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         Vietnam History:     more books (100)
  1. Understanding Vietnam by Neil L. Jamieson, 1995-03-10
  2. Ghosts of War in Vietnam (Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare) by Heonik Kwon, 2008-03-31
  3. The African American Experience in Vietnam: Brothers in Arms (African American History Series) by James E. Westheider, 2007-07-28
  4. The Only War We Had: A Platoon Leader's Journal of Vietnam (Texas a&M University Military History Series) by Michael Lee Lanning, 2007-04-30
  5. Long Binh Jail: An Oral History of Vietnam's Notorious U.S. Military Prison by Cecil Barr Currey, 1999-01-01
  6. A Companion to the Vietnam War (Blackwell Companions to American History)
  7. Outlaws in Vietnam by David Eastman, 2001-11-01
  8. In the Combat Zone: An Oral History of American Women in Vietnam, 1966-1975 by Kathryn Marshall, 1987-01
  9. China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-1975 (The New Cold War History) by Qiang Zhai, 2000-04-03
  10. Seven Firefights in Vietnam (Dover Books on History, Political and Social Science) by John A. Cash, John Albright, et all 2007-02-02
  11. Tears Before the Rain: An Oral History of the Fall of Vietnam by Larry Engelmann, 1997-09-01
  12. Making War, Thinking History: Munich, Vietnam, and Presidential Uses of Force from Korea to Kosovo by Jeffrey Record, 2002-01-21
  13. An International History of the Vietnam War: Vol. 1: Revolution Versus Containment, 1955-1961 by R. B. Smith, 1987-03-15
  14. A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc (Contributions in Asian Studies) by Oscar Chapuis, 1995-08-30

61. MSN Encarta - Vietnam
Overview of Vietnamese geography, society, culture, economy, government, and history.
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552648/Vietnam.html
Web Search: Encarta Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Related Items more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Vietnam
Search for books and more related to
Vietnam Facts and Figures Quick information and statistics for Vietnam Encarta Search Search Encarta about Vietnam Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Vietnam ... Click here Advertisement document.write('
Vietnam
Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 18 items Dynamic Map Map of Vietnam Article Outline Introduction Land and Resources People and Society The Arts ... History I
Introduction
Print Preview of Section Vietnam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, country located on the eastern coast of the Indochinese Peninsula. Vietnam is bordered on the north by China, on the west by Laos and Cambodia, and on the south and east by the South China Sea. Hanoi is the capital, and

62. Battlefield:Vietnam | History
Special Forces. Photo courtesy of the soc.history.war. vietnam Home Page, from the Byrd Archives. The National Liberation Front
http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/history/
By Professor Robert K. Brigham, Vassar College The Second Indochina War, 1954-1975, grew out of the long conflict between France and Vietnam. In July 1954, after one hundred years of colonial rule, a defeated France was forced to leave Vietnam. Nationalist forces under the direction of General Vo Nguyen Giap trounced the allied French troops at the remote mountain outpost of Dien Bien Phu in the northwest corner of Vietnam. This decisive battle convinced the French that they could no longer maintain their Indochinese colonies and Paris quickly sued for peace. As the two sides came together in Geneva, Switzerland, international events were already shaping the future of Vietnam's modern revolution.
The Geneva Peace Accords
The Geneva Peace Accords, signed by France and Vietnam in the summer of 1954, reflected the strains of the international cold war. Drawn up in the shadow of the Korean War, the Geneva Accords represented the worst of all possible futures for war-torn Vietnam. Because of outside pressures brought to bear by the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, Vietnam's delegates to the Geneva Conference agreed to the temporary partition of their nation at the seventeenth parallel to allow France a face-saving defeat. The Communist superpowers feared that a provocative peace would anger the United States and its western European allies, and neither Moscow or Peking wanted to risk another confrontation with the West so soon after the Korean War. According to the terms of the Geneva Accords, Vietnam would hold national elections in 1956 to reunify the country. The division at the seventeenth parallel, a temporary separation without cultural precedent, would vanish with the elections. The United States, however, had other ideas. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles did not support the Geneva Accords because he thought they granted too much power to the Communist Party of Vietnam.

63. The Crile Archives And Center For Military History Education
A repository of 20th century military history containing documents, artifacts, and oral histories of veterans of WW I, WW II, the Korean war, and the vietnam war.
http://www.crile-archives.org
Welcome to the Crile Archives and Center for History Education Homepage
Crile Hospital, 1944-64; Cuyahoga Community College, Western Campus, 1966 to present.
NEW PROGRAM
WORLD WAR I YEARS: America Becomes a World Power
Event Premiere
September 18, 2- 4 pm at Tri-C West
Documentary film featurette followed by ribbon-cutting and grand opening of the Crile Archives and Center for History Education, with a reception afterward.
Click here
for more information from the Cuyahoga County library on this exciting new project.
Museum Without Walls
The Museum Without Walls project is a concept which takes history to a new level. We endeavor to provide resources that convey a history that engages, enlightens, and tells a human story. The Museum Without Walls brings history resources to schools, teachers, and students. Through a variety of initiatives our Affiliates can work with teachers and students in a collaborative context at varied levels. National History Day 2006
The time is now to be thinking of National History Day topics and projects. This year's topic is "Taking a Stand in History: People, Ideas." See www.nationalhistoryday.org

64. VIET NAM (vietnam) © 1996-2005 Viettouch.com
Provides overviews of culture and history of vietnam as well as detailed information on art, music, architecture, ceramics and philately.
http://www.viettouch.com/

Plight of Gulf Coast Vietnamese Refugees
Plaintive Cries Heard across Oceans
Plight of Gulf Coast Vietnamese Refugees
Plaintive Cries Heard across Oceans

65. History
Turtleborne stele in the Museum of Vietnamese history, Hanoi. biatiens.jpg; Bia Tiến Sĩ tại Văn Miếu. Bia n y được đặt từ năm 1738.
http://www.ibiblio.org/vietnam/history.html
Scenes from Vietnamese History
An idealized portrait of an ancient Vietnamese warrior.
baotang.jpg
Bia r¹a trong viện Bảo T ng Lịch Sá»­ Việt Nam, H  Nội.
Turtle-borne stele in the Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi.
biatiens.jpg
Bia Tiến SÄ© tại Văn Miếu. Bia n y được đặt từ năm 1738.
A Doctorate stele in the Temple of Literature, Hanoi. This particular stele dates back to 1738.
cayda.jpg
C¢y đa do Ng´ Quyền trồng na(m 938.
The Banyan tree planted by King Ngo Quyen in 938 A. D.
conson.jpg
H¬nh ảnh C´n Đảo.
A view of Con Son Island, where many Vietnamese nationalists and revolutionaries were incarcerated.
denadv.jpg
Đền thờ An Dương Vương.
Temple to King An Duong Vuong (257-207 B.C.).
duytan.jpg
Kiệu Vua Duy T¢n.
Emperor Duy Tan (1907-1916) and his entourage.
dkhanh.jpg
H¬nh Vua Đồng Kh¡nh.
Portrait of Emperor Dong Khanh (1883-1886).
haiba.jpg
Procession commemorating two Vietnamese heroines (40-43 A.D.).
hunghoa.jpg
Qu¢n Ph¡p chiếm th nh HÆ°ng H³a.
The French assault on Hung Hoa citadel (1884).

66. Index Of /pub/multimedia/pictures/asia/vietnam/history
. DIR Parent Directory 13Apr-1998 0357 - INDEX......Index of /pub/multimedia/pictures/asia/vietnam/history. Name Last modified Size
http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/multimedia/pictures/asia/vietnam/history/
Index of /pub/multimedia/pictures/asia/vietnam/history
Name Last modified Size Description ... Parent Directory 13-Apr-1998 03:57 - INDEX 04-Oct-1995 12:50 1k baotang.JPG 10-Jul-2005 14:42 20k baotang.jpg 17-Mar-1995 12:24 137k biatiens.jpg 06-Jul-1996 15:10 132k cayda.jpg 04-Oct-1995 12:46 129k conson.jpg 27-Mar-1995 01:29 101k denadv.jpg 28-Mar-1995 20:22 90k dkhanh.jpg 13-Mar-1995 00:54 78k duytan.jpg 31-Mar-1995 11:13 235k haiba.jpg 12-Mar-1995 02:37 134k hunghoa.jpg 12-Mar-1995 02:38 271k nhabiada.jpg 18-May-1995 19:54 124k nothan.jpg 12-Mar-1995 02:40 95k nvtuong.jpg 08-Apr-1995 18:19 76k ptgian.jpg 08-Apr-1995 18:20 47k santrieu.jpg 04-Oct-1995 12:46 99k thoadv.jpg 12-Mar-1995 02:41 104k vtsb.jpg 04-Jan-1996 14:16 112k Apache/1.3.33 Server at www.ibiblio.org Port 80

67. This Day In History
Crime, Entertainment, General Interest, Literary, Old West, vietnam War, Wall Street, World War II. This Day In history vietnam War August 12
http://www.historychannel.com/tdih/tdih.jsp?category=vietnamwar

68. History Channel
vietnam Arts and Humanities historyvietnam Arts and Humanities history, vietnam Arts and Humanities history homepage, vietnam Arts and Humanities history web, vietnam Arts and
http://www.historychannel.com/cgi-bin/frameit.cgi?p=http://www.historychannel.co

69. National Museum Of The USAF - Vietnam War History
National Museum of the US Air Force vietnam War history pages.
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/history/vietnam/vietnam.htm
Page moved. Go to Vietnam War History

70. Cool Planet - Vietnam - History
Oxfam GB s website for children and teachers. The history of the Vietnamese people goes back several thousand years
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/kidsweb/world/viet_nam/viethist.htm
Cool Planet home What is Oxfam? World Children ... Contact us
Viet Nam - History
Traditional boats in Viet Nam Photo: Ben Fawcet/Oxfam The history of the Vietnamese people goes back several thousand years. For much of that time they have fought for their independence. The main threat has most often been from their giant northern neighbour, China. For a hundred years, until 1954, they were ruled by France. Soon after the Vietnamese drove the French out, they were caught up in another, even fiercer, war. The Viet Nam war raged for nearly 20 years, with many people in the South also supporting Ho Chi Minh. The Americans were not able to defeat the thousands of guerilla fighters, and in 1973, they withdrew from Viet Nam. Two years later, the country was reunited. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam came into existence on 2 July 1976. Doi Moi Tut hau In spite of this, the gap between rich and poor is increasing, and Viet Nam remains one of the poorest countries in the world.

71. Asian-Nation : Asian American History, Demographics, & Issues :: Viet Nam -- Ear
Article and discussion on the historical origins of the land and nation of Viet Nam, from its early legends through the end of its imperial dynasties.
http://www.asian-nation.org/vietnam-history.shtml
Article and discussion on the historical origins of the land and nation of Viet Nam, from its early legends through the end of its imperial dynasties. Also includes a description on the historical origins and linguistic characteristics of the Vietnamese language. Please enable JavaScript in your browser to maximize your experience and enjoyment at Asian-Nation.
Home
Culture History Issues ... The Vietnamese American Community
Articles in This Section
The Lessons of Colonialism
The American / Viet Nam War A Modern Day Exodus Unleashing the Rising Dragon ... The Vietnamese American Community
Research Resources Used/
Recommended for Further Reading
Jamieson, Neil L. 1995.
Understanding Vietnam . Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kalman, Bobbie. 2002.
... Hippocrene Books.
Quick Facts About Viet Nam
Total Area
127,244 sq mi (slightly larger than New Mexico) Population (2003) 81,624,716 (15th most populous in the world) Annual Rate of Increase (2003) Major Ethnic Groups Vietnamese 85%–90%, Chinese 3%, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Man, Cham Adult Literacy (2003) 94% total, 95.8% male, 92.3% female

72. History Of The Vietnam War - Title Page
It s all too easy to focus on the brief period in vietnam s history when the This section will broadly summarize vietnam s history, particularly in
http://www.ichiban1.org/html/history/history_map.htm

HOME
HISTORY TIMELINE
[ Use gold links in the timetable below. ]
H ISTORY OF THE V IETNAM W AR
It's all too easy to focus on the brief period in Vietnam's history when the United States was fighting to help the South Vietnamese Government become established and survive.
In the end, South Vietnam fell to a North Vietnamese invasion several years after U.S. forces withdrew. But this was not Vietnam's first or last war.
South Vietnam was established after the (First) Indochina War between Vietnamese nationalists and French Colonial forces after the close of the Second World War. From 1945 to 1954 a bitter struggle in Vietnam ended in the partioning of Vietnam into two countries after the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu. Even prior to French colonization, Vietnam was subject to invasions by the Chinese and others going back to 500 B.C. Alas, war is no stranger to the Vietnamese people. This section will broadly summarize Vietnam's history, particularly in relation to the U.S. Army involvement between 1960 to 1973, and especially the

73. Vietnam Travel Information | Lonely Planet Destination Guide
Extracts from the guide book. history, attractions, culture, events, and getting there.
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/south_east_asia/vietnam/
@import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_structure.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_theme.css"; worldguide shop thorn tree forum travel services ... travel links Explore Vietnam
Vietnam
Luscious beauty everywhere, from delicate design to technicolour sunsets.
More Places
Check out our other destinations: Within Vietnam Hanoi Ho Chi Minh
View Map
Click here
Feature Attraction
Bac Ha Market
This lively and crowded concrete bazaar is the main market in town. You'll see plenty of Flower... more >
WORLDGUIDE Introduction See Image Gallery Events Transport Money Essential Info RELATED Thorn Tree Forum Postcards Travel Links Most visitors to Vietnam are overwhelmed by the sublime beauty of the country's natural setting: the Red River Delta in the north, the Mekong Delta in the south and almost the entire coastal strip are a patchwork of brilliant green rice paddies tended by women in conical hats. There are some divine beaches along the coast, while inland there are soaring mountains, some of which are cloaked by dense, misty forests. Vietnam also offers an opportunity to see a country of traditional charm and rare beauty rapidly opening up to the outside world.
When To Go
There are no good or bad seasons to visit Vietnam. When one region is wet, cold or steamy hot, there is always somewhere else that is sunny and pleasant. Basically, the south has two seasons: the wet (May to November, wettest from June to August) and the dry (December to April). The hottest and most humid time is from the end of February to May. The central coast is dry from May to October and wet from December to February. The highland areas are significantly cooler than the lowlands, and temperatures can get down to freezing in winter. The north has two seasons: cool, damp winters (November to April) and hot summers (May to October). There is the possibility of typhoons between July and November, affecting the north and central areas.

74. Documents Relating To The Vietnam War
Cold War International history Project, Working Paper 34 Changes in Mao Zedong s Delivered to the American Friends of vietnam at the Willard Hotel in
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/vietnam.htm
Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy
Vietnam
Texas Tech University, The Vietnam Project PBS, Battlefield Vietnam Vietnam Veterans of America, "About the War" "Cochin China," ... (Hanoi, 1960-1962), Vol. 2 World War II
Press Release Issued by the Department of State on the Situation in Indochina on September 23, 1940
ACTING SECRETARY OF STATE SUMNER WELLES' STATEMENT ON JAPANESE-FRENCH COLLABORATION IN INDOCHINA, July 24, 1941 Memorandum by the Acting Secretary of State (Welles) on a Meeting Between President Roosevelt and the Japanese Ambassador on the Japanese Occupation of Indochina, 24 July 1941 ... NATIONAL SECURITY ACTION MEMORANDUM NO. 263, October 11, 1963 (in which reference is made to a possible withdrawal of 1000 American troops) James K. Galbraith, "Exit Strategy: In 1963, JFK ordered a complete withdrawal from Vietnam," Boston Review , October/November, 2003 Post on H-Diplo from Doug Macdonald, Colgate University, on the question of whether President Kennedy was considering withdrawal from Vietnam, 29 December 2003 ... Cold War International History Project, "Le Duan and the Break with China," A 1979 document translated by Christopher E. Goscha, with an introduction by Stein Tønnesson
Retrospectives
DOAN VAN TOAI, "A Lament for Vietnam,"

75. Interactive Outline History Of Vietnam
INTERACTIVE OUTLINE history OF vietnam Giao Chau *, Ngo Quyen. Van Xuan. An Nam * (603939), *names given vietnam by the Chinese
http://www.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/InteractiveOutlineHistory ofVietnam.ht
INTERACTIVE OUTLINE HISTORY OF VIETNAM CHRONOLOGICAL PERIOD HIGHLIGHTS OF HISTORY Prehistoric Age (? to 257 B.C.E.) Hong Bang Dynasty Hung Vuong Ancient History (257 B.C.E. to 938 C.E.) Kingdom of Au-Lac
(257-208 B.C.E.) Co-Loa An-Duong-Vuong, Thuc Dynasty
Nam-Viet (207-111 B.C.E.) Chinese domination (111 B.C.E. - 939 C.E.) Trung Sisters Giao Chi * Battle of Bach Dang (938) Giao Chau * Ngo Quyen Van Xuan An Nam * (603-939) *names given Vietnam by the Chinese Medieval History (939-1427) Second Battle of Bach Dang (1288) Several names to 1407 Tran Hung Dao Chinese (Ming) domination (1407-1427) Le Loi and the Le Dynasty An Nam * Early Modern History (1428-1788) - Dai Viet Kingdom of Champa (192-1471) Tay Son Rebellion (1777) Later Modern History (1788-1940) Dai Viet Viet-Nam Nguyen Anh (Emperor Gia Long) Minh Mang Dai Nam (French domination 1858-1940) Tu Duc Contemporary History (1940-1999) Viet Nam (Japanese, French, and U.S. domination, 1940-1975) Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1975 to the present) Click on above links for more information and/or images.

76. History: 398: The Vietnam Experience
Historical Perspective Overview of vietnam s history, Geography, and Agrarian (Companion to 1983 PBS series, vietnam, a Television history) DS558.
http://www.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/biblio.html
VIETNAM EXPERIENCE
Bibliography for Online Course 1999
Compiled and Revised by Dr. Ernest Bolt and Amanda Garrett May 1999 Click on the links to review the bibliography for each category. Note: Most of the books in this bibliography are available in University of Richmond's Boatwright Memorial Library. Library of Congress call numbers are furnished for most titles and should be the same at the libraries at Centenary and Rollins. Out of Print ( OP) books are being searched for availability. Books listed as On Order may become available at Richmond during this term. Historical Perspective: Overview of Vietnam's History, Geography, and Agrarian Society The Final Stages, 1973-1975: Watergate and Aftermath, Final Battles, and the Fall of Saigon Vietnam under French Colonialism Indochina Since 1975: More Vietnam Wars and Unification Experiences ... Nixon's Wars: The Homefront and Release of POWs Historical Perspective: Overview of Vietnam's History, Geography, and Agrarian Society
  • Hue-Tam Ho Tai, Radicalism and the Origins of the Vietnamese Revolution
  • Michael Hunt

77. Vietnam War History Links, Vipers Vietnam Veterans Page
vietnam War history Links to the best sites on the Internet.
http://members.aol.com/viperash50/history/links.html
/* Rainbow Links Script- TAKANASHI Mizuki For full source code, 100's more DHTML scripts, and TOS, Visit http://www.dynamicdrive.com */
Start music AFTER page loads
Watch Ol Glory Fly
On this page you will find some of the best websites on
the Internet for History and Photos of the Vietnam War. PBS Battlefield Vietnam , A Complete history of the Vietnam war. PBS uses the power of noncommercial television, the Internet and other media to enrich the lives of all Americans through quality programs and education services that inform, inspire and delight Vietnam Death Trip , This award winning site is dedicated to all the Marines and Corpsmen who served during the Vietnam War with M Company, 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines, 1st Marine Division. This is a true story of just some of those who helped build the legend of... " A Company Called Mike". The Vietnam Project In May 1989, a group of Vietnam veterans from West Texas gathered at Texas Tech University to discuss what they might do, in a positive way, about their experiences in Vietnam. That group's immediate decision was to form a Vietnam Archive and begin collecting and preserving materials relating to the American Vietnam experience.In November 1989, the Board of Regents of Texas Tech University established the Vietnam Center, with the dual missions of funding and guiding the development of the Vietnam Archive and encouraging continuing study of all aspects of the American Vietnam experience.

78. Vietnam: Yesterday And Today
Henry Kissinger in Stanley Karnow s vietnam A history. Nearly three decades since the end of the war, Americans, their allies, and the vietnamese still
http://servercc.oakton.edu/~wittman/
"Vietnam...We've all been there." Michael Herr, Dispatches "Vietnam is still with us. It has created doubts about American judgment, about American credibility, about American powernot only at home, but throughout the world. It has poisoned our domestic debate. So we paid an exorbitant price for the decisions that were made in good faith and for good purpose ."
Henry Kissinger in Stanley Karnow's Vietnam: A History Nearly three decades since the end of the war, Americans, their allies, and the Vietnamese still see and feel its effects. This website is primarily for students and teachers working to understand the Vietnamese Conflict. It's goal is to suggest books, magazine articles, and websites that will be useful, to provide suggestions for effective research, and to provide information about the war and the country of Vietnam. This website and the contents herein in no way reflect the thoughts, opinions or standards of Oakton Community College. The author listed is solely responsible for its content and understands and agrees to abide by the policies of the college with regard to the responsible use of college facilities.

79. Vietnam Yesterday & Today: Background Information On Vietnam
Tan Le s website provides a useful Brief history of vietnam and photographs of the Voices of vietnam. Websites relating to vietnam s history include
http://servercc.oakton.edu/~wittman/vninfo.htm
Subtopic Menu
Web LinksVietnam Today Assistance to Vietnam Human Rights Issues News from Vietnam Resources for Studying Vietnam ... Vietnamese Abroad Map of Vietnam
Click on map to enlarge Web Links Vietnam Today Background Information on Vietnam Local TimeHanoi/Ho Chi Minh City
Weather in Vietnam

The Time Magazine 100: Leaders and Revolutionaries
: Ho Chi Minh Access Asia's Vietnam

Access Asia
provides business and cultural links for the countries of Asia. Vietnam's page includes links to information on culture, development, geography, government, the Internet, maps, news, and tourism.
CIA Fact BookVietnam

The Central Intelligence Agency's fact book on Vietnam provides good background information on Vietnam's geography, history, economic picture, culture, politics, government, and society. This particular version of the factbook dates from 1996. See also the country study on Vietnam from the Library of Congress. See also, Vietnam's Useful Websites
FreeViet

This Vietnamese-American website, which flies the old South Vietnamese flag, focuses on news from Vietnam and discussions of Vietnamese culture and the human rights situation in Vietnam today. Photographs and links are provided.

80. Vietnam Country Guide - History And Government - World Travel Guide Provided By
World Travel Guide vietnam - Overview, Visa and Passport requirements, vacation advice, holiday guide, international travel, travel agent, business trip,
http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/vnm/vnm580.asp
OAS_sitepage = URL + '/South-EastAsia/Vietnam/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Vietnam hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses
Overview

General Information

Passport/Visa
...
Vietnam
Vietnam
History and Government
History: For many years, Vietnam formed part of the French colony of Indochina, along with Cambodia and Laos. With Vichy French agreement, in 1941, the Japanese occupied Vietnam during their World War II sweep through South-East Asia. The resistance to the Japanese was led by the Indochinese Communist Party, formed by Ho Chi Minh in 1930, and its armed wing, the Viet Minh. Following the Japanese defeat in 1945, the Communists proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In 1946, France sent a large expeditionary force to re-establish their control. After eight years of fierce fighting, the struggle ended in the defeat of the French garrison at Dien Bien Phu (1954). Vietnamese troops finally withdrew from Cambodia in September 1989. Freed of this burden, Vietnam was able to concentrate on rebuilding its own economy, having introduced a home-grown version of perestroika , known as doi moi . Nonetheless, the Vietnamese economy suffered from the withdrawal of aid and subsidised goods from the former USSR and from Eastern Europe, as well as the continuing US-organised trade boycott instituted after the US withdrawal. In 1991, changes among the Communist Party's top leadership indicated that the party was determined to pursue a reformist economic programme while keeping many senior military men in key positions.

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