41. Turkmenistan History Nation by Nation the story of the countries of the world. http://www.nationbynation.com/Turkmenistan/History1.html

BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. ECONOMY GEOGRAPHY ... TURKMENISTAN This remote former republic of the now-vanished Soviet Union declared its independence in 1991. Its people are descendants of Mongol tribes, Turkic peoples, Persians, and Uzbeks. Because of its natural resources of oil and gas, the country is expected to make significant economic progress in the years to come. Under the Soviet Union, relatively little industrialization had been pursued and most of the population remains involved in agriculture.

42. SHRINE PILGRIMAGE IN TURKMENISTAN 8 To those knowledgeable about general Islamic history, the concept of the sacred 61) As clear from turkmenistan history, religious officials created http://www.uga.edu/islam/turkmen.html

CENTRAL ASIA MONITOR ON-LINE SUPPLEMENT SHRINE PILGRIMAGE IN TURKMENISTAN AS A MEANS TO UNDERSTAND ISLAM AMONG THE TURKMEN by David Tyson (No.1, 1997) Introduction In this article I will provide a glimpse into Islam in Central Asia and more specifically highlight the fundamental traits and aspects of shrine-centered religious practice in Turkmenistan. In doing so, I hope to shed some light on some of the processes that are at the core of Islam in Turkmenistan. I also plan to demonstrate that shrine pilgrimage ( ) and the beliefs underlying it have played fundamental roles not only in shaping Islam in Turkmenistan (and by extension throughout Central Asia) but also in creating and sustaining communal identity in the region up to the present day. The shrine complex has long been prominent on the Islamic landscape and its significance has been noted by many scholars. With few exceptions, however, specialists have given little attention to shrine-centered religious activity in the context of Central Asia. A look into current Central Asian Islamic practice coupled with a knowledge of religious behavior in the region from a historical perspective provides ample evidence that shrines have long been critical focal points of Islam among the Turkmen.

43. TULP's Sites For History History of Turkmenistan Chronology with Articles and Links - A chronology of turkmenistan history, with articles and some links for each period http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/tcimo/tulp/topical/histor.htm

The Turkology Update Leiden Project(TULP) History Turkey Asia Minor Middle East and Islam Organizations, Institutes and Projects not already mentioned under Education Ottoman ... Minorities Central Asia Central Asia and the Caucasus Easternmost Turkish Regions Organizations, Institutes and Projects not already mentioned under Education Asia Minor Anatolia throughout the Ages - Short Articles - Provided by Focus on Civilizations - Gives a very brief overview of the various civilizations of Asia Minor - Links to chapters on Seljuk Civilization and The Ottomans Historical Information on Asia Minor - Articles and Chronology - Provided by Reat Süthan, Turkish Ministry of Tourism - Tourism oriented, but containing some useful historical information - Links to a Turkey Maps (Historical and Contemporary; very nice!), A Map listing the Ancient Regions of Turkey Biographies of Saints, Martyrs and Bishops from Asia Minor and more... - Images - Provided by Michael Greenhalgh, Department of Art History, Australian National University -Separate pages on Turkey and Middle East and Islam Encyclopedia of the Orient - Encyclopedia - Provided by EO - A list of short articles on all sorts of topics of Middle Eastern history Historical Maps of the Middle East - Map Collection - Provided by The University of Texas at Austin - A collection of historical maps of aspects of Middle Eastern history - Links to maps on Ancient Asia Minor, Aleppo (1912), Antioch (1912), Beirut (1912), Beirut Environs (1912), Damascus (1912), Jaffa Environs (1912) and more...

44. Turkmenistan Reference Turkmenistan Reference. STUDIES turkmenistan history GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE SOCIETY ECONOMY GOVERNMENT NATIONAL SECURITY REFERENCE ALL Turkmenistan http://www.ezilon.com/world/countries/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_reference/index.

Home Site Submit Advertise Select: Europe World News Images MP3/Music EUROPE WEB DIRECTORY AND INTERNET SEARCH ENGINE Home World Countries Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Reference Sponsored Listings Search Results Dorling Kindersley - Illustrated Reference Publisher Discover more at dk.com - click a flag to visit a chosen country United Kingdom United States http://www.dk.com/ CIA - The World Factbook Turkmenistan Reference Maps Appendixes Print-Friendly Page This page was last updated on 30 August, 2005 Legend: ... Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1924. It achieved http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tx.html Reference - Turkmenistan - Reference Website Directory Reference - Turkmenistan WoW Last Searches New Submissions WoW World Website Directory : Reference Almanacs Ask an Expert Calendars Codes Dictionaries Directories Encyclopedia Flags General Libraries http://www.wowdirectory.com/dir/236/207.php Chaihana.com: Links to Turkmenistan Sites Turkmenistan - News, Information, Foods, Travel, Business, People and More Turkmenistan - World Desk Reference - online information TURKMENS INTERNATIONAL HOME PAGE World Travel Guide - Turkmenistan http://www.chaihana.com/links.html

45. History Of Turkmenistan, Turkmenistan History Of Turkmenistan Resources. Turkmenistan (01/05). With an authoritarian postcommunist regime in power, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach http://creekin.net/k18444-n188-history-of-turkmenistan-turkmenistan.html

Creekin.net World Travel Information Source Countries About Us Contact History Of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Principal Locations Ashgabad Kaka Mary Nebitdag ... Turkmenbashi Resources Turkmenistan Tourism Media News Turkmenistan Tourism Travel Turkmenistan Government Of Turkmenistan ... Turkmenistan Currency History Of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan .Com Company Construction Director Email In Turkmenistan Turkmenistan President Of Turkmenistan ... Turkmenistan Carpet History Of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan (01/05) Read More Turkmenistan The Constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the press; however, in practice, the Government severely restricted freedom of speech and did not permit freedom of the press. In practice, those expressing views critical of or different from those of the Government were arrested on false charges of committing common crimes (see Sections 1.d. and 2.b.). Criticism of the Government could also lead to personal hardship, including loss of opportunities for advancement and employment (see Section 1.f.). In December 2002, the presidential spokesman criticized international media representatives for their reporting on the November 2002 attack against the President, urging them to base their reports solely on information released via official government channels. He threatened to deprive them of accreditation as journalists if they reported any "arbitrary phrases or evaluations" that were inconsistent with the Government's characterization of the event. The OSCE Representati ... [ Read More Turkmenistan Turkmenistan is a one-party state dominated by its president, who continued to exercise power in a Soviet-era authoritarian style despite Constitutional provisions nominally establishing a democratic system. President Saparmurat Niyazov, head of the Turkmen Communist Party since 1985 (renamed the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan in 1992) and President of the country since its independence in 1991, legally may remain in office until his death, although he publicly announced his intention to hold elections between 2008 and 2010. Niyazov retained his monopoly on political power and on the Democratic Party, which remained the sole political party in the country. Emphasizing stability and gradual reform, official nation-building efforts continued to focus on fostering Turkmen nationalism and the glorification of President Niyazov. The 50-member unicameral Parliament (Mejlis) has no genuinely independent authority, and in practice the Pr ... [

46. Turkmenistan Extended history of turkmenistan, internet links, and human rights information. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5246/

Turkmenistan English

47. Turkmenistan Culture And Society Informatiom Here is information on turkmenistan culture and human rights reports, with links to, food information, food culture, cooking methods, country information, food substitutions, and food history for Asia. http://asiarecipe.com/turculture.html

Turkmenistan Current time in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Culture Human Rights Report For the nomadic Turkmen the only piece of furniture worth having was a carpet or three. Easily transportable, the carpets served not just as floor coverings, but as wall linings for the yurt, providing a highly decorative form of insulation. Turkmen textiles artisans have gone quite commercial over the last hundred years: most 'Bukhara' rugs, so called because they were mostly sold, not made, in Bukhara - are made by Turkmen. These days the swish Ashghabat Carpet Museum or the Tolkuchka market are good places to see these mostly red, mostly geometric, entirely beautiful rugs. Though Turkmenistan is predominantly a Sunni Muslim country, the religion is not militantly or strictly enforced. Centuries-old tribal loyalties are at least as important as Islam; even the most urbane Turkmen retains allegiance to his tribe, while in the more remote regions tribalism dominates to such an extent that each tribe is easily distinguished by dialect, style of clothing and jewellery and the patterns woven into their carpets. Of all Central Asian peoples the Turkmen have kept the most traditional dress. While under threat from shell-suit pants and polyester jackets, it's still common to see men in baggy blue pantaloons tucked into clumping knee-high bots, a white shirt under a cherry-red and gold-striped heavy silk jacket, and topped by a shaggy wool hat. Women are less showy and wear heavy, ankle-length silk dresses of wine red and maroon hiding spangled, striped trousers beneath. A woman's hair is always tied back and concealed under a kercheif or scarf.

48. History & Culture Muslims in turkmenistan are of the Sunni faith, and do not share the Islamic history of turkmenistan State flag and emblem Turkmen carpets http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/history/hist_cult.html

Culture, Traditions, and History "Water is a Turkmen's life, a horse is his wings, and a carpet is his soul" The energy-rich Central Asian country revives its most ancient rituals and customs, and discovers old taboos that were thinly papered over during Communist rule. Many marriages are arranged, but marriages-of-love are becoming more popular. Muslims in Turkmenistan are of the Sunni faith, and do not share the Islamic fundamentalism of their neighbors in Afghnaistan and Iran Young women with two braids and a small scarf are unmarried; those with one braid and a big kerchief have been wed...More than 70 diffrent nationalities reside in Turkmenistan...Two giant earthquakes (10 points on the Richter scale) in 1895 and 1924 flattened Krasnovodsky and Ashgabat respectively. A 1948 quake destroyed Ashgabat in less than a minute... Yurta the traditional tent (it has a collapsable wooden frame and is covered with reeds and felt) is still used today. The tent is erected in the front yard and used as a summer house...National dress: men wear high, shaggy sheepskin hats and red robes over white shirts. Women wear long sack-dresses over narrow trousers (the pants are trimmed with a band of embroidery at the ankle). Female headdresses usually consist of silver

49. History & Culture Rich information on history starting from early rulers in the 4th century BC, arrival of Oguz, soviet regime and ending with independence on october 27, http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/history/history.html

History of Turkmenistan Tools from the Stone-Age have been discovered along the Caspian Sea shore and near the modern port of Turkmenbashi, establishing the pre-historic presence of humans in the area that is today known as Turkmenistan. The remains of farming settlements in the Kopet-Dag Mountains date back 8,000 years. The ancient cultivators in this region used the mountain streams to irrigate their crops. They also survived by herding livestock and by hunting wild game. As early societies learned to make pottery and metal tools, they began to trade with other peoples of central Asia. This profitable trade however, also attracted foreign invaders. By the 6th century B.C., the powerful

50. Turkmenistan Travel Information | Lonely Planet Destination Guide Lonely Planet s online guide to turkmenistan. The Silk Road A history by Irene Frank and David Brownstone is a well illustrated and mapped history of http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/central_asia/turkmenistan/printable.htm

@import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_structure.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_theme.css"; worldguide shop thorn tree forum travel services ... travel links Explore Turkmenistan Turkmenistan A lunar landscape with craters of cultural activity. View Map Click here Feature Attraction Kugitang Nature Reserve Kugitang is the most impressive and pristine of Turkmenistan's nature reserves. Set up in 1986... more > WORLDGUIDE Introduction See Image Gallery Transport Money Essential Info RELATED Thorn Tree Forum Postcards Travel Links At a Glance Fast Facts The most curious of the Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan resembles an Arab Gulf state without the money. It's the second largest Central Asian country, but four-fifths of it consist of an inhospitable lunar-like desert called the Karakum which conceals unexploited oil and gas deposits. Travel Services Flights Hostels Hotels ... Travel Insurance lonely planet 2005 about us privacy contact us worldguide ... travel links

51. Turkmenistan Origins And Early History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climat turkmenistan Origins and Early history Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_origins_and_early_

HISTORY INDEX Country Ranks Introduction History ... [TOP] Turkmenistan Origins and Early History http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_origins_and_early_history.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies < BACK TO HISTORY CONTENTS Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first Russian and then Soviet control in the modern era. Most notable were the Mongols and the Uzbek khanates, the latter of which dominated the indigenous Oghuz tribes until Russian incursions began in the late nineteenth century. Origins and Early History Sedentary Oghuz tribes from Mongolia moved into present-day Central Asia around the eighth century. Within a few centuries, some of these tribes had become the ethnic basis of the Turkmen population. The Oghuz and the Turkmen The origins of the Turkmen may be traced back to the Oghuz confederation of nomadic pastoral tribes of the early Middle Ages, which lived in present-day Mongolia and around Lake Baikal in present-day southern Siberia. Known as the Nine Oghuz, this confederation was composed of Turkic-speaking peoples who formed the basis of powerful steppe empires in Inner Asia. In the second half of the eighth century, components of the Nine Oghuz migrated through Jungaria into Central Asia, and Arabic sources located them under the term Guzz in the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century, the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of present-day Kazakstan, absorbing not only Iranians but also Turks from the Kipchak and Karluk ethnolinguistic groups. In the eleventh century, the renowned Muslim Turk scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari described the language of the Oghuz and Turkmen as distinct from that of other Turks and identified twenty-two Oghuz clans or sub-tribes, some of which appear in later Turkmen genealogies and legends as the core of the early Turkmen.

52. EurasiaNet Culture - Turkmenbashi Forges A New, Old Nation In Turkmenistan In turkmenistan, the Institute of history of the Academy of Sciences has been renamed the Department of Independence and history. http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/culture/articles/eav021302.shtml

Eurasia Insight Analysis of current affairs Deals, Developments, and Trends Environment Hazards and Solutions Expert and Observer Interviews Culture News, Book Reviews, and Photo Essays Human Rights Monitoring and Actions Recaps Summaries of Expert Meetings Letters to the Editor East of Magnum An Online Photo Exhibition EurasiaNet Partners Contributing Sites Grants and Employment Opportunities in Central Eurasia Search EurasiaNet Eurasia Policy Forum Drug Policy, HIV/AIDS and the Public Health Crisis in Central Asia Caspian Revenue Watch CULTURE TURKMENBASHI FORGES A NEW, OLD NATION IN TURKMENISTAN A EurasiaNet Commentary by Taras Kuzio: 2/13/02 Turkmenistan was one of the last countries to declare independence from the Soviet Union, waiting until October 27, 1991 to hold a referendum on the issue. Like most of the Central Asian states, Turkmenistan was forced to confront independence unexpectedly, with the sudden collapse of the Soviet Union. Turkmen independence did not have local political roots, and the country did not have a counter-elite, drawn from dissident groups, ready to assume leadership positions. Throughout the 1990s, things have stayed that way. Turkmenistan has led the way in pursuing a top-down nation-building policy in Central Asia.

53. Turkmenistan Country Guide - History And Government - World Travel Guide Provide World Travel Guide turkmenistan - Overview, Visa and Passport requirements, vacation advice, holiday guide, international travel, travel agent, http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/tkm/tkm580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Asia/Turkmenistan/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Turkmenistan hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Turkmenistan Turkmenistan History and Government History: The territory of what is now Turkmenistan provided the bedrock for many of the most powerful empires of their age. The Parthians, the Seljuks and the Khans of Khoresm all based their empires at various points on the edge of the Kara-Kum Desert, while Alexander the Great conquered the region during his epic campaign of the fourth century BC. The influence of Islam dates from the seventh century AD, when the region was under Arab control. Modern-day Turkmen are descended from tribes that migrated to the area in the 10th century from the northeast. Around 300 years later, Genghis Khan arrived from the same direction and incorporated Turkmenistan into his expanding empire. From the 15th century, the area was under Persian domination until the Russian move into Central Asia at the end of the 19th century. Turkmenistan fell into the British sphere of influence but the Bolsheviks took control of the region in 1920 and incorporated Turkmenistan as a union republic in 1925. Turkmenistan’s ability to embrace the reforms made possible by glasnost and independence were hampered by its backward economy and, as a result, it retains many more of the trappings of the old system than other post-Soviet republics. There have, however, been significant changes – such as the introduction of a new currency – and the framework for further economic change has been put in place. By contrast, politics has changed little since the Soviet era. The current president is Saparmyrat Niyazov, who has acquired the honorific title of

54. AllRefer.com - Turkmenistan - History And Structure In Turkmenistan | Turkmen In allRefer Reference provides detailed information on this topic. Browse through this article and follow related links for complete research. http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/turkmenistan/turkmenistan25.ht

You are here allRefer Reference Turkmenistan History ... Turkmenistan Turkmenistan History and Structure Islam came to the Turkmen primarily through the activities of Sufi (see Glossary) shaykhs rather than through the mosque and the "high" written tradition of sedentary culture. These shaykhs were holy men critical in the process of reconciling Islamic beliefs with pre-Islamic belief systems; they often were adopted as "patron saints" of particular clans or tribal groups, thereby becoming their "founders." Reformulation of communal identity around such figures accounts for one of the highly localized developments of Islamic practice in Turkmenistan. Integrated within the Turkmen tribal structure is the "holy" tribe called övlat . Ethnographers consider the övlat, of which six are active, as a revitalized form of the ancestor cult injected with Sufism. According to their genealogies, each tribe descends from the Prophet Muhammad through one of the Four Caliphs. Because of their belief in the sacred origin and spiritual powers of the övlat representatives, Turkmen accord these tribes a special, holy status. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the

55. AllRefer.com - Turkmenistan : History (CIS And Baltic Political Geography) - Enc AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete information on turkmenistan history, CIS And Baltic Political Geography. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/T/Turkmeni-history.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather September 26, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia CIS And Baltic Political Geography ... Turkmenistan By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z T Turkmenistan, CIS And Baltic Political Geography Related Category: CIS And Baltic Political Geography Turkmenistan [t OO Pronunciation Key History Originally a part of the kingdom of ancient Persia (see Merv ), Turkmenistan passed under Arab domination in the 8th cent. In the 11th cent., it was ruled by the Seljuk Turks (see Khwarazm Jenghiz Khan conquered the region in the 13th cent., as did Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th cent. After the breakup (late 15th cent.) of the empire of Timur's successors, the Timurids , Turkmenistan came under Uzbek control. In the early 19th cent., the Turkmens became subject to the khanate of Khiva . In 1869, Russian military forces founded Krasnovodsk (now Turkmenbashi) and began to conquer the Turkmens, whose fierce resistance to Russian encroachment was broken in 1881 with the conquest of the Dengil-Tepe fortress. The Russians then established the Transcaspian Region, which in 1899 became part of the governate general of Russian Turkistan. Harsh Russian administration provoked revolts by the Turkmens. During the Russian civil war sporadic fighting flared between the Transcaspian provincial government and Bolshevik troops. The Red Army took Ashgabat in July, 1919, and Krasnovodsk in Feb., 1920. The Transcaspian Region was renamed Turkmen Region in 1921; the following year, it became part of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which in 1924 incorporated the Turkmen districts of the former Bukhara and Khorezm republics. Turkmenistan formally became a constituent Soviet republic in 1925. Large numbers of Turkmens still live in Iran and Afghanistan.

56. Turkmenistan - History Like the other Central Asian republics, turkmenistan underwent the intrusion Origins and Early history. Sedentary Oghuz tribes from Mongolia moved into http://countrystudies.us/turkmenistan/1.htm

History Turkmenistan Table of Contents Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first Russian and then Soviet control in the modern era. Most notable were the Mongols and the Uzbek khanates, the latter of which dominated the indigenous Oghuz tribes until Russian incursions began in the late nineteenth century. Origins and Early History Sedentary Oghuz tribes from Mongolia moved into present-day Central Asia around the eighth century. Within a few centuries, some of these tribes had become the ethnic basis of the Turkmen population. The Oghuz and the Turkmen The origins of the Turkmen may be traced back to the Oghuz confederation of nomadic pastoral tribes of the early Middle Ages, which lived in present-day Mongolia and around Lake Baikal in present-day southern Siberia. Known as the Nine Oghuz, this confederation was composed of Turkic-speaking peoples who formed the basis of powerful steppe empires in Inner Asia. In the second half of the eighth century, components of the Nine Oghuz migrated through Jungaria into Central Asia, and Arabic sources located them under the term Guzz in the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century, the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of present-day Kazakstan, absorbing not only Iranians but also Turks from the Kipchak and Karluk ethnolinguistic groups. In the eleventh century, the renowned Muslim Turk scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari described the language of the Oghuz and Turkmen as distinct from that of other Turks and identified twenty-two Oghuz clans or sub-tribes, some of which appear in later Turkmen genealogies and legends as the core of the early Turkmen.

57. The History Of Turkmenistan View information on the history of turkmenistan and other world countries. http://www.factrover.com/history/Turkmenistan_history.html

Home All Countries World Newspapers US Newspapers The History of Turkmenistan Below is a brief history of Turkmenistan. To find information other than history for Turkmenistan then visit the Turkmenistan Country Page Turkmenistan Government Turkmenistan People Turkmenistan Geography ... Turkmenistan Economy Turkmenistan History The territory of Turkmenistan has been populated since ancient times, as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more prosperous territories. Tribes of horsebreeding Turkmen drifted into the territory of Turkmenistan from ancient times, possibly from the Altay Mountains, and grazed along the outskirts of the Karakum Desert into Persia, Syria, and Anatolia. Alexander the Great conquered the territory in the 4th century B.C. on his way to India. One hundred fifty years later the Parthian Kingdom took control of Turkmenistan, establishing its capital in Nisa, an area now located in the suburbs of the modern-day capital of Ashgabat. In the 7th century A.D. Arabs conquered this region, bringing with them the Islamic religion and incorporating the Turkmen into Middle Eastern culture. It was around this time that the famous "Silk Road" was established as a major trading route between Asia and Europe. In the middle of the 11th century, the powerful Turks of the Seldjuk Empire concentrated their strength in the territory of Turkmenistan in an attempt to expand into Afghanistan. The empire broke down in the second half of the 12th century, and the Turkmen lost their independence when Genghis Khan took control of the eastern Caspian Sea region on his march west. For the next 7 centuries, the Turkmen people lived under various empires and fought constant intertribal wars amongst themselves.

58. EMBASSY OF TURKMENISTAN, Washington DC USA Index Embassy of turkmenistan, located in Washington DC and accredited to the United States, Canada and Mexico. Includes basic facts about turkmenistan, and its culture, traditions, and history. http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/

Welcome to the Embassy of Turkmenistan's World Wide Web information service This site offers comprehensive and up-to-date information about Turkmenistan For information or services not currently provided here, please contact: E-mail: turkmen@mindspring.com Phone: (202) 588 1500, Fax: (202) 588 0697 General Information Latest News Visa Regulations Contacts Directory ... Suggestions and Questions

59. History - Turkmenistan - Asia history, turkmenistan, asia. turkmenistan, history. Throughout its history, the expansive, barren area between the Caspian Sea and the Amu Darya http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/turkmenistan/history.htm

you are here home Asia Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan, History Throughout its history, the expansive, barren area between the Caspian Sea and the Amu Darya river—the area of present-day Turkmenistan—has been subject to conquests by foreign powers. It became part of the Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great in the 500s bc and was conquered by Macedonian leader Alexander the Great in the 300s bc. Arabs invaded the area in the 7th and 8th centuries ad, introducing the local population to Islam. In the 11th century the Seljuk Turks appropriated Merv, an ancient city near Ashgabat, as the center of a dominion that stretched from Afghanistan to Egypt. Merv became one of the most important Muslim cities in the world. The land of present-day Turkmenistan was included in the vast empires of the Mongol Genghis Khan in the 13th century and the Turkic leader Tamerlane in the 14th century. The ancestors of the Turkmens, believed to be Oghuz tribes from the foothills of the Altay Mountains to the northeast, migrated to the area in about the 10th century. The Turkmens, a nomadic Turkic-speaking people, were a distinct ethnic group by the 15th century. From the 15th century to the 17th century, the southern portion of present-day Turkmenistan was under Persian rule. Meanwhile, the northern portion fell under the suzerainty of Khiva and Bukhoro, which both became Uzbek-ruled states in the 16th century. The Persians ruled Khiva and Bukhoro from the early to the mid-1700s, when Uzbek dynasties regained control.

60. ☞ Turkmenistan, History Bulletin Board Index turkmenistan history index Classifieds1000 World Message Board. • turkmenistan Travel. Business. We have no messages for turkmenistan, history yet. http://board.classifieds1000.com/Turkmenistan/History

Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Directory Turkmenistan Real Estate Listings Furniture Turkmenistan 'History' index Classifieds1000 World Message Board All listings are the responsiblity of the posters; keep in mind, anyone can post anything! Buy or Sell Online Without the Fear of Fraud Never buy or sell without using an Escrow Service Home Fraud Alerts Add this site to Favorites Turkmenistan History bulletin board message index. Click on a message to read or reply to it. Scroll down or click here to post a new message. We have no messages for Turkmenistan, History yet. Please share your thoughts or a ask a question. Add New Message to Turkmenistan, Expat Discussion Board Please submit a new discussion here. HTML is not allowed and you are encouraged to seperate your paragraphs with a double blank line for readablity. Please make sure your message is relevant to Turkmenistan and the selected topic. Everything you enter will be published. Location: Turkmenistan Subject: Topic: Select Topic Art and Artists Business Cars Entertainment Expat Export For Sale Gay History Import Investments Jobs Life Miscellanous News Headlines Politics Real Estate Retirement Sports Technology Travel Wanted Name: E-Mail: Optional (please add link to our directory first) Web Link: Link Title: Message: Submit Message. Please do not post the same message more than once.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 3     41-60 of 200    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 10  | Next 20