21. Turkmenistan, Turkmenistan Geography, Turkmenistan People, Turkmenistan Governme Turkmenistan, Turkmenistan geography, Turkmenistan people, turkmenistan government,Turkmenistan economy, Turkmenistan communication, Turkmenistan http://zhenghe.tripod.com/t/turkmenistan/

SITE NAVIGATION HOME COUNTRIES A-D COUNTRIES E-K COUNTRIES L-R ... ADD YOURSELF TO THE ATLAS! COUNTRY NAVIGATION INTRODUCTION GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE GOVERNMENT ... LETTERS AND PICTURES Turkmenistan former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic s="na";c="na";j="na";f=""+escape(document.referrer) Click Here to view visitor stats MAPS! Clipart.com. Unlimited access to more than 5,000,000 clipart images, animations, photos, fonts, and sounds! Click here to get a free 14-day trial of RealRhapsody Global Gallery: Browse 1000's of Art Prints and Posters Free Animated Aquarium Screensaver! "Napster Official Site - Get Free Trial!" www.ebay.com Bob Starkgraf INTRODUCTION Background: Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1925. It achieved its independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. President NIYAZOV retains absolute control over the country and opposition is not tolerated. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects can be worked out. TOP OF PAGE GEOGRAPHY Location: Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan

22. Turkmenistan Government Profile 2005 Flag of Turkmenistan. turkmenistan government Profile 2005. Home Turkmenistan embassy 9 Pushkin (1984) Street, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 774000 http://www.indexmundi.com/turkmenistan/government_profile.html

Turkmenistan Government Profile 2005 Home Turkmenistan Country name conventional long form: none conventional short form: Turkmenistan local long form: none local short form: Turkmenistan former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Government type republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch Capital Ashgabat Administrative divisions 5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dashoguz Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) Independence 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) National holiday Independence Day, 27 October (1991) Constitution adopted 18 May 1992 Legal system based on civil law system Suffrage 18 years of age; universal Executive branch chief of state: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first direct presidential election occurred); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first direct presidential election occurred); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

23. Turkmenistan Government Type - Government Flag of Turkmenistan. turkmenistan government type. Home Turkmenistan Government Government type. republic; authoritarian presidential rule, http://www.indexmundi.com/turkmenistan/government_type.html

Turkmenistan Government type Home Turkmenistan Government republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch Definition This entry gives the basic form of government. Definitions of the major governmental terms are as follows: Anarchy - a condition of lawlessness or political disorder brought about by the absence of governmental authority. Commonwealth - a nation, state, or other political entity founded on law and united by a compact of the people for the common good. Communism - a system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single - often authoritarian - party holds power; state controls are imposed with the elimination of private ownership of property or capital while claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people (i.e., a classless society). Confederacy (Confederation) - a union by compact or treaty between states, provinces, or territories, that creates a central government with limited powers; the constituent entities retain supreme authority over all matters except those delegated to the central government. Constitutional - a government by or operating under an authoritative document (constitution) that sets forth the system of fundamental laws and principles that determines the nature, functions, and limits of that government.

24. Turkmenistan Government - Constitution, Flag, And Leaders Information on the government of Turkmenistan. Browse the listing below tofind government information for Turkmenistan, including flags, leaders, http://www.factrover.com/government/Turkmenistan_government.html

Home All Countries World Newspapers US Newspapers Turkmenistan Government Browse the listing below to find government information for Turkmenistan, including flags, leaders, and constitution information. Factrover also has complete information on Turkmenistan at its Turkmenistan Country Page Turkmenistan People Turkmenistan Geography Turkmenistan Economy ... Turkmenistan History Government Type: Republic. Independence: October 27, 1991 (from the Soviet Union). Constitution: May 18, 1992. Branches: Executive president. Legislative Parliament; People's Council. Judicial Supreme Court. Administrative subdivisions: 5 Velayat (provinces)Ahal Velayat (Ashgabat), Balkan Velayat (Nebitdag), Dashowuz Velayat (formerly Tashauz), Lebap Velayat (Turkmenabat, formerly Chardjou), Mary Velayat. Political parties: Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (opposition parties are outlawed). Flag: Green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls stacked above two crossed olive branches similar to the olive branches on the UN flag; a white crescent moon and five white stars appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe. Government of Turkmenistan Following the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union, Turkmenistan declared its independence on October 27, 1991. Saparmurat Niyazov became the first president of the new republic and still remains the supreme decisionmaker. On December 28, 1999, Niyazov's term was extended indefinitely by the Mejlis (parliament), which itself had taken office only a week earlier in severely flawed elections that included only candidates hand-picked by President Niyazov. Independent political activity is not allowed in Turkmenistan, and no opposition candidates are allowed. The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (DPT) is the only legal political party. Political gatherings are illegal unless government sanctioned, and the citizens of Turkmenistan do not have the means to change their government democratically.

25. Turkmenistan Government: From The All Country Info Reference Guide To Country Fa Free reference information on turkmenistan government. http://www.allcountryinfo.org/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_government/turkmenistan_

University of Phoenix The fastest growing school in the world. Highly career-focused education , designed to accelerate the careers of working professionals. Both campus-based and online. Wide range of degrees, programs, locations. Turkmenistan Government Turkmenistan Government : A summary of information about Turkmenistan Government, from government research data as well as independent research and other sources. You are here: All Countries Turkmenistan Turkmenistan: Government Country name conventional long form: none conventional short form: Turkmenistan local long form: none local short form: Turkmenistan former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Data code TX Government type republic Capital Ashgabat Administrative divisions 5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty (formerly Tashauz), Lebap Welayaty (Charjew), Mary Welayaty note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) Independence 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) National holiday Independence Day, 27 October (1991)

26. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Middle East - Turkmenistan - Government Facts And Fi Government and political information for Turkmenistan. http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/tx/Turkmenistan_government.htm

Home World Map Rankings Countries from A to Z A B C D ... Z Source: www.exchange-rates.org World Middle East Turkmenistan (Facts) Turkmenistan - Government (Facts) Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Turkmenistan local long form: none former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic local short form: Turkmenistan Government type: republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch Capital: Ashgabat Administrative divisions: 5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dashoguz Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) Independence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1991) Constitution: adopted 18 May 1992 Legal system: based on civil law system Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first direct presidential election occurred); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

27. Turkmenistan Government 1998 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural turkmenistan government 1998 Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, NaturalResources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb1998/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_government.

2001 INDEX 2000 INDEX 1999 INDEX 1997 INDEX ... People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military ... [TOP] Turkmenistan Government 1998 http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb1998/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_government.html SOURCE: 1998 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK Country name conventional long form: none conventional short form: Turkmenistan local long form: none local short form: Turkmenistan former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Data code TX Government type republic National capital Ashgabat Administrative divisions 5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty (formerly Tashauz), Lebap Welayaty (Charjew), Mary Welayaty note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) Independence 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) National holiday Independence Day, 27 October (1991) Constitution adopted 18 May 1992 Legal system based on civil law system Suffrage 18 years of age; universal

28. MapZones.com : Turkmenistan Government Information of Country s Government, Political parties, democracy, Prime Minister. http://www.mapzones.com/world/asia/turkmenistan/governmentindex.php

fiSearchFormMaxSetId='AX006201'; Country Info Turkmenistan Introduction Turkmenistan General Data Turkmenistan Maps Turkmenistan Culture ... Turkmenistan Time and Date Turkmenistan Government Back to Top Government: Many Soviet-era officials still in place, 1996; constitution of 1992 stipulates democratic separation of powers, but presidency sole center of actual power under Saparmyrat Niyazov. Legislative branch, fifty-member Milli Mejlis, has same ratification functions as Soviet-era Supreme Soviet. Judiciary very weakjudges appointed by president; Supreme Court reviews constitutionality of legislation. Sixty-member National Council with advisory function, actually subsidiary to presidential power. Politics: Constitution guarantees political freedom, but former Communist Party, now Democratic Party, dominates and retains same structure and propaganda machine as in Soviet era. Niyazov's cult of personality provides further domination. Small, weak opposition groups concentrate on single issues; some groups outlawed. Foreign Relations: Basic policy "positive neutrality"noninterference and neutrality toward all countries and attempts to establish relations as widely as possible. Marketing and transport of natural gas and oil given priority in foreign economic deals. Remains independent of other Central Asian and CIS countries when possible, but maintains strong bilateral military and economic ties with Russia.

29. Minorities At Risk (MAR) Due to the authoritarian nature of the turkmenistan government, it is unlikely that While the turkmenistan government does not mistreat Russians, http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/data/turruss.htm

Russians in Turkmenistan Total Area of Turkmenistan: 190,359 sq. mi. Capital: Ashkhabad Country Population: 4,298,000 (1998 estimate, U.S. Census Bureau) Group Population (1998): 288,000 (6.7% of the total population) Group Type: National Minority Click here to view General Chronology Risk Assessment Analytic Summary With the severe oppression of opposition in Turkmenistan and the relatively favored status of the Russians in the country compared to other ethnic groups, it is no surprise that there have been no reports of any protest or militant activity by the group (REB00 and PROT00 = 0). Perhaps protests have occurred and are just not being reported in the state-controlled media. Any form of dissent is not tolerated; therefore it is not possible to determine if the Russians have contemplated such activity. References Nexis Library Information, 1990-95. The Europa Yearbook 1993. Congressional Roundtable, Briefing Book on the Former Soviet Union, February 1993.

30. Home : Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Government : Ministry Country Focus Turkmenistan Government Ministry. Country Focus turkmenistan government Ministry. Home Add a Site Modify a Site What s New http://www.slavophilia.com/pages/Country_Focus/Turkmenistan/Government/Ministry/

Home Search Options Home : Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Government : Ministry Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Government : Ministry Home Add a Site Modify a Site What's New ... Advertising info Inside Home Translation/Interpretation Services Software Dictionaries Slavophilia Forums Reserve your hotels/hostels worldwide Links: Ministry of Communications of Turkmenistan - (En/Ru). - (Added: 30-Jan-2003) [Rate It] You can post your questions, suggestions, ideas, news on Slavophilia Bulletin Board Join Slavophilia Forums Send comments, suggestions and corrections to webmaster@slavophilia.com

31. Turkmenistan Government 1995 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural turkmenistan government 1995 Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, NaturalResources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, http://www.theodora.com/wfb/1995/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_government.html

MAIN INDEX Country Ranks Geography People Government Economy Transportation Communications Military ... [TOP] Turkmenistan Government 1995 http://www.theodora.com/wfb/1995/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_government.html SOURCE: 1995 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: local long form: Tiurkmenostan Respublikasy local short form: former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Digraph: TX Type: republic Capital: Ashgabat Administrative divisions: 5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty (formerly Tashauz), Lebap Welayaty (Charjew), Mary Welayaty note: names in parentheses are administrative centers when name differs from welayat name Independence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1991) Constitution: adopted 18 May 1992 Legal system: based on civil law system Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since NA October 1990); election last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA 2002); results - Saparmurad NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed); note - a 15 January 1994 referendum extended NIYAZOV's term an additional five years until 2002 (99.99% approval)

32. Turkmenistan Government Information Travel Document Systems; Passport and Visa Services. This is the site for thelatest Travel Information and the most complete collection of online Visa http://www.traveldocs.com/tm/govern.htm

Turkmenistan Asia GOVERNMENT On November 25, 2002, an armed attack against President Niyazov's motorcade was made and the Government of Turkmenistan moved quickly against perceived sources of opposition. There were widespread reports of human rights abuses committed by officials investigating the attack, including torture and punishment of families of the accused. The Government of Turkmenistan denied the charges, but refused to allow independent observers at trials, to accept a mandatory OSCE fact-finding mission, or to permit ICRC access to prisons. It also instituted new measures to stifle dissent and limit contact with the outside world. While the constitution provides for freedom of the press, there is virtually no freedom of the press or of association. The government has full control of all media and restricts foreign publications. International satellite TV is available. A Soviet-style command economy greatly limits equality of opportunity. Industry and services are almost entirely provided by government or government-owned entities, while agriculture is dominated by a state order system. Women face particularly strong discrimination in all social aspects, and their freedom is restricted due to traditional social-religious norms. All citizens are required to carry internal passports, noting place of residence, and movement into and out of the country, as well as within its borders, is difficult.

33. Turkmenistan: Government Must Seek Justice Not Revenge Amnesty International UK is the UK section of the international human rightsmembership organisation, Amnesty International. http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news/press/14033.shtml

This is an Amnesty International news release published on 27th November, 2002 See also: Detention without trial Repression of dissent Torture and ill-treatment Turkmenistan for more information If you are a UK-based journalist and require further information please call the AIUK Press Office on 020 7814 6238 or e-mail press@amnesty.org.uk If you are a journalist based outside the UK, please contact your local AI section If you are not a journalist, but would like to contact AI, please visit our contact pages for further details. Turkmenistan: Government must seek justice not revenge Amnesty International believes that any action the government of Turkmenistan takes to bring to justice those involved in yesterday's assassination attempt on President Saparmurad Niyazov must strictly abide by international human rights law. "Precisely at times of heightened tensions governments must ensure that all measures taken are in accordance with international human rights law. We are particularly concerned that the government's response to the assassination attempt may lead to a new wave of clampdown on dissent in Turkmenistan", Amnesty International said. Amnesty International received worrying reports that many people have been detained following yesterday's events. According to official figures issued today, 16 people were detained. Unofficial sources reportedly claimed that more than one hundred people have been detained.

34. Turkmenistan: Government Must Seek Justice Not Revenge - Amnesty International turkmenistan government must seek justice not revenge International believesthat any action the government of Turkmenistan takes to bring to justice http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR610052002?open&of=ENG-TKM

35. Helsinki The turkmenistan government detained dissidents during 1993 to prevent them from In at least one case (when the turkmenistan government was proposing an http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/WR94/Helsinki-22.htm

Home News Releases About HRW Get Involved ... RSS TURKMENISTAN Human Rights Developments Patterns of abuse similar to those of the former communist regime and leveled at individuals critical of the government continued unabated in Turkmenistan during 1993. With its wealth of natural resources and small population, Turkmenistan was poised to become one of the wealthiest of the former Soviet republics. It boasted of stability to foreign investors when, in fact, such stability was maintained by a one-party system that restricted and punished critical voices in the media and alternative political circles with impunity. The number of individuals openly critical of the government had dwindled from thousands in the late 1980s to several dozen in 1993, in large part due to persecution by law enforcement authorities. During the year government officials detained and interrogated dissenters, frequently without bringing charges; denied them the right to travel abroad; dismissed them, their relatives and associates from their places of work; stripped them of union membership; and maintained surveillance of them and their families. Helsinki Watch was aware of one likely prisoner of conscience in Turkmenistan: Karadzha Karadzhaev, an accountant who had supported publication of an independent magazine

36. Free Turkmenistan Calls on the government of Turkmenistan to implement all the Calls on theturkmenistan government to immediately and unconditionally release all http://www.erkin.net/chronicle3/news1497en.html

Russian Turkmen Main page Official site of the Fund "Turkmenistan" Chief Editor - Avdy Kuliev Contents: Journal Projects Central Asia News Photos ... Links Post address for letters and subscription: Kuliev Avdy Moskovskaya 5 kv.20 Khimki Moscow Region Russain Federation. E-mail: avdi@comail.ru Turkmenistan and Central Asia European Parliament resolution on Turkmenistan, including Central Asia The European Parliament, - having regard to its previous resolutions on Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, - having regard to its resolution of 4 September 2003 on human rights in the world in 2002 and the European Union's human rights policy(1), - having regard to the partnership and cooperation agreement between the EU and Turkmenistan, signed in May 1998, which is not yet in force, and the partnership and cooperation agreements with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, which include a human rights clause, - having regard to the EC Strategy Paper for Central Asia 2002-2006, - having regard to the EU statements on Turkmenistan of 19 December 2002, 20 March 2003 and 3 April 2003 in the framework of the OSCE Permanent Council, - having regard to the EU Presidency declarations on Turkmenistan of 10 December 2002 and 20 January 2003

37. Free Turkmenistan MEPs call on the turkmenistan government to conduct impartial and thorough MEPs also call on the government of Turkmenistan to respect the principle of http://www.erkin.net/chronicle3/news1496en.html

Russian Turkmen Main page Official site of the Fund "Turkmenistan" Chief Editor - Avdy Kuliev Contents: Journal Projects Central Asia News Photos ... Links Post address for letters and subscription: Kuliev Avdy Moskovskaya 5 kv.20 Khimki Moscow Region Russain Federation. E-mail: avdi@comail.ru FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Euro Parliament Adopts Resolution on Turkmenistan and Central Asia STRASBOURG, October 23, 2003 The House adopted a joint resolution deploring the deterioration of the human rights situation in Turkmenistan. The House urges the Turkmen authorities to respect Turkmenistan's obligations under international law and stop attacks on and torture and ill-treatment of political opponents. MEPs call on the Turkmenistan government to conduct impartial and thorough investigations into all the reports of the deaths and custody of Amanmukhamed Yklymov, A. Prokofiev and the former parliamentary Speaker, Tagan Khallyev. Furthermore, the House calls on the Turkmenistan government to immediately and unconditionally release all prisoners of conscience including Nikolay Shelekhov and Kurban Zakirov and the political prisoner Mukhametkuli Aymuradov, convicted in 1995 in an unfair trial. MEPs also request that the Turkmen authorities ensure that independent observers are granted access to criminal trials. MEPs also call on the government of Turkmenistan to respect the principle of religious freedom, abolish all restrictions on activities of religious minorities, and repeal the presidential ruling that restricts registration of religious groups. The House also wants the Turkmen authorities to abolish compulsory exit visas and restore the right to study abroad.

38. Access International Domains turkmenistan government of Turkmenistan Announces Tender for the Constructionof Liquid Petroleum Gas Production Units at the Koturdepe and Korpeje Oil http://webdb.iu.edu/internationalprograms/scripts/accessinfo.cfm?categoryid=8&Co

39. 1Up Travel > Turkmenistan Government - Facts On Government Of Turkmenistan Is He Wanted to find out info about Government of Turkmenistan with respect to Countryname, Data code, Dependency status, Government type, Capital, http://www.1uptravel.com/international/asia/turkmenistan/government.html

Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... National Parks More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Airline Tickets Car Rentals Cruises Hotels ... Vacations Web 1UpTravel.com You are here 1Up Travel Countries of the World Asia Turkmenistan ADVERTISEMENT Country Country Facts Introduction Geography People Government ... Transnational issues Related Turkmenistan Guide Turkmenistan Maps Turkmenistan Hotels Turkmenistan Flag ... Turkmenistan Travel Warning Turkmenistan Government Turkmenistan Government Top of Page Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Turkmenistan local long form: none local short form: Turkmenistan former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Government type: republic Capital: Ashgabat Administrative divisions: 5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty (formerly Tashauz), Lebap Welayaty (Charjew), Mary Welayaty note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) Independence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1991)

40. International Action Needed On Health In Turkmenistan ? Health experts called on the international community to put pressure on theturkmenistan government to improve health and stop human rights abuses. http://www.news-medical.net/?id=10691

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