81. WHKMLA : History Of Turkmenistan, ToC Virtual Library turkmenistan, from ICARP; has short history section; further links on the history history of turkmenistan, from World history Archives http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/centrasia/xturkmenistan.html

Uzbekistan Iran First posted on May 29th 2002, last revised om January 24th 2004 Turkmenistan 1869-1917 Turkmenistan 1917-1925 Turkmenistan 1925-1945 Turkmenistan 1945-1991 ... Turkmenistan independent, since 1991 EXTERNAL FILES CIA World Factbook Turkmenistan BBC Country Profile : Turkmenistan ; World Reference Desk : Turkmenistan Virtual Library : Turkmenistan , from ICARP; has short history section; further links on the history of Turkmenistan, from Eurasianet ; further links on Turkmenistan from oxuscom , from Center for the Study of Global Change Library of Congress Country Studies : Turkmenistan Timeline Turkmenistan, from BBC News ; from timelines.ws ; Timeline : Major Events relevant to Central Asian History (since 1600), from oxuscom Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Turkmenistan, from Kirken i Norge History of Turkmenistan, by (maps); from Turkmenistan Embassy ; from Turkmenistan on the Web ; from Times of Central Asia Article Ashgabat, from infoplease Political Resources on the Net : Turkmenistan For the Record 2000 : Turkmenistan , from UN Human Rights System Languages of Turkmenistan (2), from

82. Home : Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Humanities : History history of turkmenistan turkmenistan is an ancient Land. history of turkmenistan - history of turkmenistan, Turkmen people and Turkmen built states http://www.slavophilia.com/pages/Country_Focus/Turkmenistan/Humanities/History/

Home Search Options Home : Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Humanities : History Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Humanities : History Home Add a Site Modify a Site What's New ... Advertising info Inside Home Translation/Interpretation Services Software Dictionaries Slavophilia Forums Reserve your hotels/hostels worldwide Links: History of Turkmenistan - Turkmenistan is an ancient Land. Its History is closely connected with the neighboring peoples: Uzbeks, Kazakhs Tadjiks, Persians and Afgans. - (Added: 30-Jan-2003) [Rate It] History of Turkmenistan - History of Turkmenistan, Turkmen people and Turkmen built states and empires - (Added: 4-Nov-2004) [Rate It] Turkmenistan - Goal of this page is mainly History of Turkmenistan and exposing of violation of Human Rights in contemporary independent Turkmenistan. - (Added: 30-Jan-2003) [Rate It] You can post your questions, suggestions, ideas, news on Slavophilia Bulletin Board Join Slavophilia Forums Send comments, suggestions and corrections to webmaster@slavophilia.com

83. A Brief Outline To The Archaeological Pre-History Of Turkmenistan The long and indigenous cultural history of turkmenistan, which began well before migrations of mounted nomads from the northern steppe during the eighth http://www.weavingartmuseum.org/ex3_prehist.htm

Part I The history of the Turkmen responsible for the weavings illustrated in this catalog has never been easy to understand. Most references to their origins are based on the same hypothesis that begins with the migration of nomads from southern Siberia who brought with them the art of cut-pile weaving. While it is true that the oldest known knotted-pile weaving has been found in this general area, the following text will show that the prehistoric occupation of south-west Turkestan by indigenous groups of inhabitants must be considered before conceding that the much later migration of Siberian nomad groups was the only source for the Turkmen lifestyle and weaving tradition. The long and indigenous cultural history of Turkmenistan, which began well before migrations of mounted nomads from the northern steppe during the eighth century BC, should become quite obvious after reading the The tenacious quality of culture and tradition to remain fixed to geographical location is another factor that should not be forgotten in considering the history of the Turkmen. The societal changes that began in this area during the sixth millennium BC established important cultural fundamentals that were able to remain unchanged in the face of great social unrest and pressure. These intrinsic patterns in settlement location, architectural techniques, agricultural methods, animal husbandry and design traditions have survived virtually unchanged for thousands of years. They provide the real history of the Turkmen.

84. MSN Encarta - Turkmenistan In 1991 turkmenistan joined the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Throughout its history, the expansive, barren area between the Caspian Sea and http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555783_6/Turkmenistan.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items capital, Ashgabat Akhal-Tek©, horse breed native to Turkmenistan more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Turkmenistan Search for books and more related to Turkmenistan Facts and Figures Quick information and statistics for Turkmenistan Encarta Search Search Encarta about Turkmenistan Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Turkmenistan ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 6 of 6 Turkmenistan Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 10 items Dynamic Map Map of Turkmenistan Article Outline Introduction Land and Resources The People of Turkmenistan Economy ... History G International Organizations In 1991 Turkmenistan joined the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), a loose political and economic alliance of 12 former Soviet republics. In 1992 it became a member of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), which promotes economic and cultural cooperation between Islamic states. In 1994 Turkmenistan became the first of the Central Asian states to join the Partnership for Peace program of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a program designed to strengthen relations between NATO and non-NATO states. The republic is also a member of the

85. MSN Encarta - Related Items - Islam historical influences on Islam history, beginnings and early expansion history, medieval period the Crusades turkmenistan history, modern era http://encarta.msn.com/related_761579171_18/history_medieval_period.html

var fSendSelectEvents = true; var fSendExpandCollapseEvents = true; var fCallDisplayUAText = false; MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Related Items from Encarta Islam Allah, supreme being Muhammad, Prophet who founded Islam Qur’an, sacred text of Islam spread of Islam, main article ... where practiced © 2005 Microsoft MSN Privacy Legal Advertise Feedback ... Help

86. World InfoZone - Turkmenistan Information - Page 2 history Presentday turkmenistan has been inhabited for many thousands of years; farming settlements were in turkmenistan - Lerner Geography Department http://www.worldinfozone.com/country.php?country=Turkmenistan&page=2

87. Country Study Turkmenistan Social Studies turkmenistan A guide to law, constitution/s, legal history, international agreements and more. From Law Library of Congress http://www.archaeolink.com/country_study_turkmenistan_histo.htm

Turkmenistan People History Culture Home Afghanistan Social Studies Albania Social Studies Algeria Social Studies ... Vietnam Social Studies You may find additional information about the country of your choice in the sections for Archaeology Anthropology or Ancient Civilizations Turkmenistan Tourism Please Note: If you sometimes get an error message when clicking on a large text link, don't give up. Try the URL link instead. There are times when the large text link doesn't "take" for some reason, thus the built-in redundancy. Thank you. CIA - The World Factbook Turkmenistan A detailed look at Turkmenistan including history, culture, political structure, economy and many other topics. - From US Central Intelligence Agency - http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tx.html Country Profile: Turkmenistan "Turkmenistan is made up mainly of desert and has the smallest population of the five former Soviet republics in Central Asia... It was also the poorest republic within the Soviet Union." - illustrated - From BBC - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298497.stm

88. International Observatory On End Of Life Care - Countries A-Z > Turkmenistan > P Narrative history of Palliative Care in turkmenistan. We obtained no evidence of any palliative care developments in turkmenistan. http://www.eolc-observatory.net/global_analysis/turkmenistan_pc_history.htm

Your Location: Global Analysis Home Countries A-Z Turkmenistan > Palliative Care History Palliative Care Service Provision History and Development of Palliative Care Public Health Context Ethics and Ethnography References and Further Reading Choose a country Use this function to cross reference with other available countries Countries A-Z Download a Country Report Printer Friendly About Us ... Search Narrative History of Palliative Care in Turkmenistan We obtained no evidence of any palliative care developments in Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan Homepage Countries A-Z Observatory Home Global Analysis Home ... Palliative Care Workforce Capacity Narrative History of Palliative Care Hospice/Beacon Case Studies Life/Oral Histories Population Epidemiology ... Ethnographic Studies

89. Camel Trapping (asmalyk) [Turkmenistan] | Object Page | Timeline Of Art History Timeline of Art history World Map Timeline turkmenistan Wool, embroidered with silk; 26 3/4 x 57 1/2 in. (67.95 x 146.05 cm) http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/10/nc/ho_1989.383.htm

Enlarge Description Camel trapping ( asmalyk , 19th century Turkmenistan Wool, embroidered with silk; 26 3/4 x 57 1/2 in. (67.95 x 146.05 cm) Gift of Irma B. Wilkinson, in memory of Charles K. Wilkinson, 1989 (1989.383) See more objects from the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection of Islamic Art World Map Timeline Timeline Site Map ... Terms and Conditions

90. Woman's Mantle (chyrpy) [Turkmenistan, Central Asia] | Object Page | Timeline Of Timeline of Art history World Map Timeline turkmenistan, Central Asia Silk, cotton; L. 47 3/4 in. (121.3 cm), W. 89 1/2 in. (227.3 cm) http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/10/nc/ho_1999.141.htm

Enlarge Description Woman's mantle ( chyrpy , early 19th century Turkmenistan, Central Asia Silk, cotton; L. 47 3/4 in. (121.3 cm), W. 89 1/2 in. (227.3 cm) Purchase, Hajji Baba Club and The Page and Otto Marx Jr. Foundation Gifts, in memory of Newton Foster, 1999 (1999.141) See more objects from the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection of Islamic Art World Map Timeline Timeline Site Map ... Terms and Conditions

91. Turkmenistan Society - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate turkmenistan Society Flags, Maps, Economy, history, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, http://www.photius.com/countries/turkmenistan/society/turkmenistan_society_socie

92. Turkmenistan National Traditions - Flags, Maps, Economy, History turkmenistan National Traditions Flags, Maps, Economy, history, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, http://www.photius.com/countries/turkmenistan/society/turkmenistan_society_natio

93. History: Turkmenistan : Selected Internet Resources (Portals To The World, Libra Selected Internet Resources turkmenistan . Portals to the World contain selective links providing authoritative, indepth information about the nations and http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/amed/turkmenistan/resources/turkmenistan-his

The Library of Congress Global Gateway Portals to the World Turkmenistan Find in Portals Web Pages Global Gateway Pages All Library Web Pages History: Turkmenistan May include timelines, chronologies, biographical dictionaries, auxiliary studies (e.g. stamps and coins). Created and maintained by the Collections and Services Directorate Encyclopedia.com (http://www.encyclopedia.com) From the Electronic Library, searching the Encyclopedia.com by country provides numerous narrative articles on, inter alia, its history, culture, politics. Infoplease.com (http://www.infoplease.com) Part of the electronic Learning Network, this homepage allows searches by country which yield articles in almanacs, dictionaries, encyclopedias, biographical works, etc. Additional reference links are provided as well. Library of Congress Country Study: Turkmenistan (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tmtoc.html) Handbook on Turkmenistan produced by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. Suggest a Link African and Middle Eastern countries African and Middle Eastern Reading Room Library of Congress ... Turkmenistan July 21, 2005

94. Jewish History In Turkmenistan Jewish history in turkmenistan An Overview. © 19992000 Jonah Gabriel Lissner, BA. All Rights Reserved. line. Preface. turkmenistan is a country the size http://www.kulanu.org/turkmenistan/jturk.html

Jewish History in Turkmenistan: An Overview Preface Turkmenistan is a country the size of California, with roughly two hundred miles of coastline on the petrol and fish-wealthy Caspian Sea, its northwest bordered by the vital Central Asian Amu Darya river. It has historically since important Turkic migrations at least 1500 years BP been a Turkic state, replacing an earlier Persian ethnography and culture, directly en route to the Eurasian, Near Eastern, and East Asian centers of commerce and civilization. Turkmenistan has often absorbed amounts of political and religious innovations, including Jewish culture, religion, and heroes, in an otherwise conservative Turkic society. i The Oghuz nation, including the other Oghuz nations Onogur, Saragur and Utigurii inhabited the area of modern-day Turkmenistan at least before the Oghuz Khazar invasion of the circa 550-600 CE, and at the latest 689 CE. iii,iv The Khazars were led by the Ashena dynasty clan from the area around which Theophanes notes, "[that the] populous people of the Khazars came for the innermost parts of Bersilia in Sarmatia Prima," Bersilia or Bersula, being a region also corroborated by the historian M.I. Artamonov, in present Northern Dagestan. This evidence is further corroborated by expanding historical proof pointing to a widespread Khazar utilization of the river Itil, today the Volga River. The Oghuz were nominally converted to Sunni Islam by repeated Arab raids and Khazar counter raids past the Caucasian Caspian citadel of Derbend by 850 CE. The Khazar ruling class had already adopted Judaism as the state religion by 750 CE, or 850 CE at the latest date.

95. Turkmenistan (01/05) PEOPLE AND history The majority of turkmenistan s citizens are ethnic Turkmen; other ethnic groups include Russian and Uzbek. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35884.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs January 2005 Background Note: Turkmenistan PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Turkmenistan Geography Area: 488,100 sq. km. (303,292 sq. mi.). Cities: Capital Ashgabat. Other cities Turkmenabat (formerly Chardjou/Charjew), Dashoguz (formerly Dashowuz), Mary, Turkmenbashi (formerly Krasnovodsk). Terrain: 80% covered in subtropical, sandy Karakum Desert, with dunes rising to the Kopet Dag Mountains in the south along the border with Iran; borders the Caspian Sea to the west and the Amu Darya River and Uzbekistan to the east; borders Afghanistan to the southeast, Kazakhstan to the north. Climate: Subtropical desert. People Nationality: Turkmen. Population (2004 est.): 4.9 million. Population growth rate (2004 est.): 1.81%. Ethnic groups (2003 est.): Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6%. Religion: Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%. Language: Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%. Education (2002 est.):

96. Turkmenistan-Islam And Middle East Archaeological Prehistory of turkmenistan - Addresses questions about original inhabitants history and Culture - Provided by the turkmenistan Embassy, http://www.ou.edu/mideast/country/turkmeni.htm

SITE COUNTRIES SITE CATEGORIES Links on this page: Culture ... Economy Turkmenistan CIA World Factbook US State Department Library of Congress World Bank Map from CIA World Factbook 200 Additional Links Do you have a link to contribute? Please use this online form to submit your suggestions. Culture Archaeological Pre-History of Turkmenistan - Addresses questions about original inhabitants of Turkmenistan and their culture based off the archaeological discoveries and artifacts of the region. Includes images and some chronological history. History and Culture - Provided by the Turkmenistan Embassy, gives history from the early historic rulers and culture to the Soviet victory and Stalin's rule through to independence again. THE INTERNATIONAL MERV PROJECT TURKMENISTAN "An Anglo-Turkmen Archaeological Collaboration" Gives information about the history and cities of Merv as well as information about the excavation program and the aims of the International Merv Project. Photos of Turkmenistan - See pictures of ancient Merv as well as modern Turkemenistan. This includes many of the monuments in Turkmenistan as well as scenes of architecture and the marketplace and daily life.

97. WorldTravelGate.net® - Travel To Turkmenistan, Asia. WorldTravelGate.net® Cities of turkmenistan,Asia,with their history, culture and photo gallery. Complete Travel Information. http://www.asiatravelling.net/turkmenistan.htm

ADVERTISING INFORMATION Welcome to the Cities of Turkmenistan Ashghabat Back to Asia aSIA travelling.net POWERED BY wORLDTRAVELGATE.NET Back to WTG Turkmenistan,Asia,Asien, ,turkmenistan, turkmenistan travel agencies, turkmenistan tour operators, turkmenistan lodgings,asien, turkmenistan inbound, turkmenistan outbound, turkmenistan car rentals, turkmenistan accommodation , turkmenistan hotels, turkmenistan motels , advertising,banner adds,web design,turkmenistan luxury hotels,luxurious, turkmenistan villas,turkmenistan apartments,turkmenistan studios,turkmenistan cottages, turkmenistan yachting agencies , turkmenistan travel, turkmenistan sightseeing, turkmenistan, turkmenistan travel agencies,turkmenistan history, turkmenistan culture, turkmenistan photos, turkmenistan congresses, turkmenistan incentives, turkmenistan vacation rentals, turkmenistan vacation, turkmenistan sky scrapers,turkmenistan conventions, asien turkmenistan real eastates, turkmenistan desert, travel and rentals turkmenistan, entertainment turkmenistan, turkmenistan entertainment,turkmenistan golf games, turkmenistan rent a car, turkmenistan carhire, turkmenistan stock market,asien,turkmenistan wall street, turkmenistan travel guides, turkmenistan travel guide, turkmenistan regions, turkmenistan souvenirs,conventions turkmenistan,ticketing turkmenistan, travel to turkmenistan , turkmenistan football, turkmenistan baseball games, turkmenistan sports, turkmenistan last minute flights ,turkmenistan holidays, holidays in turkmenistan

98. History And Government, Turkmenistan. Information About Turkmenistan, Complete G Tourism guide for turkmenistan. Travel to turkmenistan. Hotels in turkmenistan. http://destinia.com/guide/the-world/asia/turkmenistan/1-30002-30223/16/en

History and Government, Turkmenistan. Tourism guide for Turkmenistan, information about Turkmenistan, Book online or call home hotels beaches paradores ... guide All about your favorite travel destination: Europe Asia North America South America ... Africa you are in the... Travel guide Turkmenistan Information about Turkmenistan Browse by Turkmenistan ... Luxury hotels General Information Accommodation Business Profile Climate Contact Addresses ... Travel - International Information bulletin Receive our latest offers and promotions by e-mail. Suscribe!!! travel guide Asia Turkmenistan Hotels History and Government - Turkmenistan History : The territory of what is now Turkmenistan provided the bedrock for many of the most powerful empires of their age. The Parthians, the Seljuks and the Khans of Khoresm all based their empires at various points on the edge of the Kara-Kum Desert, while Alexander the Great conquered the region during his epic campaign of the fourth century BC. The influence of Islam dates from the seventh century AD, when the region was under Arab control. Modern-day Turkmen are descended from tribes that migrated to the area in the 10th century from the northeast. Around 300 years later, Genghis Khan arrived from the same direction and incorporated Turkmenistan into his expanding empire. From the 15th century, the area was under Persian domination until the Russian move into Central Asia at the end of the 19th century. Turkmenistan fell into the British sphere of influence but the Bolsheviks took control of the region in 1920 and incorporated Turkmenistan as a union republic in 1925.

99. Turkmenistan@Everything2.com history. Alexander the Great led his forces through the Silk Route in 331 BC. //www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/central_asia/turkmenistan/history.htm http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node=Turkmenistan

100. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Turkmenistan globalEDGE Country Insights Profile of turkmenistan from an international business perspective. Information on the overview of the country, its history, http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistoryPrint.asp?CountryID=176&RegionID=3

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