41. World Telecommunication Development Conference 2002 Istanbul and turkey history and Culture Istanbul, a World City. Further information on Turkey and Istanbul can be obtained through the following web http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/conferences/wtdc/2002/brochure/istanbul.html

Français Español GetLangMenu("en") Print Version Home ITU-D Conferences World Telecommunication Development Conference 2002 Istanbul and Turkey: History and Culture Istanbul, a World City "There God and human being, nature and art, created all together such a perfect place on earth, it is well worth seeing." This unique city, at the meeting points of Europe and Asia, located on both sides of the Bosphorus (Istanbul Straits) is described as such by the famous French author Lamartine. Istanbul embraces two continents, one arm reaching out to Asia, the other to Europe. Through the city's heart, the Bosphorus strait, flows the waters of the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara and the Golden Horn, which is one of the most beautiful natural harbours in the world. The former capital of three successive empires - Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman - today Istanbul honors and preserves the legacy of its past while looking forward to its modern future. The history of the city, which is known as the "Capital of the Empires", goes back to ancient times. The city was founded by the Megaras in A.D. 658 and was named Byzantium after their commander Byzas. The city, which developed very rapidly and turned into a large trade center, existed for hundreds of years as the capital of the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires. Today it has become Turkey's most important tourism, trade, and industrial city. The most beautiful historical works of Istanbul are at the historical peninsula inside the city walls between the Marmara Sea and the Golden Horn. This historical peninsula is like an open air museum full of architectural and artistic works bearing the traces of the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires.

42. A Virtual Travel Guide To Turkey - Türkiye turkey history Chronology of Anatolia Human history of Anatolia a cradle for many ancient Books about Turkey Books about the History of Turkey http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/turkey.htm

Advertise here One World - Nations Online the countries of the world Home Continents Asia Turkey Destination Turkey, a virtual travel guide to Turkey. This page aims to give you a broad overview of Turkish art, culture, people, environment, geography, history, economy and government. Beside a country profile with facts and figures, the page contains links to sources which provide you with all the information you need to know about this country, e.g.: official web sites of Turkey, addresses of Turkish and foreign embassies, domestic airlines, city- and country guides with extensive travel and tourism information on accomodation, tourist attractions, events and more like weather information, maps, statistics and local newspapers from Turkey. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul Official Sites Map News Culture ... Additional Links Country Profile Flag of Turkey Background: Turkey is often called "the cradle of civilization," as it has been home to a rich variety of tribes and nations of people since 6500 B.C. The Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, replacing the dynastic and theocratic Ottoman system, with its Sultanate and Caliphate. The Republic is based on a secular democratic, pluralist and parilamentary system. In 1945 Turkey joined the UN and became a member of NATO in 1952.

43. PMI Tours - Turkey History turkey history. Turkey s first known human inhabitants appeared in the Mediterranean region as early as 7500 BC, and the cycles of empire building, flexing, http://www.pmitours.com/history.htm

Home Tour One Info Tour Two Info Cappadocia Option ... Contact Us Turkey History Roman rule brought relative peace and prosperity for almost three centuries, providing perfect conditions for the spread of Christianity. The Roman Empire weakened from around 250 AD until Constantine reunited it in 324. He oversaw the building of a new capital, the great city which came to be called Constantinople. Justinian (527-65) brought the eastern Roman, or Byzantine Empire to its greatest strength, reconquering Italy, the Balkans, Anatolia and North Africa. Five years after the death of Justinian, Mohammed was born in Mecca and the scene was set for one of history's most astounding tales. Sixty years after Mohammed heard the voice of God and 50 years after his ignominious flight from Mecca, the armies of Islam were threatening the walls of Constantinople (669-78), having conquered everything and everybody from there to Mecca, plus Persia and Egypt. 7500 BC First Stone age settlements at Çatalhüyük 1900-1300 BC Hittite Empire with Hattusas as capital, contemporary with ancient Egypt and Babylon

44. MapZones.com : Turkey History Information of Country s History, Civilization, independence, king, rural, war. http://www.mapzones.com/world/middle_east/turkey/historyindex.php

fiSearchFormMaxSetId='AX006201'; Country Info Turkey Introduction Turkey General Data Turkey Maps Turkey Culture ... Turkey Time and Date Turkey History Back to Top Turkey is a new nation in an old land. The modern Turkish statebeginning with the creation of the Republic of Turkey in the years immediately after World War Idrew on a national consciousness that had developed only in the late nineteenth century. But the history of nomadic Turkish tribes can be traced with certainty to the sixth century A.D., when they wandered the steppes of central Asia. Asia Minor, which the Turks invaded in the eleventh century, has a recorded history that dates back to the Hittites, who flourished there in the second millennium B.C. Archaeological demonstrate of far older cultures has been found in the region, however. In two consequent parliamentary elections, in 1987 and 1991, Turkey demonstrated a commitment to pluralist politics and a peaceful transfer of power. The 1991 election ended the eight-year rule of Özal's Motherland Party and brought to power the True Path Party, headed by Süleyman Demirel. Upon the death of Özal in 1993, Demirel ascended to the presidency, and Tansu Çiller became Turkey's first woman prime minister. Albania Maps Andorra Maps Armenia Maps Austria Maps ... mailto:info@mapzones.com?subject=Mail from HomePage

45. TURKEY HISTORY GEOGRAPHY CULTURE AND POLITICS PRACTICAL INFORMATION IMAGES OF TU About Turkey ... History Geography Culture Politics Practical Information Connections to Turkey Images of Turkey http://www.equinox.com.tr/eng/about_turkey.htm

About Turkey History Geography Practical Information Connections to Turkey ... Images of Turkey

46. TURKEY HOLIDAY PUTS SPOTLIGHT ON WYOMING’S BRIGHT TURKEY HISTORY TURKEY HOLIDAY PUTS SPOTLIGHT ON WYOMING’S BRIGHT turkey history. CHEYENNE The gobbling of the famed and glamorized first Thanksgiving took nearly three http://www.outdoorcentral.com/mc/pr/04/11/17a3a.asp

Any Comments, Questions, or Suggestions? Email The ODC Staff Send This Page To A Friend! Enter Their Email Address Below NOT A SEARCH! TURKEY HOLIDAY PUTS SPOTLIGHT ON WYOMING’S BRIGHT TURKEY HISTORY CHEYENNE - The gobbling of the famed and glamorized first Thanksgiving took nearly three centuries to resonate to the Equality State. But it rings loud across much of Wyoming now and is far from reaching a crescendo. It wasn’t until 1955 when hunters could harvest the historic wild turkey in Wyoming, and its hunting interest has continued to gain momentum since. These Wyomingites had nearly as much reverence for the bird as famous statesmen and inventor Benjamin Franklin did by touting the turkey as our national bird. Those Laramie Peak birds served as seed stock for several futile reintroduction attempts across the state until wildlife managers sowed the birds into the fertile habitat of the Black Hills in 1951-52. Thirty-three Platte County turkeys along with 15 more New Mexico transplants found new roosts near Redwater Creek in the northwest Black Hills. When combined probably with some transplants that strayed over from a South Dakota Black Hills release, the introduction served as the foundation for Wyoming’s most recognized turkey hunt area. Fall turkey hunting is a different ballgame than the camouflaged calling of the spring. With hunters searching for birds and corresponding big game seasons underway, veteran turkey hunter Harry Harju, urges all fall turkey hunters to wear orange for safety.

47. 1World2travel - Turkey History - Index turkey history index KADIN, DE CONCUBINES VAN DE SULTANS TITELS IN OSMAANS RIJK INDEX EUROPE DESTINATION STARTTIPS TURKEY http://www.1world2travel.com/article.php?articleID=1041

48. A Time Travel In History, Turkey Map of turkey. A Time Travel into history. If you are ready, I ll take you to the prehistoric times in Anatolia (turkey) for a walk into the land of the http://www.twarp.com/titr/timetrav.htm

Map of Turkey A Time Travel into History If you are ready, I'll take you to the prehistoric times in Anatolia (Turkey) for a walk into the land of the legends and a multitude of civilizations. We will do our travel in three steps. For each time zone you will see where you are on a tiny map. I strongly suggest you to follow the tour if you are a first timer at this site. Now buckle up and ... Warp into Prehistory Those who are coming here the second time and so on, you can jumpshift into specific ages: 8000 B.C. 700 B.C. 30 A.D For a virtual Blue Cruise, Natural Wonders, Cultural Peaks, Mystic and Amazing Turkey, a Travel at Warp Speeds Hotels and Travel Services in Turkey Our Sponsors: Hotel and Apartment Resources in Europe Rome hotels, apartments Prague hotels, apartments Tuscany villas Barcelona hotels, apartments ... Privacy

49. JEWELS Of AnAtoLiaN HISTORY in Russia many artistic finds and some part of the Trojan treasures are in turkey. Lycian towns were invaded many times in history by the Persians, http://www.twarp.com/wond/wond2.htm

Trojan Treasures Lycian tombs Capadoccia Ottoman Art ... Selcuklu and Ottoman Caravanserais, hotels inhabited by traders, soldiers and travellers such as Marco Polo, during 700 years Home of the two of the Seven Wonders of the World King Road, the Great Alexander took to conquer Persia This page is brought to you as a complementary info to 'A time travel into history ', a travel at warp speeds through 10,000 years. King Road The legendary trade road which made Sardes, the Lydian capital, the richest town on earth with vast treasures of gold and preciuos metals. The road streched from Sardes to Persia for more than 2000 km. (thousand miles) Along the road was the city of Gordion where lived King Midas who, according to the legend, turned to gold eveything he touched. Top Selcuklu and Ottoman Caravanserails Caravanserails were the rest and trading places of caravans, the group of travelers and traders journeying with their camels or mules. They are majorly concentrated on the Silk Road and some other trade routes. It was the marketplace, the inn, and a secure place for travellers and traders. Being the ancestors of motels and hotels they contained within their unique architecture guest rooms, baths, prayer room, a bazaar and a barn for camels. Tall and thick walls made them easily defendable against enemies. Top Roman theaters and baths Roman theaters were the places for gladiator fights and were also used for educative purposes. Aspendos theater is one of the best preserved Roman theaters on Earth. They were built with a more modern technology than the Greek theaters.

50. Turkey's History turkey s history, what a long strange trip it s been. http://www.hitit.co.uk/HistoryTk.html

There's a lot of history here. The easiest way to deal with it in a digestible format seems to be to give a chronology of the major events to begin with. We're going to use that as a framework to hang bits and pieces on later. 7500 BC First Stone age settlements at 1900-1300 BC Hittite Empire with Hattusas as capital, contemporary with ancient Egypt and Babylon 1250 BC The Trojan war and the fall of Troy 1200-700 BC Migration of Greeks to Aegean coastal regions. Establishment of the Phrygian, Ionian, Lycian, Lydian, Carian and Pamphylian Kingdoms. The East of Turkey is the home of the Urartians 700 BC Homer is born in Izmir (Smyrna). Aegean Hellenism begins 546 BC Cyrus the Great leads the Persians into Anatolia 334 BC Alexander the Great drives out the Persians 130 BC The Romans incorporate Anatolia as the province of Asia, controlled from Ephesus (Efes) 40 BC Antioch sees the marriage of Antony and Cleopatra 47-57 AD St. Paul spreads Christianity and a community at Antioch is established Roman Empire adopts Christianity Constantine lays out the boundaries of his new capital, Constantinople

51. Turkish Odyssey/About Turkey/History When discussing history it is always difficult to know from which period to If we want to speak about turkey, we have to begin by going back to the very http://www.turkishodyssey.com/turkey/history/history.htm

Introduction Topic List When discussing history it is always difficult to know from which period to actually begin. The earlier civilizations of Anatolia cannot be ignored. Some historians take the advent of the Turks into Anatolia in the 11C as the "beginning". If this were to be the case then history is limited to dating from the nomadic Turks. It has to be noted that civilizations are never built without foundations. Just like a wall made of bricks, they are all established upon former civilizations. Therefore it is quite possible to see traces of the very earliest cultures inherent in those that followed. If we want to speak about Turkey, we have to begin by going back to the very early ages as the present country is an extension and mixture of people who come from various origins. Part 1 Anatolia Until Alexander the Great Paleolithic Age Neolithic Age Chalcolithic Age Bronze Age ... Dark Age Part 2 Anatolia Until the Turks Alexander the Great Hellenistic Age Roman Age Christianity ... Byzantine Period Part 3 Turkish Period Seljuk Period Beyliks (Principalities) Period Ottoman Period Part 4

52. Turkish Odyssey/About Turkey/History/The Republic Period From then until his death in 1938, he remained in power in turkey. In 1934 everyone had to take a surname and Mustafa Kemal received the Back to history http://www.turkishodyssey.com/turkey/history/history4.htm

Contents of this Page Republic Period Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Reforms Ismet Inonu ... The Military Coups Part 4 The Republic Period DOWN THE REPUBLIC PERIOD Modern Turkish Period (1923-Present) Establishment of the Turkish Republic with Ataturk as its first president Abolition of Caliphate Ataturk's program of reforms to modernize Turkey Death of Ataturk; Ismet Inonu becomes the Republic's second president Despite the alliance with Britain and France, Turkey remains neutral during World War II Turkey becomes a charter member of United Nations Turkey enters Korean War as a part of United Nations force; change from a single-party to a multi-party system Joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) The attempt of the victorious Allies to control the Anatolian territory led to the Turkish War of Independence (1918-23).

53. The History Of Anatolia And Turkey For travelers to turkey who wish to study a detailed history and culture background of turkey. http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/

Prehistoric Times The Byzantium The Ottomans Ataturk Greetings to you traveller! We hope you've come here prepared, for this is a time machine you are about to set foot on. We named this time machine Turizm.net, the network of Turkish Tourism and Travel . It is designed to guide you through the paths of a wonderland, Turkey . The paths that not many countries on this earth have had anything similar to; a wonderland that has had hundreds of civilizations born in; a wonderland that has bred many a wind-carried legend and an unforgettable myth travelling from mouth to mouth, sailing from sea to sea; a wonderland where saints of the great religions have left their footsteps on; where kingdoms have been founded and where kingdoms have been destroyed; a wonderland where swords have pillaged and plundered and where pen has been mightier than swords; where hopes have been generously granted to every inhabitant, and where dreams have been lost; and still most important of all, dear traveller, a wonderland that has friendly people with wonderfully warm hospitality. We , the creators of this site, originating from the same lands, greet you with the same feelings and hope that you will share the same enthusiastic view when you are through.

54. Prehistoric Turkey turkey s history is astoundingly long, extending for almost 10000 years. The Prehistoric Times Paleolithic Age ( Old Stone Age ) ( 2 Million 8000 BC ) http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/paleolithic.html

Paleolithic Neolithic Chalcholithic Bronze Age Introduction to Anatolia The history of Anatolia, the Turkish homeland is simply incredible. The world's oldest city was discovered, here, at Catal Hoyuk in 7500 BC. The Hittite Empire, little known in the west, rivaled that of ancient Egypt, and left behind captivating works of art. The heartland of classical Hellenic culture is actually in Turkey, including cities such as Troy, Pergamum, Ephesus , Miletus and Halicarnassus. Most modern Turkish cities have a Roman past and all have a Byzantine one. The Seljuk Turkish Empire could boast of people like Omar Khayyam and Celaleddin Rumi, the poet, mystic and founder of the order of Whirling Dervishes. Turkey's history is astoundingly long, extending for almost 10,000 years The Prehistoric Times Paleolithic Age ( Old Stone Age ) ( 2 Million - 8000 BC ) Paleolithic Age, also known to be the old stone age, begins somewhere between 2 million years ago and ends 10.000 years before our time. This time period marks the beginning of the existence of the ancestors of man. The early man in the Paleolithic age did not know to farm and raise crops but lived on picking up vegetables, fruit and on hunting. In search of the new food sources and to be able to hunt animals, he moved from place to place , and gathered in small groups. His dwelling was in rocky areas, under big rocks and in caves. In areas where this condition could not be met he made easy and primitive shelters out of wood. Around 40.000 BC he started making simple stone tools for hunting and protection purposes.

55. Turkey - WWW-VL History history and Historical Resources about turkey. Overviews. Britannica history of turkey The Arcaeological Settlements of turkey history of Anatolia http://vlib.iue.it/history/asia/Turkey/

WWW-VL: HISTORY: TURKEY You are here: WWW VL History Europe Turkey Welcome to Virtual Historical Library of Turkey The lands of Turkey are located at a point where the three continents making up the old world. Asia, Africa and Europe are closest to each other, and straddle the point where Europe and Asia meet. Geographically, the country is located in the northern half of the hemisphere at a point that is about halfway between the equator and the north pole, at a longitude of 36 degrees N to 42 degrees N and a latitude of 26 degrees E to 45 degrees E. Turkey is roughly rectangular in shape and is 1,660 kilometers wide. Turkey's first known human inhabitants appeared in the Mediterranean region as early as 7500 BC. Although Anatolia (the western portion of Asian Turkey) is one of the oldest inhabited regions of the world, the history of Turkey as a national state began only with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. This webpage is dedicated to introduce every aspect of Turkey and the historical sites in Turkey. The site is managed by Umit Yoruk - please read ABOUT THIS NETWORK . If you are still interested or have any questions, please e-mail to

56. Thanksgiving Turkey Traditions turkey tradition history The turkey is a much more respectable Bird and withal a true The tradition of turkey is rooted in the history Of Plymouth http://www.theholidayspot.com/thanksgiving/turkey.htm

The Turkey, its traditions, and how it got associated with Thanksgiving Thanksgiving Home Navigation Links : Grreat Party Themes Recipes History Jokes-n-one liners ... Letter Heads Turkey tradition "The turkey is a much more respectable Bird and withal a true original Native of North America". Remarked Benjamin Franklin, the scientist cum statesman, who was in favor of making Turkey the national Bird, instead of Bald Eagle. The wild turkey is native to northern Mexico and the eastern United States. Later it was domesticated in Mexico, and was brought into Europe early in the 16th century. Since that time, turkeys have been extensively raised because of the excellent quality of their meat and eggs. Some of the common breeds of turkey in the United States are the Bronze, Narragansett, White Holland, and Bourbon Red. Though there is no real evidence that turkey was served at the Pilgrim's first thanksgiving, but through ages it became an indispensable part of the Thanksgiving tradition. The tradition of turkey is rooted in the 'History Of Plymouth Plantation', written by William Bradford some 22 years after the actual celebration. In his letter sent to England Edward Winslow, another Pilgrim, describes how the governor sent "four men out fowling" and they returned with turkeys, ducks and geese.

57. History Of Anatolia & Turkey Historical timeline of Anatolia and turkey, from the Hittites to the modern Turkish Republic, by Tom Brosnahan. http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/TravelDetails/History/HistoryMain.html

Home Site Index Turkey Maps Photo Gallery ... Contact Us The march of history ...or at least camels. The history of human habitation in Anatolia heartland of the Turkish Republic , goes back 25,000 yearsan incredible stretch of time. Timeline of Turkey's History The Hittites (1900-1200 BC) The Biblical empire that fought with Pharaoh. Phrygia (1200-600 BC) The Phrygians under King Midas gave us embriodery, cymbals, the musical triangle, and more. Hellenic Civilization (1200-600 BC) Western civilization started here. (334 BC) Conquering the world in his early 30s.... The Romans in Turkey (250 BC-330 AD) To the Romans, Anatolia was the province of Asia Minor. The Journeys of St. Paul He was from Tarsus , on the Mediterranean coast , so this was his himeland.... The Byzantines (330-1453 AD) A thousand years of art, culture, religion and political turmoil. The Seljuk Turks Omar Khayyam, Mevlana Jelaleddin Rumi , civil tolerance, constant war, and great architecture The Ottoman Empire From warrior principality to huge empire and "Sick Man of Europe" in 500 yearsnot to mention the

58. Timeline Of Turkey's History Detailed planning and itinerary information for travelers to turkey, from awardwinning guidebook author Tom Brosnahan. http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/TravelDetails/History/Timeline.html

Turkish History Timeline Home Site Index Turkey Maps Photo Gallery ... Contact Us An ancient gnomon (sundial) in Konya , still on view in the back wall of a building in the city center. 23,000 BC A cave at Karain , north of Antalya , is inhabited by humans, the oldest known evidence of habitation in Anatolia . People live in the cave until a few centuries ago, making it one of the longest continuously-inhabited spots on earth 7500 BC Earliest known human community at , 50 km (31 miles) southeast of Konya 5000 BC Stone and Copper Age . People have already been living in Anatolia for 20,000 years. Settlement at Hacilar. 2600-1900 BC Old Bronze Age . The Proto-Hittite Empire flourishes in Central Anatolia and the Southeast 1900-1300 BC The Hittite Empire flourishes, battles Egypt. Patriarch Abraham , who has been dwelling in Harran , near Sanliurfa , leaves for Canaan (Israel). 1250 BC The Trojan War fought between the armies of Troy and Achaea (Greece) for control of trade passing through the Dardanelles strait.

59. Mersina: Information About Turkey Central Anatolia Black Sea Eastern Anatolia Southeastern Anatolia A Journey into the Heart of history 3coverTurkey.JPG (5771 bytes) http://www.mersina.com/

Mersina Home FACTS ABOUT THE COUNTRY Geography Population History Political Structure ... Folklore and Customs PLANNING YOUR VISIT Where to obtain information When to go The climate What to take ... Heart of History Search Mersina: Web Mersina Back to Top Anatolia.com TurkishPress.com ePhone/eFax: (253) 660-9083

60. Search Results For Turkey, History Of - Encyclopædia Britannica Search results include encyclopedia articles from Encyclopedia Britannica Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, definitions from MerriamWebster s Dictionary http://www.britannica.com/search?miid=1271648&query=Turkey, history of

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