21. Turkmenistan Travel Guide: Travel With PATA - Your One-Stop Guide To Travel In A turkmenistan history. Though never a goal in itself, the sunscorched, barren land between the Caspian Sea and the Amu-Darya passed in ancient times from http://www.turkmenistan.travelwithpata.com/history.html

Destination Guides Turkmenistan Home Turkmenistan Location Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan Culture ... Turkmenistan Costs Destination Search Select a Destination parseRec(dropData,dispData); What Is PATA? Weather in all regions Turkmenistan History Agzybirlik was banned when it showed signs of garnering too much support, though the CPT did declare sovereignty in August 1990. In October 1990 Saparmurad Niyazov, unopposed and supposedly with the blessing of 98% of voters, was elected to the newly created post of president. One year later, upon the collapse of the Soviet Union, Turkmenistan became an independent country. The years since independence have belonged to President Niyazov, authoritarian head of the Democratic Party (DPT), the new name judiciously adopted by the old (and in no way altered) CPT. With his statue on every available pedestal, a clutch of towns renamed after him and enough public portraits to fill the world's galleries, Niyazov is the focus of a personality cult that makes Lenin look shy and retiring. He's now adopted the modest title of Turkmenbashi (Head of all Turkmen); parliament has named him president for life, though Niyazov has said he will step down by 2010. Opposition parties and newspapers are banned and, though there are grumblings of dissent, Niyazov genuinely does enjoy considerable popular appeal. The failure of oil and gas wealth to make an impact on empty shop shelves combined with rampant corruption may see this support erode. About PATA Your One-Stop Guide To Travel In Asia Pacific

22. Turkmenistan History turkmenistan history overview of historic events. World66 the travel guide you write. Recent Changes. You are not logged in login register http://www.world66.com/asia/centralasia/turkmenistan/history

Turkmenistan History - overview of historic events the travel guide you write Recent Changes Home Destinations Mapsonomy ... Turkmenistan Sections Turkmenistan Map Sights History ... [Add Section] Map View Enlargement History [edit this] [Upload image] In the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of present-day Kazakstan absorbing not only Iranians but also Turks from the Kipchak and Karluk ethnolinguistic groups. In the eleventh century the renowned Muslim Turk scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari described the language of the Oghuz and Turkmen as distinct from that of other Turks and identified twenty-two Oghuz clans or sub-tribes some of which appear in later Turkmen genealogies and legends as the core of the early Turkmen. Oghuz expansion by means of military campaigns went at least as far as the Volga River and Ural Mountains but the geographic limits of their dominance fluctuated in the steppe areas extending north and west from the Aral Sea. Accounts of Arab geographers and travelers portray the Oghuz ethnic group as lacking centralized authority and being governed by a number of "kings" and "chieftains." Because of their disparate nature as a polity and the vastness of their domains Oghuz tribes rarely acted in concert. Hence by the late tenth century the bonds of their confederation began to loosen. At that time a clan leader named Seljuk founded a dynasty and the empire that bore his name on the basis of those Oghuz elements that had migrated southward into present-day Turkmenistan and Iran. The Seljuk Empire was centered in Persia from which Oghuz groups spread into Azerbaijan and Anatolia.

23. Turkmenistan History History. Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first Russian http://www.country-studies.com/turkmenistan/history.html

History Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first Russian and then Soviet control in the modern era. Most notable were the Mongols and the Uzbek khanates, the latter of which dominated the indigenous Oghuz tribes until Russian incursions began in the late nineteenth century. Origins and Early History Sedentary Oghuz tribes from Mongolia moved into present-day Central Asia around the eighth century. Within a few centuries, some of these tribes had become the ethnic basis of the Turkmen population. The Oghuz and the Turkmen The origins of the Turkmen may be traced back to the Oghuz confederation of nomadic pastoral tribes of the early Middle Ages, which lived in present-day Mongolia and around Lake Baikal in present-day southern Siberia. Known as the Nine Oghuz, this confederation was composed of Turkic-speaking peoples who formed the basis of powerful steppe empires in Inner Asia. In the second half of the eighth century, components of the Nine Oghuz migrated through Jungaria into Central Asia, and Arabic sources located them under the term Guzz in the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century, the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of present-day Kazakstan, absorbing not only Iranians but also Turks from the Kipchak and Karluk ethnolinguistic groups. In the eleventh century, the renowned Muslim Turk scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari described the language of the Oghuz and Turkmen as distinct from that of other Turks and identified twenty-two Oghuz clans or sub-tribes, some of which appear in later Turkmen genealogies and legends as the core of the early Turkmen.

24. Turkmenistan History, Geography, Economy And Government Find Turkmenistan country information and facts from factrover. http://www.factrover.com/Turkmenistan.html

Home All Countries World Newspapers US Newspapers Turkmenistan: Country Facts Click on a link below to find Turkmenistan country information and facts, including government, geography, population and more for Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan: Geography Government Economy History ... People

25. Articles On Turkmenistan History Articles on turkmenistan history. IndoTurkmenistan Relations And The Formation Of Cultural Heritage Of Turkmenistan In Middle Ages http://turkmeniya.tripod.com/id15.html

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Tripod Free Games Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next Articles on Turkmenistan History Home History Articles Gok Turkmen Seljuk Empire ... Turkmen Carpets Sultan Sanjar Mausoleum Falconry in Turkmen Steppes: Tradition of Thousand Years Oghuz Turks, Turcoman and Turkmen Animals in Sculpture and in Life of Ancient Turkmen - by N.M. Yermolova The Turcoman Tribes (1882) - by Edmond O'Donovan ... The Turkoman Horse In Europe and the Americas

26. HISTORY OF TURKMENISTAN Brief History of Turkmenistan Articles on turkmenistan history The Turkmen Hun Empire The Gok Turkmen (Turk) Empire The Turkmen Seljuk Empire http://turkmeniya.tripod.com/

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Tripod 40 Yr Old Virgin Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next HISTORY OF TURKMENISTAN Home History Articles Gok Turkmen Seljuk Empire ... Turkmen Carpets States and Empires Built by the Turkmen Brief History of Turkmenistan Articles on Turkmenistan History The Turkmen Hun Empire The Gok Turkmen (Turk) Empire ... Articles on Turkmen Carpets SELJUK, FOUNDER OF TURKMEN SELJUK DYNASTY Webmaster

27. Turkmenistan History: Books On Turkmenistan History Search results for turkmenistan history, books on turkmenistan history. http://www.campusi.com/keyword_Turkmenistan_History.htm

Find the best price on books. (with coupons) Search by: Keyword Title Author ISBN Advanced Search Rare Book Search Search Tips Browse Book Computer / Electronics New! Email Rare Book Movie Music ... Credit Card Search results for Keyword: Turkmenistan History Total Results: Cannot find your book? Try Rare Book Search or free Locate book service The Ends of the Earth : From Togo to Turkmenistan, from Iran to Cambodia: A Journey to the Frontiers of Anarchy ISBN: Author: Robert D. Kaplan Publisher: Vintage Format: Paperback Number of pages: 496 All Editions Similar Books compare prices ... Tribal Nation : The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan ISBN: Author: Adrienne Lynn Lynn Edgar Publisher: Princeton University Press Format: Hardcover Number of pages: 304 All Editions Similar Books compare prices ... History of Inner Asia ISBN: Author: Svatopluk Soucek Svat Soucek Format: Paperback All Editions Similar Books compare prices ... Jihad : The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia ISBN: Author: Ahmed Rashid Format: Paperback All Editions Similar Books compare prices ... Asia-Pacific Human Rights Documents and Resources, Vol. 1 ISBN: Author: Fernand De Varennes Format: Hardcover All Editions Similar Books compare prices ... The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations ISBN: Author: Olivier Roy Publisher: New York University Press Format: Paperback Number of pages: 222 All Editions Similar Books compare prices ... Central Asia: History, Ethnicity, Modernity

28. Turkmenistan History & Turkmenistan Culture | IExplore turkmenistan history The territory of what is now Turkmenistan provided the bedrock for many of the most powerful empires of their age. http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Turkmenistan/History

FORBES' #1 ADVENTURE TRAVEL SITE 5 YEARS IN A ROW TIME MAGAZINE TOP 50 Keyword Search: Home Trip Finder Travel Guides Community ... My iExplore advertisement Home Travel Guides Middle East Turkmenistan History E-mail this page Turkmenistan Travel Guide View Trips to Turkmenistan Browse Turkmenistan Photos Read Turkmenistan Journals Turkmenistan Questions and Answers Find a Turkmenistan Travel Buddy Middle East Overview Overview Tours Where to Go Activities ... Shopping Turkmenistan History Sponsored Listings Add your listing adsonar_pid=3019;adsonar_ps=370666;adsonar_zw=540;adsonar_zh=220;adsonar_jv='ads.adsonar.com'; The territory of what is now Turkmenistan provided the bedrock for many of the most powerful empires of their age. The Parthians, the Seljuks and the Khans of Khoresm all based their empires at various points on the edge of the Kara-Kum Desert, while Alexander the Great conquered the region during his epic campaign of the fourth century BC. The influence of Islam dates from the seventh century AD, when the region was under Arab control. Modern-day Turkmen are descended from tribes that migrated to the area in the 10th century from the northeast. Around 300 years later, Genghis Khan arrived from the same direction and incorporated Turkmenistan into his expanding empire. From the 15th century, the area was under Persian domination until the Russian move into Central Asia at the end of the 19th century. Turkmenistan fell into the British sphere of influence but the Bolsheviks took control of the region in 1920 and incorporated Turkmenistan as a union republic in 1925.

29. ☞ Turkmenistan Travel, Business, Real Estate, For Sale, Jobs, Technology, Turkmenistan Topic Index Classifieds1000 World Message Board Turkmenistan Export Turkmenistan For Sale Turkmenistan Gay turkmenistan history http://board.classifieds1000.com/Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Directory Turkmenistan Real Estate Listings Furniture Turkmenistan Topic Index Classifieds1000 World Message Board All listings are the responsiblity of the posters; keep in mind, anyone can post anything! Buy or Sell Online Without the Fear of Fraud Never buy or sell without using an Escrow Service Home Fraud Alerts Add this site to Favorites Most Recent 20 Turkmenistan Messages Page 1 Jobs needs job Sat Jul 23 15:33:20 2005 (By: solomon ) Replies: Business Raw Hides and skins Fri Apr 22 11:14:28 2005 (By: Rafeeq Ahmed ) Replies: Page 1 Turkmenistan , topic index. Turkmenistan Art and Artists Turkmenistan Business Turkmenistan Cars Turkmenistan Entertainment ... Turkmenistan Wanted Add New Message to Turkmenistan, Expat Discussion Board Please submit a new discussion here. HTML is not allowed and you are encouraged to seperate your paragraphs with a double blank line for readablity. Please make sure your message is relevant to Turkmenistan and the selected topic. Everything you enter will be published. Location: Turkmenistan Subject: Topic: Select Topic Art and Artists Business Cars Entertainment Expat Export For Sale Gay History Import Investments Jobs Life Miscellanous News Headlines Politics Real Estate Retirement Sports Technology Travel Wanted Name: E-Mail: Optional (please add link to our directory first) Web Link: Link Title: Message: Submit Message. Please do not post the same message more than once.

30. Turkmenistan History TURKMENISTAN. Historical Background Historical Setting Origins and Early History Formation of the Turkmen Nation Incorporation into Russia http://www.countryreports.org/history/tmtoc.aspx?countryid=245&countryName=Turkm

31. Turkmenistan Map And Information Page arrow turkmenistan history here arrow Turkmenistan Tourism here arrow Regional country name definitions here! arrow The meaning of stan here! http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/tm.htm

Africa Antarctica Arctic Asia ... here NOTE: All Asian pages are currently being revised, so check back often for new maps, and more. Facts and Figures Official Name Republic of Turkmenistan Population Capital City Ashgabat (727,000) Languages Turkmen, Russian Official Currency Manat Currency Converter here Religions Muslim, Eastern Orthodox, others Flag here Land Area 488,100 sq km (188,455 sq miles) Latitude/Longitude Contact Us Privacy Statement All maps, graphics and original descriptions created by Graphic Maps, a d/b/a of the Woolwine-Moen Group, unless otherwise noted and/or directly linked to the source, and use of same for any application whatsoever (with the exception of outline maps) requires written permission. CIA World Factbook , as well as numerous public domain reference materials. Every effort is made to be as accurate as possible when disseminating information on any worldwide destination. We are not responsible for unintentional data entry errors or omissions. If you would like to submit an addition, change or correction, or suggest a new link, please forward it to our map department and we will give it our immediate attention.

32. ALMISBAH: Regions, Nations And Peoples: Particular Regions: Turkic Peoples Of Mi Particular Regions Turkic Peoples of Middle Asia turkmenistan history, Politics (WWW) 3. Turkmenistan Personenkult statt Demokratisierung http://ssgdoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/vlib/ssgfi/subject/almisbah_ssg0302080303_

ALMISBAH: Regions, Nations and Peoples: Particular Regions: Turkic Peoples of Middle Asia: Turkmenistan: History, Politics (WWW) 1. Electionworld : Elections around the world Source Type Virtual Libraries, Internet Directories and Link Lists URL http://www.electionworld.org/ Keywords politics; elections; political parties; directories; Afghanistan; Saudi Arabia; Kuwait; Qatar; United Arab Emirates; Oman; Bahrain; Iraq; Syria; Lebanon; Jordan; Mauritania; Algeria; Libya; Egypt; Sudan; Cyprus; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti; Somalia; Iran; Tajikistan; Turkey; Armenia; Georgia; Azerbaijan; Uzbekistan; Turkmenistan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 2. Turkmenistan : Government and Politics Source Type Official Governmental Server URL http://www.turkmenbashi.org/ Keywords Turkmenistan; government; politics; country information DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 3. Turkmenistan : Personenkult statt Demokratisierung Source Type Single Articles / Books URL http://www.fes.de/fulltext/id/00110.html Keywords Turkmenistan; economy; economic development; politics; Middle Asia

33. ALMISBAH: Regions, Nations And Peoples: Particular Regions: Turkic Peoples Of Mi Particular Regions Turkic Peoples of Middle Asia turkmenistan history, Politics (WWW) 2. Turkmenistan Personenkult statt Demokratisierung http://ssgdoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/vlib/css_ssgfi/subject/almisbah_ssg0302080

ALMISBAH: Regions, Nations and Peoples: Particular Regions: Turkic Peoples of Middle Asia: Turkmenistan: History, Politics (WWW) 1. Electionworld : Elections around the world Source Type Virtual Libraries, Internet Directories and Link Lists URL http://www.electionworld.org/ Keywords politics; elections; political parties; directories; Afghanistan; Saudi Arabia; Kuwait; Qatar; United Arab Emirates; Oman; Bahrain; Iraq; Syria; Lebanon; Jordan; Mauritania; Algeria; Libya; Egypt; Sudan; Cyprus; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti; Somalia; Iran; Tajikistan; Turkey; Armenia; Georgia; Azerbaijan; Uzbekistan; Turkmenistan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 2. Turkmenistan : Personenkult statt Demokratisierung Source Type Single Articles / Books URL http://www.fes.de/fulltext/id/00110.html Keywords Turkmenistan; economy; economic development; politics; Middle Asia DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links SSG-FI Home ALMISBAH Source Type Subject This document created using allegro-C V20

34. Turkmenistan History Politics Welayatlar Geography turkmenistan history Politics Welayatlar Geography Canadian Gateway, Business Guides, Entertainment, Travel. Listing and reviews of Canadian Web sites. http://www.masterliness.com/a/Turkmenistan.htm

var GLB_RIS='http://www.masterliness.com';var GLB_RIR='/cincshared/external';var GLB_MMS='http://www.masterliness.com';var GLB_MIR='/site/image';GLB_MML='/'; document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); Science People Non User Locations ... Timeline A2('N'); Index: A B C D ... Z A3('s','.','htm','','N'); Home Contents 1 History 2 Politics 3 Welayatlar 4 Geography ... 8 Miscellaneous topics Turkmenistan , once known as the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic is a country in Central Asia . It has borders with Afghanistan Iran Kazakhstan Uzbekistan and has a coastline on the Caspian Sea Türkmenistanyn Respublikasy Turkmenistan In Detail (Full size) National motto none Official language Turkmen Capital Ashgabat ... Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 51st Here is a list of the countries of the world in order of size . Values are given using SI (metric) units. Dependencies are shown with the main country; the total area is also given, but the list is ordered according to the areas excluding dependencies. km² Negligible Population For the use of the word population in statistics, see statistical population. In the most common sense of the word, a population is the collection of people—or organisms of a particular species—living in a given geographic area. Populations are studied in  - Total (2002) Density If you were linked from a country article: the density there is based on land area, see below Population density can be used as a measurement of any tangible item. However it is most frequently applied to living organisms. Population density is usually ex

35. Trip To Kunya-Urgench - The Centre Of World Heritage :: Historical & Architectur Historical architectural tourism in Turkmenistan. turkmenistan history. Duration 3 days, 2 nights Kind of route auto tour Season all year http://www.orexca.com/historical_tour16.shtml

Great Silk Road Central Asia Kyrgyzstan About Uzbekistan ... Uzbekistan embassy Hotels in Uzbekistan Hotels in Tashkent Hotels in Samarkand Hotels in Bukhara Hotels in Khiva ... Apartments in Tashkent Tours to Uzbekistan Historical Tours Fixed Dates Tours Budget Tours Excursions Special tours Adventure Tours Combined Tours Archeological Tours Sleep in Yurts ... Denta Tour Sport / Extreme tours Skiing / Snowboarding Backcountry Business Travel Incentive Travel Exhibitions in Uzbekistan Conference Halls Personal Assistants Special offers Visit Workshops Wine Tasting Beer Tasting Hammam CBT Visit Local Homes Rural Tourism Additional Services Visa Support Transport Tourist Guides Private Drivers ... Your Insurance Restaurants Tashkent Samarkand Fergana Bukhara About Uzbekistan Aral Sea Archeology Bazaars Cuisine ... Villages in Uzbekistan Our Partners Our Advisers NGOs Charity Trip to Kunya-Urgench- the Centre of World Heritage. Duration: 3 days, 2 nights Kind of route: auto tour Season: all year Accommodation: single/double in hotel/private appartements Description: Travel to Kunya-Urgench, Turkmenistan. Tour package consists of combination of historical and architectural components.

36. Useful Turkmenistan Links turkmenistan history, culture and horses. Historical timeline by BBC http//news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_1298000/1298522.stm http://www.usemb-ashgabat.usia.co.at/linkstm.html

37. Turkmenistan - Learning Links Keywords turkmenistan history, Turkmenistan resources, Turkmenistan culture, Turkmenistan websites, Turkmenistan country reports, Turkmenistan, http://www.classbrain.com/art_cr/publish/turkmenistan_learning_links.shtml

Home 1st - 3rd Grade Ask ClassBrain Biographies Corporate Information Country Reports Defining Documents Freedom Files Games Mission Reports Monthy Grab Bag Monuments and Memorials Movies in the Classroom State Reports Teens ClassBrain Store Country Reports World Info World Maps A - An ... Tr - Tu : Turkmenistan Last Updated: Feb 7th, 2005 - 21:06:07 Turkmenistan - Learning Links By ClassBrain Staff Aug 31, 2004, 10:59 Email this article Printer friendly page TURKMENISTAN - A Country Study Search Turkmenistan Include word variants Use only words as entered. History of Turkmentistan With Maps of Ancient Times, the Middle Ages and the Russian Empire-USSR. History of Ancient Times, the Middle Ages, After Mongols and the Russian Empire-USSR. Source: Geocities.com Turkmenistan News Source: Turkmenistan News.net Consular Information Sheet Turkmenistana is a Central Asian nation roughly the size of California. If you are planning to travel here, read this first. Source: Bureau of Consular Affairs Keywords: Turkmenistan history, Turkmenistan resources, Turkmenistan culture, Turkmenistan websites, Turkmenistan country reports, Turkmenistan, Country Reports, ClassBrain

38. World History Blog: History & Culture Of Turkmenistan History Culture of Turkmenistan Information on this countries history starting from early rulers in the 4th Century BC, arrival of Oguz, Soviet regime http://world-history-blog.blogspot.com/2004/12/history-culture-of-turkmenistan.h

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?blogID=7306557"); @import url(http://www.blogger.com/css/navbar/main.css); @import url(http://www.blogger.com/css/navbar/1.css); Notify Blogger about objectionable content. What does this mean? BlogThis! World History Blog Blog that features different aspects of world history. I can't cover it all but sites dealing with any historical issue or topic are possible future posts. Also includes sites which discuss teaching history. Some descriptions for sites are taken from the Open Directory Project. Thursday, December 16, 2004 - Information on this countries history starting from early rulers in the 4th Century B.C, arrival of Oguz, Soviet regime and ending with independence on October 27, 1991. Created and hosted by the Embassy of Turkmenistan in Washington, DC. From the site: Tools from the Stone-Age have been discovered along the Caspian Seashore and near the modern port of Turkmenbashi, establishing thepre-historic presence of humans in the area that is today known asTurkmenistan. The remains of farming settlements in the Kopet-DagMountains date back 8,000 years. The ancient cultivators in this regionused the mountain streams to irrigate their crops. They also survived byherding livestock and by hunting wild game. As early societies learned to make pottery and metal tools, they began totrade with other peoples of central Asia. This profitable trade however,also attracted foreign invaders. By the 6th century B.C., the powerfulPersian Empire had established the provinces of Parthia and Margiana, inwhat is now Turkmenistan. From their base south of the Kopet-Dagrange, the Persians controlled trade through central Asia and subdued themany nomadic peoples who lived on Turkmenistan's arid plains.

39. CyberSleuthKids: Turkmenistan turkmenistan history Tour Thumbnails Turkmenistan photographic history tour. Lot s of pictures. http //icctm.org/Gallery/History/Thumbnails/ul http://cybersleuth-kids.com/sleuth/Geography/Asia/Turkmenistan/index1.htm

Home Fun and Games Science Math ... CLIPART A Great Site to find school related clipart. Over 37,000 pictures, illustration, clipart and images to download!! CLIPART INDEX Clipart History Animals, Dinosaurs ... Central Free Lesson Plans in Math, Social Studies, Art, Language Arts, and Science. Rubrics, Worksheets, and Teacher Productivity Tools!! Math Worsheets Math Flash Cards Online Word Search Stay up-to-date! Sign up for our mailing list Subject Themes Dinosaurs Civil War Educational Software US States ... Ancient Civilizations Clipart Mathematics Explorers Inventors ... Lessons US History Search: Home Geography Asia Turkmenistan SEARCH RESULTS 13 - 24 of 30 Turkmenistan Country Analysis Brief The Country Analysis Briefs (CABs) provide an overview of the energy situation for all countries and regions that are of current interest to energy analysts and policy makers http: //eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/turkmen.html

40. WHKMLA : History Of Turkmenistan, Since 1991 Ever since Turkmenistan became independent, SAPARMURAT NIZAYOV occupies the presidency. EXTERNAL FILES, Timeline of turkmenistan history, from BBC News http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/centrasia/turkmensince1991.html

Turkmenistan since 1991 Ever since Turkmenistan became independent, SAPARMURAT NIZAYOV occupies the presidency. The RED ARMY is still stationed on Turkmen soil; Turkmenistan joined the CIS and the UNITED NATIONS. The country pursued a policy of cautious economic opening; her reserves of NATURAL GAS are being developed; a pipeline leading into Iran was opened in 1998. In 1993 a new currency, the MANAT, was introduced. The capital is now spelled ASHGABAD. EXTERNAL FILES Timeline of Turkmenistan History, from BBC News DOCUMENTS REFERENCE This page is part of World History at KMLA First posted on May 29th 2002, last revised on November 4th 2004 Click here to go Home Click here to go to Information about KMLA, WHKMLA, the author and webmaster Click here to go to Statistics

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