparative about 18 times the size of the US; the largest ocean (followed by the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean); covers about one-third of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the world Coastline 135,663 km Climate planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian land mass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and East Asia from May to December
  • 79. Commonwealth - Geography
    geography. The second largest country in the world, Canada comprises the provides a water transport system from the Atlantic Ocean to the head of the
    http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/YearbookInternal.asp?NodeID=138398

    80. EGS Courses
    E GSci 380 Introduction to Geographic Information systems This course isabout application of Geographic Information systems in water Resources.
    http://www.geog.umb.edu/Courses.htm
    www.geog.umb.edu - Welcome Guest Search
    Undergraduate Courses Listed below are the descriptions for the courses offered by the department. Printer Friendly Course Descriptions An analysis of the physical geographic environment including the globe, the atmosphere and ocean, climate, soils, vegetation, and landform. Positive and negative interaction of human beings with these aspects of the environment is examined where appropriate.
    3 credits
    An overview of world regions in terms of physical environment, human populations and the relationship between them. Topics with a focus on diversity are discussed from an international viewpoint and center on particular countries.
    3 credits
    The basic principles of this course are embodied in the rock and hydrologic cycles. It examines the igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary, tectonic, and weathering systems of the rock cycle; and the runoff, glacial, ocean, groundwater, and atmospheric systems of the hydrologic cycle. A laboratory component includes one or more field trips to sites where geological phenomena can be viewed.

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