61. Business & Economy Since independence, the turkmenistan government has sought to build a businessenvironment that would attract foreign investment as well as facilitate the http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/business/oview.html

Overview of Foreign Investment Opportunities Since independence, the Turkmenistan government has sought to build a business environment that would attract foreign investment as well as facilitate the growth and privatization of its own businesses. Since 1992, Turkmenistan has developed several joint-ventures with international companies involved in the oil and gas industry, transportation, and agriculture. The government continues to look for interested parties who could build business relations with Turkmenistan in other industries such as agriculture, infrastructure, communication, food processing and packaging and many others. While Turkmenistan is just as eager as any country in the region to take advantage of the potential markets for its own financial security, the country has a second reason to seek out new markets for the Central Asian region, and encourage the building of the infrastructural mechanisms to increase trade and investment. Turkmenistan will benefit not only from its own direct market growth, but also from the financial interactions of the markets around Central Asia that will need Turkmen communication and transportation support. Therefore it is important that the players analyze what new and current markets are ripe for trade in energy, mining and agriculture, and also how the various markets will interplay.

62. Turkmenistan Government 2004 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography turkmenistan government 2004 Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, NaturalResources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, http://www.immigration-usa.com/wfb2004/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_government.html

63. LaserTürkmen The character shapes conform to the current turkmenistan government standard.The unique feature of this font is that the character positions have been http://www.linguistsoftware.com/ltum.htm

for Windows for Macintosh LaserTürkmen for Windows TrueType® and Type-1 fonts in Times-, Helvetica-, and Courier-styles, in plain, bold italic , and bold-italic styles. The TurkmenLS fonts contain all the characters for Türkmen, English, Turkish, and the obsolete forms of the special Türkmen characters. The character shapes conform to the current Turkmenistan government standard. The unique feature of this font is that the character positions have been adjusted to match the Cyrillic characters in our TransCyrillic for Windows fonts. Type the Türkmen text in Latin characters, select the text, and choose a TransCyrillic for Windows font from the font menu. The text will convert character-for-character to the Cyrillic alphabet. LaserTürkmen fonts are ASCII-compatible between our Mac and Windows versions, making file transfer easy between platforms. The fonts install into Microsoft® Windows XP, 2000, NT, Me, 98, 95, or 3.1x and work with all Windows XP-, 2000-, NT-, Me-, 98-, 95- and 3.1x-compatible applications that allow the user to select fonts from a font menu. The Type 1 fonts require Adobe Type Manager® in Windows Me/98/95/3.1. The product includes a User's Manual, keyboard layout chart(s), and Character Code Tables showing every character in the font(s). The included Keyboard Switcher (keyboard driver) allows access to four characters per key (instead of the normal two) and alternate keyboard layouts. The fonts alone (without Keyboard Switcher) will install into

64. Traveljournals.net - Government Of Turkmenistan Government of Turkmenistan. Navigation Home / Explore / Turkmenistan /Government. Ads Travel Insurance Car Rentals. Government of Turkmenistan http://www.traveljournals.net/explore/turkmenistan/government.html

Home Explore Pictures Stories ... Travelers Search Web Search TJ Navigation: Home Explore Turkmenistan / Government Ads: Travel Insurance Car Rentals Government of Turkmenistan Locations in Turkmenistan: A B C D ... Map of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Links: Introduction Cities and locations Geography People ... Transportation Country name: conventional long form:  none conventional short form:  Turkmenistan local long form:  none local short form:  Turkmenistan former:  Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Government type: republic Capital: Ashgabat Administrative divisions: 5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty (formerly Tashauz), Lebap Welayaty (Charjew), Mary Welayaty note:  administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) Independence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1991) Constitution: adopted 18 May 1992 Legal system: based on civil law system Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

65. Knowledge Net: Turkmenistan turkmenistan government and Institutions. Ministry of Communications TurkmenbashiPress Courier. country files, country files http://www.tol.cz/look/knowledgeNet/sect2_govandinst.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublicat

66. AsiaSource: AsiaTODAY - A Resource Of The Asia Society Eurasianet.org turkmenistan government Links Political Resources Turkmenistan BBC Timeline Turkmenistan News Sources. Turkmenistan News Gundogar http://www.asiasource.org/news/at_mp_02.cfm?newsid=76573

67. Turkmenistan Government Embassies And Consulates turkmenistan government Embassies and Consulates, turkmenistan government Embassies and Consulates homepage, turkmenistan government Embassies http://search.asiaco.com/Turkmenistan/Government/Embassies_and_Consulates/

68. AllRefer.com - Turkmenistan - Government And Politics In Turkmenistan - Centers allRefer Reference provides detailed information on this topic. Browse throughthis article and follow related links for complete research. http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/turkmenistan/turkmenistan51.ht

You are here allRefer Reference Turkmenistan History ... Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Government and Politics The post-Soviet government of the Republic of Turkmenistan retains many of the characteristics and the personnel of the communist regime of Soviet Turkmenistan. The government has received substantial international criticism as an authoritarian regime centering on the dominant power position of President Saparmyrat Niyazov. Nevertheless, the 1992 constitution does characterize Turkmenistan as a democracy with separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Centers of Political Power At the same time, Western and Russian criticism generally has revealed misunderstandings and stereotypes of the political and social dynamics of the region that dilute the authority of such evaluations. Beneath the surface of the presidential image, political life in Turkmenistan is influenced by a combination of regional, professional, and tribal factors. Regional ties appear to be the strongest of these factors; they are evident in the opposing power bases of Ashgabat, center of the government, and Mary, which is the center of a mafia organization that controls the narcotics market and illegal trade in a number of commodities. Although both areas are settled primarily by Turkmen of the Teke tribe, factions in Ashgabat still express resentment and distrust of those in Mary for failing to aid the fortress of Gokdepe against the 1881 assault that led to Russian control of the Turkmen khanates (see Incorporation into Russia, this ch.).

69. Turkmenistan - GOVERNMENT The postSoviet government of the Republic of turkmenistan retains many of the The government of turkmenistan is divided into three branchesthe http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/turkmenistan/GOVERNMENT.html

COUNTRY STUDIES Turkmenistan - GOVERNMENT Turkmenistan - Government Turkmenistan The post-Soviet government of the Republic of Turkmenistan retains many of the characteristics and the personnel of the communist regime of Soviet Turkmenistan. The government has received substantial international criticism as an authoritarian regime centering on the dominant power position of President Saparmyrat Niyazov. Nevertheless, the 1992 constitution does characterize Turkmenistan as a democracy with separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Centers of Political Power Political behavior also is shaped by the technocratic elites, who were trained in Moscow and who can rely on support from most of the educated professionals in Ashgabat and other urban areas. Most of the elites within the national government originate from and are supported by the intelligentsia, which also is the source of the few opposition groups in the republic. According to a law passed in December 1992, all permanent residents of Turkmenistan are accorded citizenship unless they renounce that right in writing. Non-residents may become citizens if they can demonstrate that they have resided in Turkmenistan for the past seven years and that they have some knowledge of the Turkmen language. Dual citizenship with certain other former Soviet republics is permitted. The CIS summit held in Ashgabat in December 1993 resulted in an accord on dual citizenship between the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan, allowing Turkmenistan's 400,000 ethnic Russians to achieve that status.

70. Government - Turkmenistan - Asia The president of turkmenistan is head of state, head of government, For purposesof local government, turkmenistan is divided into five velayets http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/turkmenistan/government.htm

you are here home Asia Turkmenistan Government Turkmenistan, Government Turkmenistan promulgated its first constitution as an independent republic in May 1992, replacing the constitution of the Soviet period. The republic does not yet have a multiparty system in place, and most candidates have run unopposed in elections. All citizens aged 18 and older may vote. The president of Turkmenistan is head of state, head of government, and supreme commander of the armed forces. The office of president was established in Turkmenistan in 1990 shortly before the republic’s independence from the Soviet Union. The 1992 constitution increased the powers of the president and made the president head of the Council of Ministers with the option of appointing a prime minister at any time. The president appoints the members of the council, which administers the daily operations of government. Under the constitution, the president is directly elected to a five-year term and may be elected for no more than two consecutive terms. However, in 1994 the legislature voted to extend President Saparmurad Niyazov’s term of office until 2002, and voters endorsed the decision in a nationwide referendum. For purposes of local government, Turkmenistan is divided into five velayets (regions). The velayets are further subdivided into ils (districts), which may be either counties or cities. Each of the velayets is ruled by a veli (governor), who is appointed by the president. The veli in turn appoints the heads of the ils within his velayet, who are known as hekims.

71. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Middle East - Turkmenistan - Government And Politica turkmenistan government and Political Conditions. http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/tx/Turkmenistan_government_summary.htm

Home World Map Rankings Countries from A to Z A B C D ... Z Source: www.exchange-rates.org World Middle East Turkmenistan (Notes) Turkmenistan - Government and Political Conditions (Notes) GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS Following the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union, Turkmenistan declared its independence on October 27, 1991. Saparmurat Niyazov became the first president of the new republic and still remains the supreme decision-maker. On December 28, 1999, Niyazov's term was extended indefinitely by the Majlis (parliament), which itself had taken office only a week earlier in flawed elections that included only candidates hand-picked by President Niyazov. Neither independent political activity nor opposition candidates are allowed in Turkmenistan. The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (DPT) is the only legal political party. Political gatherings are illegal unless government sanctioned, and the citizens of Turkmenistan do not have the means to change their government democratically. On November 25, 2002, an armed attack against President Niyazov's motorcade was made and the Government of Turkmenistan moved quickly against perceived sources of opposition. There were widespread reports of human rights abuses committed by officials investigating the attack, including torture and punishment of families of the accused. The Government of Turkmenistan denied the charges, but refused to allow independent observers at trials, to accept a mandatory OSCE fact-finding mission, or to permit ICRC access to prisons. It also instituted new measures to stifle dissent and limit contact with the outside world.

72. Home : Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Government Country Focus turkmenistan government. Country Focus turkmenistan government Niyazov, Saparmurat president of turkmenistan and Chairman of the http://www.slavophilia.com/pages/Country_Focus/Turkmenistan/Government/

Home Search Options Home : Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Government Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Government Home Add a Site Modify a Site What's New ... Advertising info Inside Home Translation/Interpretation Services Software Dictionaries Slavophilia Forums Reserve your hotels/hostels worldwide Categories: Foreign Affairs Law Military Ministry ... Politics Links: Niyazov, Saparmurat - president of Turkmenistan and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers. - (Added: 30-Jan-2003) [Rate It] President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov - Unofficial site of Saparmurat Niyazov: biography, speeches and articles, Ruhnama and poetry, media articles, permanent neutrality of Turkmenistan, photos. - (Added: 4-Nov-2004) [Rate It] You can post your questions, suggestions, ideas, news on Slavophilia Bulletin Board Join Slavophilia Forums Send comments, suggestions and corrections to webmaster@slavophilia.com

73. Government - Turkmenistan - Government Regional Web Directories / Asia / turkmenistan. Add Url Suggest Category -Submit your site to Haabaa. No results found in government - turkmenistan http://www.haabaa.com/dir/635/109.php

Drive traffic to your website FREE with Haabaa.com partnership. Your site will be listed on our Recommended site page and for every hit you send us your site will be listed higher on the recommended site page. Click here to join. FEATURED ARTICLE Mahatma Gandhi was the charismatic intellectual and mass-movement more... Home Add URL Advertise ... Special Offer Please enter Keywords: Government / Turkmenistan Web Directory / Government Census Central Government Civic Participation Civil Service ... Asia / Turkmenistan Add Url Suggest Category Submit your site to Haabaa No results found in Government - Turkmenistan Haabaa Quick Links: Internet Finance Entertainment Business Services ... Golf Special Offer Haabaa Site Links: Advertise About Haabaa Contact Us Directory ... Web Design

74. RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY 15 Jul 2004 turkmenistan Leaflets Calling For Overthrow Of government AppearIn Bazaars. 14 Jul 2004 Uzbekistan Will US Decision To Withhold Aid Have http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/07/e6c789ac-6b15-48ba-9e33-fa468a9ba44

Top News I RFE/RL Newsline I Features I Reports I Specials I RFE/RL Experts Subscribe I Listen I RFE/RL Languages I About RFE/RL I Search I Site Map I Homepage News by Country Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bashkortostan (Russia) Belarus Bosnia-Herzegovina Georgia Iran Iraq Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Macedonia Moldova North Caucasus (Russia) Romania Russia Serbia and Montenegro Tajikistan Tatarstan (Russia) Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan News by Language Afghan [Dari] Afghan [Pashto] Afghan [English] Albanian Arabic [Radio Free Iraq] Armenian Armenian [English] Azerbaijani Belarusian Estonian Georgian Kazakh Kyrgyz Latvian Lithuanian Macedonian Romanian Persian Persian [English] Russian Slovak South Slavic [Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian] Tajik Tatar-Bashkir Ukrainian Uzbek Wednesday, 21 July 2004 E-mail this page to a friend Print Version Turkmenistan: Government Orders People Out Of Their Homes In Name Of 'Urban Renewal' By Bruce Pannier The Turkmen government is ordering people in the capital Ashgabat to vacate their homes on short notice. These victims of the city's plan to create space for new upscale building projects are not receiving new homes or any compensation for their loss. They are simply told to leave and to find a new place to live. Prague, 21 July 2004 (RFE/RL) The Turkmen government at the behest of President Saparmurat Niyazov is in the midst of a drastic urban renewal project in the capital Ashgabat.

75. RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY 21 Jul 2004 government Orders People Out Of Their Homes In Name Of 30 Aug2004 turkmenistan Ashgabat Has Grand Plans To Create ManMade Lake, http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/11/ae764550-470f-4723-a0db-d4c9e8a3726

Top News I RFE/RL Newsline I Features I Reports I Specials I RFE/RL Experts Subscribe I Listen I RFE/RL Languages I About RFE/RL I Search I Site Map I Homepage News by Country Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bashkortostan (Russia) Belarus Bosnia-Herzegovina Georgia Iran Iraq Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Macedonia Moldova North Caucasus (Russia) Romania Russia Serbia and Montenegro Tajikistan Tatarstan (Russia) Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan News by Language Afghan [Dari] Afghan [Pashto] Afghan [English] Albanian Arabic [Radio Free Iraq] Armenian Armenian [English] Azerbaijani Belarusian Estonian Georgian Kazakh Kyrgyz Latvian Lithuanian Macedonian Romanian Persian Persian [English] Russian Slovak South Slavic [Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian] Tajik Tatar-Bashkir Ukrainian Uzbek Friday, 12 November 2004 E-mail this page to a friend Print Version Turkmenistan: 10 Years Later, Ashgabat More Affluent, But Poisoned By 'Atmosphere Of Political Repression' By Bruce Pannier Turkmenistan has been called the "hermit kingdom" and the North Korea of Central Asia. Foreigners are watched when they enter the country, and the Turkmen government goes to great lengths to keep foreign media from reaching its people. Many businessmen visit Turkmenistan, as the country is rich in oil and natural gas, but few people visit as tourists, and fewer yet have visited more than once. Gregory Gleason is an expert on Central Asian affairs. He is also one of the few people who spent a lot of time in Turkmenistan during the first years after the country became independent. Gleason just returned from Turkmenistan after more than 10 years away. He spoke with RFE/RL about the changes he witnessed.

76. ABC Country Book Of Turkmenistan - Government Flag, Map, Economy turkmenistan Interactive Factbook GEOGRAPHY, Flag, Map,Geography, People,government, Economy, Transportation, Communications. http://www.theodora.com/wfb/turkmenistan_government.html

77. Turkmenistan - Government Welfare Programs Country Listing turkmenistan Table of Contents. turkmenistan. government WelfarePrograms. In 1992, President Niyazov announced Ten Years of Prosperity, http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-13863.html

Country Listing Turkmenistan Table of Contents Turkmenistan Government Welfare Programs In 1992, President Niyazov announced "Ten Years of Prosperity," a government program that provides virtually free natural gas, electricity, and drinking water to all households in the republic; increases minimum wages and other social payments, confirms food subsidies and price liberalizations, and aims at giving families their own house, car, and telephone. In 1993 two-thirds of the state budgetary expenditures went toward such "social needs," and half of that amount for the subsidization of food prices. Social programs also accounted for 60 percent of the 1995 budget. The pension system has two main types of expenditures: retirement and disability payments and children's payments. Employees pay 1 percent of their wages to their pension fund, and the employer's share totals 80.5 percent of the total payroll contribution. In industries, the payroll contribution is 37 percent of the total pension fund; in agricultural enterprises, it is 26 percent. Because pension fund expenditures always exceed their receipts at this ratio of contribution, additional funds are allotted from the state budget. The normal retirement age is sixty for men and fifty-five for women, but the age is five or ten years less for occupations classified as hazardous. In the early 1990s, the number of pensioners grew at a rate of 17,000 per year; in 1993 some 404,000 individuals were in this category.

78. Access International Domains Examples of links are the Embassy of turkmenistan, governments on the Web, The English site of Free turkmenistan. A dissident and antigovernment http://webdb.iu.edu/internationalprograms/scripts/accessinfo.cfm?categoryid=1&Co

79. Turkmenistan -- The 2002 Index Of Economic Freedom, The Heritage Foundation turkmenistan s government controls most of the economy and allows little turkmenistan s government owns most of the commercial banks and controls almost http://cf.heritage.org/index/country.cfm?ID=149

80. Christian Persecution In Turkmenistan It also called upon the government of turkmenistan to ensure full respect for turkmenistan has an authoritarian government ruled by President Saparmurat http://www.cswusa.com/Reports Pages/Reports-Turkmenistan.htm

Return to REPORTS (summary of all regions) Turkmenistan December 9, 2003 Baptists Threatened as Harsh New Law Used to Bite By Igor Rotar, Forum 18 News Service FORUM 18 NEWS SERVICE, Oslo, Norway http://www.forum18.org/ In the first known instance of the use against believers of Turkmenistan's harsh new religion law that came into force in November, police who raided a Baptist Sunday service on November 30th warned church members that they would face severe punishments if they continue to worship without state registration. The raid on the church in Balkanabad (formerly Nebitdag) in the west of the country was led by Major Aman Annayev, the head of the town's sixth police department (responsible for combating organized crime and terrorism). Reached by telephone at his office in Balkanabad on December 8th, Major Annayev categorically refused to discuss the raid with Forum 18 News Service. In the wake of the raid, police took all those present at the service, including children, to the police station, the Baptists reported. They were accused of breaking the new religion law and warned that they would be fined 10 times the minimum wage under the code of administrative offenses for the first two cases of breaking the law in the course of a year. However, subsequently they would face charges under the criminal code. One of the Baptist women was threatened that her four children would be taken from her and placed in a children's home.

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