41. EDO-NATION: 2001 Egharevba Memorial Lecture new communities or else to join indigenous people who were already establishedin the western Niger we have is a history of a people in West africa that http://www.edo-nation.net/eghar4.htm

Content Links News Search ... Tourism The premier web site of Edo speaking people. Nation of people who are mostly located in the Midwestern part of Nigeria, Western Africa. EGHAREVBA MEMORIAL LECTURE 2001 OGISO TIMES AND EWEKA TIMES: A PRELIMINARY HISTORY OF THE EDOID COMPLEX OF CULTURES By Peter P. Ekeh State University of New York at Buffalo, USA In many ways, this lecture is a celebration of the uniqueness of Benin and its culture. Let me hurry to say, however, that I have not come here to praise Benin history, but to analyze it. I have come before you in the hope that I will be able to highlight certain features of Benin history and culture in an academic fashion. I cannot claim to know Benin in any degree that is close to your intimate knowledge of your own folkways and your command of the history of Benin royal legacies. What I can do as an academic is to foster a level of analysis of Benin history and culture that will enable you to weigh your experiences and acquaintance with the Benin past and its traditions on a scale of knowledge that is different from that to which you are used.

42. Nigeria - Niger Delta - Warri - Oil - Elections - Worldpress.org Since the first shots were heard on March 13, more than 100 people have An indigenous member of the urhobo ethnic group, who does not want his name http://www.worldpress.org/print_article.cfm?article_id=1193&dont=yes

43. Africa Update Archives Bini is a formerly derogatory name given to the people of Benin City and He asks, What role did the indigenous South African languages play in the http://www.ccsu.edu/afstudy/upd2-3.html

Vol. II, Issue 3 (Summer, 1995): Languages of Africa HOME ARCHIVES Table of contents Editorial: Languages of Africa by Gloria Emeagwali, Chief Editor Roger Westcott, Bini Names in Nigeria and Georgia Bayo Ogunjimi, Currents on Language Debates in Africa John Tra, . A poem. Jeanne Doiron, How Francophone African Cinema Reflects Social and Political Reality Haines Brown, History Dept., C.C.S.U., Africa and the Net Dialogue: A Comment on Ojo-Ade, "Francophone African Women Writers," by L. Natalie Sandomirksy Editorial: Languages of Africa by Prof. Gloria T. Emeagwali Chief Editor of AfricaUpdate What languages should African playwrights, poets, novelists and film producers use in their works? Is the use of French, English, Portuguese or German, elitist and deliberately exclusive of the generality of the African population? Have these languages been sufficiently Africanised on the continent to make them indigenous? What of languages such as Swahili, Dyula, Mande and Hausa? Are they widely enough used to be formally adopted as the major languages? Is Namibia right to adopt English as one of its official languages? These are some of the various questions with which African policymakers, administrators and scholars have been faced from time to time.

44. OGISO TIMES AND EWEKA TIMES Converting events counted in African indigenous calendars into the Gregorian The urhobo People. Ibadan Heineman Educational Books (Nig.) Limited. http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/oarticles/ogiso_times_and_eweka_times.htm

OGISO TIMES AND EWEKA TIMES: A PRELIMINARY HISTORY OF THE EDOID COMPLEX OF CULTURES By Peter P. Ekeh State University of New York at Buffalo, USA In many ways, this lecture is a celebration of the uniqueness of Benin and its culture. Let me hurry to say, however, that I have not come here to praise Benin history, but to analyze it. I have come before you in the hope that I will be able to highlight certain features of Benin history and culture in an academic fashion. I cannot claim to know Benin in any degree that is close to your intimate knowledge of your own folkways and your command of the history of Benin royal legacies. What I can do as an academic is to foster a level of analysis of Benin history and culture that will enable you to weigh your experiences and acquaintance with the Benin past and its traditions on a scale of knowledge that is different from that to which you are used. Let me remind you further that during the first blush of civilian control of Nigerian affairs in the 1950s, we in this country witnessed the quick removal of the Alafin of Oyo and Emir Sanusi of Kano, both of whom were not readily compliant with the wishes of the ruling Action Group in Western Nigeria and the ruling Northern Peoples Congress of Northern Nigeria, respectively. If there was one stable source of opposition to the ways of the Action Group from Midwestern Nigeria in the 1950s, it was led from the much beloved and tough-minded Akenzua II, the Oba of Benin during the decade of campaign for Nigeria's independence from British rule. Yet it would be unthinkable for the Action Group to interfere with Benin royal traditions, even when their bearer was not in its support. We should pose the following question as a matter to attend to in this lecture: Whence did Benin royalty gain such strength?

45. TOWARDS TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION IN WARRI As for my so called urhobo benefactors, it will be the happiest moment of my Personally, I see the word indigenous people as demeaning and I would not http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/tarticles/towards_truth_and_reconciliation.htm

TOWARDS TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION IN WARRI By Dr. Emmanuel Ojameruaye Phoenix, Arizona I admire Prof. Itse Sagay for his profundity and commitment to the struggle and unity of the Niger Delta people. This quality was eloquently displayed in his article that was published in the Guardian of August 16, 2002, in which he stated thus: "Okonjo called me, ... an Itsekiri man who is a political jobber for the Urhobos. On the last issue, it would appear that Okonjo has been a beneficiary of the Itsekiri - Urhobo disputes and is extremely disturbed by a possible alignment of views between the two Sister Nations. Of course the present location of the Delta State Capital in Anioma State is a fallout of this dispute, with outside opportunists stoking the embers of the dispute and making away with the rights and interests of the quarrelling sisters.... As for my so called Urhobo benefactors, it will be the happiest moment of my existence, when the Itsekiris, Urhobo and also the Ijaws start working together like one family that they have been for over 500 years. We have the same culture, food, identical mode of dressing; we have intermarried and are intertwined. The relationship can no longer be unravelled. Okonjo hopes in vain that the Urhobo/Itsekiri quarrels will prevent us from identifying our areas of common i! nterest. He hopes in vain. Let the Urhobos be my benefactors, whatever that may mean. I accept that insult.... My crime is that I do not hate the Urhobo too, for in Okonjo's imagination, every true Itsekiri man must hate the Urhobos. Well I don't. Many Itsekiri don't. They are our kinsmen. We shall reconcile and claim back our rights together, whether in terms of resource control or our estranged capital. Okonjo's rabid outburst will be an incentive for our unity.'' However, I was taken aback by his recent article on the Warri crisis, which was published in

46. African Studies: Nigeria African diaspora newsletter. (Online) Toronto, Cananda York University, (Permanent); Images of Power and Identity Yoruba peoples (Permanent) http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/NRhist.html

CU Home Libraries Home Search Site Index ... Help Search Library Catalog: Title (start of title) Journal (start of title) Author (last, first) Keyword (and, or, not, "") Subject Go To CLIO >> Find Databases: Title Keywords Title (start of title) Keywords Go To Databases >> Find E-Journals: Title (start of title) Title Keywords Subject Keywords Go To E-Journals >> Search the Libraries Website: Go To Advanced Website Search >> About the Libraries Libraries Collections Digital Collections Hours Directions to Columbia Map of Campus Libraries More... Catalogs CLIO (Columbia's Online Catalog) Other Catalogs at CU and Nearby A-Z List of Library Catalogs Course Reserves More... E-Resources Citation Finder Databases E-Journals E-Books E-Data E-News E-Images Subject Guides More...

47. Africa Environment And Conservation On The Internet Ogiek Welfare Council (Nairobi, Kenya) The Ogiek, an indigenous people living in Uganda Forestry Resources and Institutions Center, africa indigenous http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/eco.html

Countries Topics Search the Africa Pages Suggest a Site ... Topics: Environment See also: Environmental History South Africa Environment Africa Files Reprints articles (on AIDS, ecology, gender, NEPAD, youth, human rights, etc.) from the web such as Inter Press Service and AllAfrica.com stories plus original in-depth articles by its editors and others. . "a network of people committed to Africa through its promotion of human rights, economic justice, African perspectives and alternative analyses." The volunteer network included members of the former "Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa (TCLSAC) which,... published the Southern Africa Report (SAR)." Based in Toronto, Canada. [KF] http://www.africafiles.org/ Africa Water Page Part of the Water Page . Founded by South African civil engineer/consultant, Leonard Abrams "dedicated to the water sector in Africa. Issues addressed include water policy, water resource management, water supply and environmental sanitation, water conservation and demand management, and a variety of other issues." Has full-text documents (govt. white papers, articles, etc.) http://wn.apc.org/afwater/index.htm Africam Reqires free registration to access. Was a virtual game preserve which closed down. Read the first part of the webcam's rise videoing live from waterholes in the Djuma Game Reserve (South Africa). The site hopes to reappear. In the meantime Djuma operates two Web cams at

48. Declarations D) TO THE indigenous PEOPLE OF BAYLESA The first urhobo Economic Summitorganised by the urhobo Foundation took place on the 27th and 28th November 1998 http://www.ndwj.kabissa.org/Declarations/declarations.html

NDWJ Home Who we are Declarations Press Release ... Links Niger Delta Women for Justice Beginning with the Ogoni Bill of Rights in 1990, the ethnic nationalities of the Niger Delta have declared the intention and determination, to reclaim their human dignity and fundamental rights. These declarations, The Ogoni Bill of Rights, The Kaiama Declaration, Aklaka Declaration of the Egi People, The Oron Bill of Rights, The Warri Accord, Resolutions of the First Urhobo Economic Summit, form the basis for the struggle for self-determination and control of resources by each nationality. Ethnic Declarations of the people of the Niger Delta The First Niger Delta Indigenous Women's Conference for Women of Bayelsa State The Oron Bill of Rights The Ogoni Bill of Rights The Aklaka Declaration ... The Ikwerre Declaration Demands of the First Niger Delta Indigenous Women's Conference for Women of Bayelsa State held at Yenagoa, 25-27th November 1999 A) TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Conference notes that the Niger Delta People ought to be able to develop themselves and the inability of the people to do this, is as a result of certain inimical laws exiting in Nigeria's various constitutions and other statute books, and the lack of will by the federal government to plough back our resources for our development. Conference therefore calls for:

49. WASHINGTONIAN Museums Children from Cuzco, Peru, were among the many indigenous people “Where Godsand Mortals Meet Continuity and Renewal in urhobo Arts” closes September http://www.washingtonian.com/inwashington/Where When/museums.html

50. ETHNOMEDICINAL ASPECTS OF PLANTS USED AS SPICES AND CONDIMENTS IN THE NIGER DELT The studies indicate that the indigenous people have also developed different The Useful Plants of West Tropical africa (Appendix to Flora of West http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/niger.htm

ETHNOMEDICINAL ASPECTS OF PLANTS USED AS SPICES AND CONDIMENTS IN THE NIGER DELTA AREA OF NIGERIA Ndukwu , B.C. and Ben- Nwadibia , N.B. Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology University of Port Harcourt P.M.B Port Harcourt Nigeria Email: ndukwu_3@yahoo.com ABSTRACT The ethnomedicinal applications of the plant species used primarily as spices and condiments among the indigenous peoples of the Niger Delta area of Nigeria were examined. A total of 24 species belonging to 10 different families were found to have varying applications in ethnobotany and ethnomedicine. The studies indicate that the indigenous people have also developed different methods for collecting, processing, using and conserving these valuable plants and/or their products. The contributions of this study towards the understanding, documentation and safeguarding of indigenous knowledge and use of plants are discussed. Keywords: Ethnobotany, Ethnomedicine, spices, condiments, indigenous knowledge. INTRODUCTION Spices and condiments are products of plants, which are mostly used for seasoning, flavouring and thus enhancing the taste of foods, beaverages and drugs (Parry 1969;

51. Davis Publications - /artslides/slidesets/slideset.asp Prior to the nineteenth century africa had trade contacts with other continents, by ONOBRAKPEYA, BRUCE (born 1932, urhobo People) Catalog Number 10947 http://www.davis-art.com/artslides/slidesets/slideset.asp?action=select&pk=2040

52. Western-Soudan Their migrations are indicative of the mobility of African peoples in many parts and cultures and accepting of the indigenous rulers and their customs. http://users.telenet.be/african-shop/western-soudan.htm

Collection Tribes Masks museums ... fairs related articles: Home Up Eastern-Africa Western-Soudan South-Africa Central Africa Aboriginal American Indians ... African Antiques e-Newsletter Your email address will only be used to notify you about the African Antiques free e-newsletter. You should join if you want to read the last news and learn everything about the new exhibitions African art fairs auctions , buying tips, tribes stolen pieces , interesting opinions, museums , etc.. It will not be used for any other purpose. Discover a new World ! visit our other site and Discover a new World ! visit our other site and BuyAfricanAntiques David Norden Sint-katelijnevest 27 ANTWERPEN-Belgium Tel +32 3 227 35 40 Join our discussion group: Discussions AntiquesAfricaines en Français (100 membres) var site="sm5african" Western Soudan and Mali This is the name conventionally given to the savanna region of West Africa. It is an area dominated by Islamic states situated at the southern ends of the trans-Saharan trade routes. Back to african tribe list The sculpture here is characterized by schematic styles of representation. Some commentators have interpreted these styles as an accommodation to the Islamic domination of the area, but this is probably not an adequate explanation since Islam in West Africa has either merely tolerated or actually destroyed such traditions while exerting other influences.

53. African Tribes african tribe list. Nok Daima and Sao Ife and Yoruba Edo Benin peoples IjoIgbo Ibibio urhobo Ekoi Fulani Hausa Nupe. The northern and southern parts of http://users.pandora.be/african-shop/tribe_info.htm

Collection Tribes Masks museums ... fairs related articles: Home Site map African tribes Auctions Fairs masks statues bookmarks 10 buying tips ... African Antiques e-Newsletter Your email address will only be used to notify you about the African Antiques free e-newsletter. You should join if you want to read the last news and learn everything about the new exhibitions African art fairs auctions , buying tips, tribes stolen pieces , interesting opinions, museums , etc.. It will not be used for any other purpose. Discover a new World ! visit our other site and Discover a new World ! visit our other site and BuyAfricanAntiques David Norden Sint-katelijnevest 27 ANTWERPEN-Belgium Tel +32 3 227 35 40 Join our discussion group: Discussions AntiquesAfricaines en Français (100 membres) var site="sm5african" African tribes in African art. Central Africa South Africa East Africa West Africa ... Yoruba-Ife ADVERTISEMENT: Organized Travels. Discover new Worlds!

54. Communique Of Third Annual Conference Of Urhobo Historical Society Held In Londo for which urhobo people are known, in the struggle to ensure that indigenous Furthermore, Professor David Okpako urged urhobo people buoyed with the http://www.urhobo.kinsfolk.com/Conferences/ThirdAnnualConference/PostConferenceM

THIRD ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND MEETING London, England November 1-3, 2002 COMMUNIQUE Urhobo Historical Society held its Third Annual Conference and General Membership Meeting on November 1-3, 2002, at Goldsmiths College of London University, and at Goddis Place, both located in the New Cross area of Southeast London. As in earlier Annual Conferences and Meetings of the Society, the 2002 Annual Conference and General Meeting, in four plenary sessions, including a keynote address, and a roundtable discussion, addressed issues and problems with which the Urhobo nation must successfully contend, if it is to survive and prosper. The Opening Session of the Conference in the evening of Friday, November 1, 2002 , was chaired by Olorogun Felix Ibru, first civilian Governor of Delta State. Mr. Daniel Obiomah of Warri served as the Special Guest of Honour of the Conference. Their addresses on the condition of the Urhobo Nation set the tone for the plenary sessions and General Meeting of the Conference over the next two days The first plenary session featured a well known American scholar of Urhobo culture, Dr. Perkins Foss, who is also a Guest Curator, Museum for African Art

55. Who Owns Warri? The indigenes of Warri, like most other African communities, had a rudimentary Neither of the other indigenous people in Warri, the urhobo and the Ijaw, http://www.urhobo.kinsfolk.com/Conferences/FirstAnnualConference/ConferenceMatte

Urhobo Historical Society FIRST ANNUAL MEETING AND CONFERENCE OF URHOBO HISTORICAL SOCIETY Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada November 3-5, 2000 Who Owns Warri? The Politics of Ethnic Rivalry in the Western Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria By Onoawarie Edevbie Detroit, Michigan Abstract This paper examines the conflicting claims of ownership of the Oil City of Warri by Itsekiri, Ijaw and Urhobo, three indigenous ethnic communities resident in this area of Western Niger Delta. It explores the colonial roots of the ethnic rivalry and the political dimensions that have been brought to bear on the conflict that resulted from the strife. Using theoretical framework offered by classical and modern theories of ethnic conflict, the paper evaluates the premises for the various claims made and rejects the notion that Warri belongs to any one particular ethnic group to the exclusion of others. The paper also demonstrates that the multiethnic composition of the area can only lead to the adoption of a differentiated political community: A Tri-Ethnic City of Warri , one that offers a logical opportunity for the sharing of jurisdictional rights, including those of the ownership and control of all resources within the area.

56. A Virtual Travel To Nigeria Religions Muslim, Christian, indigenous African. The urhobo people are oneof the major ethnic nationalities of the Niger delta. After The War Was Over http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/nigeria.htm

Advertise here One World - Nations Online the countries of the world Home Continents Africa Nigeria Destination Nigeria, a virtual guide to Nigeria. This page aims to give you a broad overview of Nigeria's art, culture, people, environment, geography, history, economy and government. Beside a country profile with facts and figures, the page contains links to sources which provide you with all the information you need to know about this (Continent) nation, e.g.: official web sites of Nigeria, addresses of Nigeria and foreign embassies, domestic airlines, city- and country guides with extensive travel and tourism information on accomodation, tourist attractions, events and more like weather information, maps, statistics and local newspapers from Nigeria. Official Sites Map News Culture ... Additional Links Nigeria Country Profile Flag of Nigeria Background: Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new constitution was adopted in 1999 and a peaceful transition to civilian government completed. The new president faces the daunting task of rebuilding a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement, and institutionalizing democracy. In addition, the OBASANJO administration must defuse longstanding ethnic and religious tensions, if it is to build a sound foundation for economic growth and political stability. (Source: CIA - The World Factbook) border countries: Benin Cameroon Chad Niger related countries: Official Name: Federal Republic of Nigeria

57. African American Archaeology And African Diaspora Archaeology Resources arrow African indigenous Science Knowledge (Cen. Conn. State U.) arrow AfricanLives (Wash. Post) arrow History and Culture of urhobo People, Nigeria http://www.anthro.uiuc.edu/faculty/cfennell/bookmark3.html

African American Archaeology, History and Cultures Table of Contents African American Archaeology General Sites in Northeast Region Sites in Mid-Atlantic ... African Heritage in Britain This web site is designed to provide convenient access to online presentations and resources concerning the subjects of African American archaeology, history and cultures, and broader subjects of African diaspora archaeology. The principal focus is on providing links to online presentations concerning African American archaeology projects, set out in the first sections below, with links listed alphabetically by state within each regional section. Additional links to online resources and presentations concerning African American history and culture, African archaeology, African history and cultures, African heritage in Britain, and the subjects of slavery, resistance and abolition are also provided. Bibliographies and research guides to print publications within each subject area are included. Please contact the editor, Chris Fennell , with any additional resource links you would like to see added to this site, or with the title, author, and publication information for any print sources you would like to see added to the bibliographies.

58. Women As in other urhobo clans, the Uvwie clan s women s council is, in practice, This policy committed the state oil company to hire people indigenous to the http://www.uoguelph.ca/~terisatu/Counterplanning/c9.htm

Women's uprisings against the Nigerian oil industry in the 1980s* and M.O. Oshare, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Warri, Delta State, Nigeria June 1993 *This is a revised version of a paper which Terisa E. Turner presented at the annual conference of the Canadian African Studies Association in Montreal in May 1992. Thanks are due to H. Rouse-Amadi, J. Ihonvbere, H. Veltmeyer and J. Fiske for comments on an earlier draft, and to this Journal's anonymous referees for their critical insights. Research for this article was done in Nigeria in the 1970s and 1980s, supported in part by the Canadian Social Science and Humanities Research Council. ABSTRACT In the 1980s women attacked oil industry installations and personnel throughout Nigeria. This article considers two revolts: the 1984 Ogharefe women's uprising and the 1986 Ekpan women's uprising. In the oil centre of Warri where both took place, women do most of the peasant farming but land is controlled by men. The study argues that oil-based industrialization superimposed on this local political economy a new regime which dispossessed women of access to farm land. Women responded by attacking the oil industry with varying degrees of success. In the 1984 uprising women seized control of a US oil corporation's production site, threw off their clothes and with this curse won their demands. These had to do with financial compensation for pollution and alienation of land. In the 1986 uprising women shut down the core of the whole region's oil industry. They were less successful in winning their demands for land compensation and oil industry jobs.

59. Al-Ahram Weekly | International | In Defence Of Whose Realm? The indigenous people of the Delta are further aggrieved because the Confrontation between urhobo and Ijaw people in and around the city of Warri http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/458/in1.htm

Al-Ahram Weekly 2 - 8 December 1999 Issue No. 458 Published in Cairo by AL-AHRAM established in 1875 Egypt Region International Economy ... Letters In defence of whose realm? By Gamal Nkrumah There is no greater irony in the entire post-Cold War scenario than the failure of strong American world-leadership to restore nerve and vigour to the developing world of the South. Indeed, many countries in the South are now not so much developing as stagnating, or even worse, declining. As they thus revert to pre-colonial conditions, they inevitably come to qualify as ripe for re-colonisation. In his recent broadside, The New Military Humanism, Noam Chomsky lays out for all to see the blatant and shameless hypocrisy of US intervention in trouble spots around the globe. The Americans have taken it upon themselves to be the stout-hearted trouble-shooters of this brave new world. Yet, argues Chomsky, their selectivity is nauseatingly Machiavellian. The thesis is immediately engaging, especially for those of us in the so-called Third World, for its refusal to apply itself to such red herrings as: Is socialism still relevant? Is the capitalist system in crisis? Is internationalism dead? Who cares? Well, we the wronged majority do. Africa observed the 12th annual World AIDS Day on 1 December with a terrible trepidation. The number of HIV-infected individuals on the continent now stands at a horrendous 22.5 million. On 9 July 1999, US Vice President Al Gore announced a new Clinton Administration initiative to address the global AIDS pandemic, specifically in Africa and India. Over 95 per cent of all HIV-infected individuals are in the South.

60. African Arts: Spatial Continuities: Masks And Cultural Interactions Between The Ekeleke was not adopted by the indigenous population of OgutaIhiala, settlers clearly recognize that they have borrowed Ekeleke from the urhobo people, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0438/is_1_35/ai_90331352/pg_4

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles African Arts Spring 2002 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Related Searches Art, African / Nigeria Masks / Nigeria Niger River / History Nigeria / History Featured Titles for ASA News ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Spatial continuities: masks and cultural interactions between the Delta and Southeastern Nigeria African Arts Spring, 2002 by Eli Bentor Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. Continued from page 3. The Ekpe origin of the Okonko society at Umuma-Isiaku is unmistakable. Like Ekpe in the Arochukwu region, the society has a structure consisting of seven grades. Some of its terminology also refers to Ekpe. For example, the name of the generic mask used as a crowd controller during festivals and funerals is Ogbaoso Ekpe, "messenger of Ekpe" (Igwegbe 1989:16) (Fig. 14). The Ekpe greeting "Ojeh, ojeh" is often used by those in the Okonko society. The Okonko opens with processions of members marching according to seniority. They wear a George, or madras, wrapper and carry brass bells. The textile is widely used as prestige cloth during burials and ceremonies from the Delta through southern Igboland to the lower Cross River areas (Aronson 1982:123-24, 141, n. 1, 2). Originally imported from India, it is now commonly available in local substitutes. While not limited to Ekpe members, the cloth and bells constitute the customary dress of the society.

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