61. Tutsi -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article The tutsi are one of three native peoples of the nations of (A In fact theycouldn t believe that the tutsi were part of the African race at all. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/t/tu/tutsi.htm

Tutsi [Categories: Ethnic groups of Africa] The Tutsi are one of three native peoples of the nations of (A landlocked republic in central Africa; formerly a German colony) Rwanda and (A landlocked republic in east central Africa on the northeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika) Burundi in central (The second largest continent; located south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian Ocean) Africa : the other two being the (Click link for more info and facts about Twa) Twa and the (A member of a Bantu people living in Rwanda and Burundi) Hutu . The Twa (or Watwa) are a (Any member of various peoples having an average height of less than five feet) pygmy people and the original inhabitants. The Hutu (or Wahutu) are a (A family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent) Bantu -derived people, since they moved into the area they dominated the Twa. Large numbers of all three were slaughtered in the (Click link for more info and facts about Rwandan Genocide) Rwandan Genocide of 1994.

62. Worldwide Gazetteer How can they use it to make a breakthrough on africa and climate change? deaths of 4 to 8 million indigenous people, a death toll, Hochschild writes, http://www.gazeteer.com/gazeteer/v2/article.aspx?articleid=16

63. Worldwide Gazetteer Why is africa top of the agenda for the G8 in Scotland? culminate in thedeaths of 4 to 8 million indigenous people, a death toll, Hochschild writes, http://www.gazeteer.com/gazeteer/v2/article.aspx?articleid=52

64. Africa Today, Volume 47 - Table Of Contents tutsi (African people) Foreign countries Communication. Indigenouspeoples Nigeria. Iyob, Ruth, 1957; Historical Dictionary of Eritrea (review http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/africa_today/toc/at47.2.html

Africa Today 47.2, Spring 2000 Contents Books Received Contributors Articles Amponsah, Nicholas. Ghana's Mixed Structural Adjustment Results: Explaining the Poor Private Sector Response [Access article in HTML] [Access article in PDF] Subjects: Ghana Economic conditions 1979- Ghana Economic policy. Structural adjustment (Economic policy) Ghana. Abstract: The most worrisome aspect of Ghana's fifteen years of market liberalization reforms is the failure of domestic private business to respond enthusiastically with increased investment. Have domestic private entrepreneurs failed to respond because of their own innate weaknesses as popularly believed in official circles? Do they have genuine concerns that are yet to be addressed? This study focuses on the preconditions for the success of market reforms. The study utilizes survey data to demonstrate that domestic private entrepreneurs in Ghana are not positively responding to Ghana's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) because they still perceive the existing institutional environment as uncertain. If regime leaders in Ghana and in other African countries wish to ensure sustained development through market reforms, they must address the issue of improving and maintaining institutional credibility. Hess, Janet Berry.

65. ZNet Blogger: Mandisi Majavu The history of the San, indigenous people of Southern africa, is a story of apeople who have witnessed their way of life being disappeared in the name of http://blog.zmag.org/bloggers/?blogger=majavu

66. Journal: Prepped And Ready The killing of some 800000 people in Rwanda’s 1994 tutsi genocide wasn’ta The indigenous people of remote Northwest California didn’t come across white http://www.csus.edu/pubaf/journal/spring2005/12research.htm

Return to Cover University Links Capital University News Events Calendar News by E-mail Giving a Gift ... CSUS Homepage Spring 2005 l Capital University Journal Research Notes When in rome... David Nylund Critics Choice Hot topics ... Kristen Alexander When in rome... Journal of Sport and Social Issues and will be submitted as a book proposal. His project was funded by GLAAD, the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. In addition to listening to the Rome program, Nylund met with other listeners in sports bars throughout the Sacramento area and all over the country. back to top Critics Choice But nobody could have guessed that Sac State would also end up with two award-winning experimental filmmakers. A Space of Time , has been shown at media festivals around the world. It won awards at the Moscow International Film Festival and the Philadelphia Documentary and Fiction Festival. Born and raised in Mexico City, Bonilla came to the United States to complete a doctorate in mass communications. His dissertation project included creating

67. Refugees International: Articles: Forgotten People: The Batwa 'Pygmy' Of The Gre Forgotten People The Batwa Pygmy of the Great Lakes Region of africa Innocent, impartial Batwa were also killed for fear that they were tutsi http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/892/

Search: Home About Us Donate Where We Work ... Contact Us Forgotten People: The Batwa 'Pygmy' of the Great Lakes Region of Africa “We are truly the forgotten people of Rwanda, having been there for the longest, having lived for thousands of years in the rainforests of Africa before the Hutu and the Tutsi arrived. We have been forgotten by all those who have come to use our forests, ignored by the European colonists and we are again forgotten by all those who would help to resolve the chaos that Rwanda is in today.” Charles Uwiragiye, Executive Secretary Association for the Promotion of Batwa, 1994 The Pygmies of Africa: Exclusion Legitimized In 1751, Edward Tyson published a book entitled, The Anatomy of a Pygmy Compared with that of an Ape and a Man , which effectively introduced the Western world to the Pygmies* as a subhuman entity. In 1906, the Bronx Zoo displayed its newest addition to the gorilla cage, a Pygmy man named Ota Benga. The New York Times touted the exhibit by calling it “the most interesting sight in the Bronx.” The animal-like perception of Pygmies penetrated the Western consciousness. Unable to return home, Ota Benga committed suicide ten years later. The 1988 movie Gorillas in the Mist presented the Pygmy as savage gorilla poachers, a concept that has never been largely questioned, despite the fact that Pygmies lived with gorillas in the forests of Central Africa for centuries without the gorilla becoming endangered, as it is today.

68. ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Forgotten People: The Batwa 'Pygmy' Of The Grea Forgotten people the Batwa Pygmy of the Great Lakes region of africa Innocent, impartial Batwa were also killed for fear that they were tutsi http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/0/a84e5cbac3ac8c2885256d800079aaba?OpenDocume

69. NGLS Roundup 82 South African President Thabo Mbeki said that the many people of the world A large number of representatives from indigenous peoples were present in http://www.un-ngls.org/documents/text/roundup/82durban.htm

NGLS Roundup 82, November 2001 WORLD CONFERENCE AGAINST RACISM: "UNITED TO COMBAT RACISM" The World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (WCAR) was held in Durban (South Africa) from 31 August to 8 September 2001 and brought together more than 2,300 government representatives from over 160 countries, including 16 Heads of State, 58 foreign and 44 other ministers. The World Conference was organized by the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Some 3,000 accredited NGO representatives went to Durban to tell the world about their struggles and the injustice suffered by their constituencies. Over 1,000 accredited media representatives were present to cover the Conference, which was preceded by a Youth Summit from 26-27 August and an NGO Forum from 28 August to 1 September in the same city. In opening the World Conference, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan acknowledged the symbolic significance of holding the World Conference in post-apartheid South Africa. “Who better to teach the international community to overcome racism, discrimination and intolerance than the people of South Africa?” he asked. South African President Thabo Mbeki said that the many people of the world struggling against indignity and humiliation because they were not white expected the outcome of the World Conference to signify a sustained global drive to help rid them of their suffering. South African Foreign Minister Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma, President of the Conference, added that there should be a sustained Programme of Action that all countries could implement at every level.

70. 'Just World News' By Helena Cobban: Africa--Rwanda Archives But if roughly 50% of the respondents were dealt with by a tutsi that thetimber cutters who supplied him were hiring gunmen to shoot indigenous people. http://justworldnews.org/archives/cat_africarwanda.html

'Just World News' by Helena Cobban Info, analysis, discussion to build a more just world The trials of Rwanda Filip Reyntjens, a very expert scholar of international law who is also an expert on Rwandan history, has now sent a letter to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda saying he will suspend all cooperation with the court's Office of the Prosecutor until it takes steps to indict members of the ruling Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) who are accused of human rights abuses. Reyntjens, who teaches at the University of Antwerp, played an important role in the prosecution's work as recently as last September when he testified in the court against Theoneste Bagosora, accused of being the most important mastermind behind the nationwide organization of the 1994 genocide. (Reyntjens did, however, say in that tesgimony that Bagosora's co-accused, Gratien Kabiligi, had played no part in organizing the killings.) According to the Fondation Hirondelle report linked to above, Reyntjens sent a letter to ICTR Chief prosecutor Hassan Jallow in which he wrote that, failure by the ICTR to prosecute alleged perpetrators of the abuses was "meting out victor's justice" and risked becoming "part of the problem and not the solution".

71. 'Just World News' By Helena Cobban: Africa Archives For millions of people in southern and central africa, April 1994 was a very So was this one, about the experiences of some of the tutsi women who http://justworldnews.org/archives/cat_africa.html

'Just World News' by Helena Cobban Info, analysis, discussion to build a more just world Caroline Elkins' Mau Mau book, contd. On Sunday, I wrote how much I was learning from a book about Britain's shockingly repressive end-of-empire counter-insurgency in Kenya, Caroline Elkins's Imperial Reckoning . One commenter noted there had later been a letter to the NY Review of Books that had questioned some of Elkins' use of her sources. Today, by chance I picked up an old issue of the NYRB, and there was the letter . It was from David Elstein, who is not a historian of Africa or even, it seems, any kind of expert on matters African. He's a TV producer. His main criticism was with, as he wrote, the fact that, "She suggests 'hundreds of thousands' of Kikuyu died at British hands—perhaps 300,000." (Actually, she did not directly write that. She looked at the census records and noted p.366 that, "If the Kikuyu population figure in 1962 is adjusted using growth rates comparable to other [Kenyan] Africans, we find that somewhere between 130,000 and 300,000 Kikuyu are accounted for." She also quotes, without endorsing, a claim by an Asian-Kenyan attorney who had represented thousands of detainees thaas saying that, By the end I would say there were several hundred thousand killed... One hundred thousand easily, though more like two to three hundred thousand. All these people just never came back when it was over." Her own judgments were that the British counter-insurgency campaign in Kenya, "left tens of thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands dead" (p. xvi); and elsewhere that, "at the very least it is safe to assume that the official [british] figure of some eleven thousand Mau Mau killed is implausible given all that has been discovered."(p.366))

72. USA/Africa Dialogue, No. 232: Ayittey On Indigenous Values, Part 1 indigenous Curbs Against Despotism In the eyes of the Gikuyu people, the submissionto a African chief was expected to be humble toward his people but http://www.utexas.edu/conferences/africa/ads/232.html

Many folks from around the world have asked to know more about George Ayittey. For the benefits of those who rely on this Dialogue for information to teach and do research, I have been carrying some long articles. This is the minimum we owe others without access to information. In two parts, I will be excerpting a piece from Ayittey's book. NOTE : The following is excerpted from Indigenous African Institutions . If you want to send excepts of your piece abroad through this medium, seek the permission of your publishers and send it to me for circulation. There is a small reward: a small commercial will be posted as in the following. All Ayittey's books are available at http://www.amazon.com. [when school resumes, the volume of postings will reduce to let you all focus on other things] Indigenous Curbs Against Despotism In the eyes of the Gikuyu people, the submission to a despotic rule of any particular man or a group, white or black, is the greatest humiliation to mankind Jomo Kenyatta, late president of Kenya. Despotism and kleptocracy do not inhere in the nature of African cultures or in the African character; but they are now rife in what was

73. Burundi People, Burundi (the Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation, tutsi), PRP (the People s indigenous People Many of the persons arrested on criminal charges http://creekin.net/k7698-n30-burundi-people-burundi.html

Creekin.net World Travel Information Source Countries About Us Contact Burundi People Burundi Principal Locations Bubanza Bujumbura Bururi Cankuzo ... Ruyigi Resources Burundi Genocide Rwanda Burundi History Burundi Tourism Burundi Rwanda ... Burundi Flag Burundi People Burundi Recipe Burundi Stamp Burundi Genocide In Rwanda Burundi Coffee ... Burundi Drum Burundi People Burundi (06/05) Political parties: Multi-party system consisting of 21 registered political parties, of which FRODEBU (the Front for Democracy in Burundi, predominantly Hutu with some Tutsi membership) and UPRONA (the National Unity and Progress Party, predominantly Tutsi with some Hutu membership) are national, mainstream parties. Other Tutsi and Hutu opposition parties and groups include, among others, PARENA (the Party for National Redress, Tutsi), ABASA (the Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation, Tutsi), PRP (the People's Reconciliation Party, Tutsi), CNDD (the National Council for the Defense of Democracy, Hutu), PALIPEHUTU (the Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People, Hutu) and FROLINA/FAP (the Front for the National Liberation of Burundi/Popular Armed Forces, Hutu). ... [ Read More Burundi Elections The United States congratulates the people of Burundi for the peaceful, orderly and dignified exercise of their democratic right to vote in the July 4 legislative elections. ... [

74. Amnesty International Report 2002 - Introduction Around the world an estimated 300 million indigenous people still face be they African descendants in the Americas, the indigenous peoples, migrants, http://web.amnesty.org/web/ar2002.nsf/intro6/intro6?OpenDocument

75. MOST Ethno-Net Publication: Anthropology Of Africa The end of the power tussle is not yet in sight but the present tutsi governmentis not taking Murdock, GP (1959) africa Its People and their Culture. http://www.ethnonet-africa.org/pubs/p95modo.htm

MOST ETHNO-NET AFRICA PUBLICATIONS Anthropology of Africa and the Challenges of the Third Millennium - Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts, PAAA / APA, 1999 An Anthropologist’s View of Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts in Africa I.V.O. Modo Department of Social Anthropology/Sociology National University of Lesotho P.O. Roma 180 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Ethnicity denotes an extreme consciousness of and loyalty to a particular linguistic and cultural group unidentified with any other group (Udoh 1998:38). Such groups usually possess myth of origin, traceable to an epical ancestor or ancestress. With a strong ruling house such ethnic groups like the Yoruba, Edo, Fante were able to organize themselves into Empire or Kingdoms, conquering and incorporating other lesser ethnic groups as vassals. With the coming of colonial masters, treaties were signed with such kingdoms wherever they existed; especially during the 17th and 18th centuries (Bradbury et al 1965; Igbafe 1972). Origin of ethnicity in Africa Ethnicity in post-colonial Africa is principally a response to the new social structure the indigenous people found themselves in during the colonial era and at independence. The cultural upbringing is seriously at variance with the social processes of the modern era. Bohannan (1957) speaks of the philosophy of limited good among the Tiv of Nigeria. All goods are communally owned and so the possession of a good by one person is the loss of that good by another. This concept is applicable to every tribe in most circumstances. Ethnic discrimination has its root in the favouritism shown to kin group members as could be seen from the principle of segmentary opposition among the Tiv of Nigeria (Bohannan 1969) or Nuer of Southern Sudan (Evans-Pritchard 1940).

76. A Quiet Genocide In Western Sudan Is In The Offing the Hutu tribesmen of Rwanda killed about 800000 tutsi tribal people in a The unarmed indigenous people were fleeing nervously leaving their house http://www.faithfreedom.org/oped/Jafforullah40619.htm

WE WILL REMOVE THIS SITE IF PROVEN WRONG Articles Op-ed Authors ... Arabic A quiet genocide in western Sudan is in the offing A.H. Jaffor Ullah, .In the post 9-11 era, everyone’s mind is focused on global terrorism for good reasons. For one thing, America is now fretting for more than ever over the possibility of al-Qaeda again attacking their soil The year 2004 is very important for America . The nation is gearing up for a presidential election. Therefore, America does not want any terrorist attack lest it disrupts the election process. The rest of the world also follows American dictums. Thus, when the world of ours is mired in global terrorism who has time to think about what goes on in the hinterland of Africa, which was once called the Dark Continent by white men. On May 19, 2004, I heard an in depth report on human rights violation that is going on right now in the Darfur region of western Sudan in National Public Radio (NPR)’s "Morning Edition" program. I was not fully aware of the viciousness of the on going genocide against the indigenous people of western

77. Congolese Flashpoint The indigenous people, the ethnic Rwandans and the Congolese armed forces The Banyamulenges, a tutsi group who emigrated from Rwanda in the last century http://mondediplo.com/1998/07/08kivu

subscribe back issues search maps ... July 1998 Contents Hope in Colombia NATO at a loss Albania exposed When East Asia falters ... Ethiopia-Eritrea: background to the conflict Congolese flashpoint The spectre of bioterrorism Conventions and Treaties The great powers hang back Imprisoning the American poor ... How Europe could put pressure on Israel POWER STRUGGLE IN KIVU Congolese flashpoint Over a year after the overthrow of the dictatorship in Zaire, it is clear that the country (now renamed Congo) is still facing many of the same problems. The most immediate is the threat of ethnic and military unrest in the two eastern provinces, North Kivu and South Kivu. These were the scene of the 1996 uprising that signalled the beginning of the end for President Mobutu. Despite all the speeches about conflict prevention, the crisis is not unexpected. By Kendal Nezan The provinces of North Kivu and South Kivu, bordering onto Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi, are part of the East African cultural and economic region and have always felt isolated from Kinshasa, both geographically and psychologically. In the 1920s and 1930s the Belgian colonial authorities took advantage of the demographic differences between what was at the time the mandated territory of Ruanda-Urundi and the Belgian Congo to import Rwandan labour for the Kivu plantations and the mines in Katanga. This relieved the demographic pressure in the overpopulated Rwandan highlands and at the same time provided the colonial power with a labour force which, being made up of immigrants, was easier to manage.

78. Cnvc:: CNVC Around The World Creating A Compassionate Flow NVC training helped the indigenous people of the peninsula, the OrangAsli, I am a tutsi and was married to a Hutu, and then a victim of both http://www.cnvc.org/around.htm

you are here: home who we are around the world nvc around the world Throughout the world, Nonviolent Communication sm training helps: teachers, parents, students, administrators with doctors, nurses, patients and managers with inmates, prison staff, and prison officials from the boardroom to the shop floor. exploring restorative justice rather than punitive justice from day care to drug treatment life skills for healing and connection nvc in southeast asia In India, whose caste, religious and civil conflicts go back thousands of years, CNVC began to offer training in 1992 to parents, teachers and peace activists. Several CNVC trainers are now continuing the work. In Malaysia NVC training helped the indigenous people of the peninsula, the Orang-Asli, to use peaceful, yet assertive ways to encounter the corporations wanting to clear cut their land. In Sri Lanka, Father Chris Rajendram has created Peace Home, an orphanage staffed by NVC-trained volunteers. Father Chris coordinates CNVC work in Southeast Asia. In Pakistan NVC skills were taught to tribal groups in an Afghan refugee camp by visiting trainers.

79. PMag V16n3p09 -- Challenges Of Human Security In Africa The struggle of the Hutus to overcome what they regard as tutsi oppression Failed states pose considerable challenges to the security of people, http://www.peacemagazine.org/archive/v16n3p09.htm

From Peace Magazine Jul-Sep 2000, p.9. Author=Abdul Omar; Title=Challenges of Human Security in Africa; URL=http://www.peacemagazine.org/archive/v16n3p09.htm Challenges of Human Security in Africa Abdul Omar This article will address the challenges in Africa to the safety of people from violent and non-violent threats. This is "human security" - a concept that extends traditional security thinking. The concept lays emphasis on the security of people, while still recognizing the importance of the security of states and governments. Poor civil-military relations, the politics of exclusion, a weak civil society, and the problem of failed states all represent the challenges of human security. Poor Civil-Military Relations First let us look at the problems generated by poor relations between governments and the military. The military officer has three responsibilities to the state. The first is to provide information to the authorities regarding the minimum security that the state needs while taking into account the capabilities of other states. His second responsibility is to analyze the implications of different state actions. He may highlight actions the state can easily execute based on its military strength, but cannot spell out the most desirable action. His third responsibility is to execute state decisions in the realm of military security, including decisions that are not in line with his military point of view.1 This suggests that the military is subservient to the civilian authorities at the helm of state machinery. In Africa, however, this has not been the case, as often the military not only challenges the civilian democratic authorities, but also assumes their responsibilities. The military in the continent uses a variety of arguments to usurp power from the civilian authorities. These arguments can be generally classified as having their roots either in the "development thesis" or in "the guardian perspective."2

80. Africa million people taken from africa between 1500 and 1870; 2. until 1980 and formed relations with indigenous people http://homepages.wmich.edu/~pciccant/Africa.htm

Africa I. Natural Characteristics of Africa II. Pre-Colonial History III. The Transatlantic Slave Trade IV. European Colonialism in Africa V. Post-Independence: North Africa VI. Post-Independence: West Africa VII. Post-Independence: Central Africa VIII. Post-Independence: East Africa IX. Post-Independence: Southern Africa I. Natural Characteristics of Africa A. Huge B. Lack of in some areas 1. Sahara Desert in North Africa and Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa 2. frequent in many areas of Central, East and Southern Africa C. Tremendous resources 1. in North, West, and Southern Africa 5. in Central and Southern Africa 7. in North, West, and Central Africa D. Tremendous diversity of 1. Sahara and Kalahari deserts 3. in most of Central, West and East Africa II. Pre-Colonial History B. African Kingdoms 2. many large scale in West, Central and Southern Africa by 500 BCE B.3. large empires centered on that provided transportation, irrigation and fertile land: Nile, Congo, Niger, Senegal Rivers 2. of African kingdoms often converted to Islam because of commercial benefits of increased trade 3. elites promoted conversion of

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