21. TONGA At first, authority was divided on a regional basis between the Tu i AH Wood,history and Geography of tonga. The Government of tonga, Auckland, 1945. http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Tonga/tonga.htm

TONGA BRIEF HISTORY The ancient regal system of Tonga (or the Friendly Islands) evolved into a tri-partite system of three rulers, styled the Tu'i Tonga, the Tu'i Ha-a Takala'ua and the Tu'i Kanokupolu. All three shared the same descent from the creation through the Tu'i Tonga line, they branched out later. Tonga was once a powerful Empire ruling faraway lands, including Samoa, parts of Fiji and the Cook islands, Niue and Fotuna. The people of Fotuna breached convention by killing the sacred Tu'i Tonga Takala'ua ca. 1535. This act of sacrilege was a watershed in Tongan history. His son and successor, Tu'i Tonga Kau'-ulu'-fonua, decided to separate the religious and secular functions of his office by dividing power between himself and his half-brother. Mo'ungamotu'a, accordingly became the first Tu'i Ha-a Takala'ua, responsible for military and civil affairs, and government of the people. The Tu'i Tonga thereafter retreated from civil government by becoming the divine head of state, a position not unlike that of a constitutional monarch who was also head of a state church. The Tu'i Kanokupolu dynasty springs from Ngata, son of the 6

22. Tonga (09/05) history The word tonga means south in numerous Polynesian languages. In 2002, TDS soldiers were deployed as part of a multinational regional http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/16092.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs September 2005 Background Note: Tonga PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Tonga Geography Area: 747 sq. km. (288 sq. mi.). Cities: Capital Nuku'alofa (pop. 34,000). Terrain: 169 islands, mainly raised coral but some volcanic. Climate: Tropical, modified by trade winds. Warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December). People Nationality: Noun and adjective Tongan(s). Population (2002 est.): 110,237. Age structure: 37.1% below 14; 4.2% over 65. Annual growth rate (2002 est.): 1.94%. Ethnic groups: Tongan 98%, other Polynesian, European. Religions: Wesleyan Methodist, Anglican, Roman Catholic, Seventh-day Adventist, Mormon. Languages: Tongan, English. Education: Literacy (2001 est.)98.5%. Health: Infant mortality rate (2002 est.)12.62/1,000. Life expectancy at birth 68.56 yrs.: female72.14 years; male67.05 years. Work force (1997 est.) 33,908: Agriculture Unemployment (1996 est.): 13.3%. Government Type: Constitutional hereditary monarchy.

23. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - Overview Of Tonga Information on the overview of the country, its history, economy, governmentstructure, vital statistics, tonga HEADLINES. regional PAGE. Oceania http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryIntro.asp?CountryID=209&RegionID=6

24. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Tonga history. The word tonga means south in numerous Polynesian languages. Some scholarsbelieve the inhabitants tonga HEADLINES. regional PAGE. Oceania http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistory.asp?CountryID=209&RegionID=6

25. Islands Of The Kingdom Of Tonga - Vava'u Vava u is rapidly becoming the tourist center of tonga. The peak season is fromMay to Polynesian oral tradition relates to interesting regional history. http://www.vacations.tvb.gov.to/vavau.htm

VAVA'U Vava'u is pure paradise. The longer a visitors stays, the more he will he spell-bound by the charms of this northern archipelago of 71 islands. Vava'u is rapidly becoming the tourist center of Tonga. The peak season is from May to November. The visitor will find excellent restaurants, plus a choice of hotels, resorts and guest houses mostly located in or around Neiafu township Visitors can explore the archipelago aboard a yacht or launch, or take a scenic flight. With an abundance of white sand beaches protected by colorful coral reefs swimming and observing the diverse life on the reefs are superb. If you are interested in conchology, the reefs supply a museum-like array of Pacific shells. Diving tours are professionally organized to nearby shipwrecks and caves. In the clear, crystalline, water visibility extends beyond 30 meters. Fishing is a traditional way of life in Vava'u and visitors are able to participate in fishing trips, and honor and an unforgettable experience. Tonga is renowned for its handicrafts, reputedly the finest in the Pacific, and on Vava'u the choice is fabulous.

26. Tonga (British Empire & Commonwealth Land Forces) history of tonga, by Alexander Ganse (World history at KMLA). General.regional. Colonial Period. Independence Period http://www.regiments.org/nations/oceania/tonga.htm

Authors and Contributors this page: T.F. Mills Page created 23 January 1996 Corrected and updated TONGA Major Government Sites Military News General Reference Military History ... Other Web Catalogues Note: for history before independence see British Pacific Territories Tonga independence Tonga Government [no armed forces] Dictionaries Tonga (CIA World Fact Book) Tonga (Commonwealth Secretariat) Governors and Rulers , by Benjamin Cahoon ( World Statesmen Social and Political History History of the Pacific Islands , by Alexander Ganse ( World History at KMLA History of Tonga , by Alexander Ganse ( World History at KMLA Maps for wars, campaigns and operations, see below General Regional Colonial Period Independence Period Index of Regiments General Tonga Order of Battle by Ravi Rikhye (Orbat.com)

27. Pacific Islands Regional Gathering Kicks Off With Feast Of Tongan Hospitality tongan hospitality overwhelms Pacific Islanders at regional gathering The visitors caught glimpses of tonga s Methodist history, and visited the Mo unga http://gbgm-umc.org/news/2001/may/tonga2.htm

home news / TONGA Tongan hospitality overwhelms Pacific Islanders at regional gathering SEE ALSO Photo Gallery WATCH VIDEO Dr. Nugent greets gathering RealMedia Broadband King of Tonga speaks to visitors RealMedia Broadband "These Tongans are a wonderful people," said a man from Vanuatu, shaking his head in amazement at Tongan hospitality during a reception for representatives of Pacific Island churches. The previous night he and his colleagues from eight churches in the region-all of them mission partners of the United Methodist Church-had been welcomed by Her Royal Highness Princess Mele Siu'ilikutapu Fotofili. Also present were directors and staff of the United Methodist General Board of Global Ministries, which was sponsoring the gathering. That was on Sunday, a day when Tongans go to church and then relax. No hardship for the visitors; they worshiped in one or another of 20 of Tonga's Free Wesleyan Churches, then feasted and fellowshipped in Tongan homes. Representatives from the Women's and Youth networks of the partner churches in the region compared notes later that day and shared their hopes for ministry and mission.

28. TRAVEL.com ® RegionalOceaniaTongaSociety And Culture Tongan tattoo 2001 in Polynesia, this site has been created to talk about theTongan Tatatau tradition, its history and revival. http://www.travel.com/Regional/Oceania/Tonga/Society_and_Culture/

29. Tonga National Olympic Commitee tonga s Rep to regional Women in Sports Meeting. Friday, 24th June 2005 Siaosi Lynch made history on New Year s Eve at the National Bodybuilding Contest http://www.oceaniasport.com/tonga/

Introduction Executive Staff Programs ... List of Sponsors Hockey receives funding through ASP Program Wednesday, 24th August 2005 Australian High Commisssioner, His Excellency Colin Hill yesterday presented the Tonga National Hockey Federation with a cheque for $AUS 5900 to assist with the development of hockey in the Kingdom. The funding is provided through the Australia South Pacific (ASP) Sports Program and will be used by the National Hockey Federation to provide training for coaches, to assist in the development of a club based competition and to provide hockey equipment for both the junior development program and the National team. Full Story Tonga Rules Beach Thursday, 4th August 2005 Ti'o and Samuela defeated New Caledonia once again in the finals of the Mens Beach Volleyball at Long Beach, Koror, with 2 straight sets, 21-18, 21-15 claiming the Gold during the 9 day competition. Full Story Athletics win first Medal for Tonga in Palau Wednesday, 27th July 2005 'Aleki Sapoi ran a comfortable 53.89 sec to win the Men's 400m Hurdles on the second day of the South Pacific Mini Games winning Tonga it's first in Palau. Full Story Olympic Day Fun Run Monday, 11th July 2005

30. Tonga Defence Services - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia history of tonga Armed Forces. tonga participated in World War I, In 2002,TDS soldiers were deployed as part of a multinational regional peacekeeping http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga_Defence_Services

Tonga Defence Services From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Tonga Defence Services TDS ) is the 450-person armed force of Tonga . It is comprised of three operational command components, two support elements (logistics and training groups) and police. The force's mission is to assist in maintenance of public order, to patrol coastal waters and fishing zones, and to engage in civic action and national development projects. The main base of operations is the capital, Nuku'alofa The TDS is partially supported by defence cooperation agreements with both Australia and New Zealand , which support the TDS with small in-country detachments of military technicians. The United States military provides training to the TDS and conducts humanitarian civic action projects in Tonga. Contents Organization Components Ships of TDS Maritime Force Naval Aviation ... edit Organization The TDS is organized in a unified command system. It consists of three forces, the Regular Force, the Territorial Force and the Active Reserve. The three main component units of the Regular Force are the Land Force, Support TDS, and Navy. The Territorial Force and Reserve Force are under the direct control of the Headquarters, TDS. edit Components Royal Tongan Marines Tongan Royal Guards Maritime Force Royal Corps of Musicians (ROCOM) edit Ships of TDS Maritime Force VOEA Neiafu Pacific -class patrol boat VOEA Pangai Pacific -class patrol boat VOEA Savea Pacific -class patrol boat VOEA Lomipeau (A301) - coastal tanker VOEA Late LCM-8 type, logistic barge

31. MRD: Petroleum Potential Of Fiji - Summary, History, Geology Fiji lies on the same regional play trend of Miocene reefs which produce oil Finally, subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the tonga Ridge from the http://www.mrd.gov.fj/gfiji/petroleum/petroleum.html

THE PETROLEUM POTENTIAL OF FIJI Author : Jonathan A. Rodd TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY HISTORY OF EXPLORATION GEOLOGY Regional Tectonic Setting ... Entire Document SUMMARY Fiji forms part of the South-West Pacific island arc system which marks the boundary between the Indo-Australia and Pacific plates. The territorial waters cover almost 1.3 million km² and contain two shallow-water Tertiary sedimentary basins. Bligh Water Basin, covering some 9500 km², has sediment thicknesses in excess of 5km and has excellent potential for hydrocarbons. Bau Waters Basin is also prospective, having a shallow-water area of about 1600km², with sediment thicknesses up to 4km. Fiji lies on the same regional play trend of Miocene reefs which produce oil in Irian Jaya, Indonesia and gas/condensate in offshore Papua New Guinea. Indeed Fiji's basins have many similarities with the oil and gas producing, arc-related basins of Southeast Asia. Source rocks of Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene age are exposed onshore in Fiji and have been encountered by drilling in the offshore basins. An oil seep in Bligh Water Basin and oil and gas shows in wells provide evidence that hydrocarbons have been generated in the basins. Modelling studies indicate peak oil generation to be at about 2.6km below sea floor.

32. BBC - Wales - Scrum V - History BBC Wales Scrum V history of rugby in tonga. New regional Boundaries,OspreysNeath Double, The Barbarians, tongan rugby, Triple Crown 1979 http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/scrumv/features/history/tonganhistory.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index MONDAY 26th September 2005 Text only Next Show: Friday, 30 September 2005 BBC Homepage Wales Home Sport Scrum V ... Play the pundit Columns Webguide About the BBC Contact Us Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! History Tongan rugby Tongan rugby history Scrum V takes a look at the Tongans Playing colours: Red and white Anthem and Haka: They remained a little-known quantity until 1986 when a promising young Welsh side embarked on a tour of the South Pacific - Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa. Combative The Welsh side enjoyed a winning start in the paradise surroundings of Fiji and moved on to Tonga in fine fettle. Captain Dai Pickering had been injured in Fiji, and the combative qualities of the new leader - Richard Moriarty - would prove essential for the next leg of the tour. The Welsh boys were immediately shocked by the poverty they witnessed in Tonga, alarmed at the quality of the accommodation and lack of outside contacts, and - according to Robert Jones - were continually hassled by local transvestites! If this was a shock, worse was to follow...

33. Migration Information Source - Tonga: Migration And The Homeland A Brief Migration history In the 1930s, the tongan population of about 32000 Country Statement 20 (Kingdom of tonga), regional Seminar on Population and http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/print.cfm?ID=198

34. Migration Information Source - Tonga: Migration And The Homeland Country Statement 20 (Kingdom of tonga), regional Seminar on Population and Wood, AH 1978 (reprinted from 1943) history and Geography of tonga. http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?id=198

35. Our History Additional regional seminars were held in Seoul, Korea in 1983; Brisbane, Australiain 1985; bullet, Delegates from all across the Pacific met in tonga. http://www.wmei.ws/about/our_history.htm

World Methodist Evangelism Institute History of the Institute Early beginnings st Quinquennium (1982 - 1987) nd ... Quinquennium (2002 - 2007) Early beginnings During the 1970's, leaders in the World Evangelism movement began envisioning an institute which would raise up a new generation of faithful evangelism leaders around the world. In 1979, Dr. Joe Hale, General Secretary of the World Methodist Council said, "We are seeking to develop an Institute for World Evangelization which will enable leadership from East to West, South to North, Orient to Occident to be trained and motivated in world Evangelism - for Methodism to be a movement in the world." In 1979, a pilot seminar was held at Emory University by Dr. George E. Morris, the Arthur J. Moore Professor of Evangelism at Candler School of Theology ; Rev. Sir Alan Walker, World Director of Evangelism, World Methodist Council, and Dr. Joe Hale. Subsequently, the World Methodist Council's meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii in July, 1981 voted to establish the World Methodist Evangelism Institute, a ministry of World Evangelism, World Methodist Council and Candler School of Theology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Bishop William R. Cannon, President of the World Methodist Council; Dr. James T. Laney, President of Emory University, and Dr. Jim L. Waits, Dean of Candler School of Theology were key supporters for the Institute during its formation. Dr. George E. Morris was named the first Director of the Institute.

36. Charting The Pacific - Places Pacific regional statistical data, country profiles, and an overview of the key history. Archaeologists believe tonga was first inhabited at least 3000 http://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/places/country/tonga.htm

View Regional Statistics :: View Regional Issues :: Individual Country Profiles :: :: Facts and Figures :: Government :: Resources :: History ... :: Links Tonga Tonga is the only nation in the Pacific not to have been colonised by a Western power. Its dynasty, which goes back to the 10th century, is one of the longest reigning in the world. Facts and Figures Total Land Area: Exclusive Economic Zone: Number of Islands: a Capital: Main Island: Population: Languages: Political Status: Head of State: Head of Government: Currency: GDP/capita (A$): 170 (36 inhabited) divided in three main groups: Tongatapu, Ha'apai and Vava'u. Nuku'alofa Tongatapu Tongan (a Polynesian language) and English Independent state (Constitutional monarchy) King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV Prince 'Ulukalala Lavaka Ata Pa'anga Government The Monarch appoints ministers for life, and they remain in office until retirement age. There is a parliament (Legislative Assembly) but the people elect only 9 of its 23 members. The others are either appointed by the reigning monarch or elected amongst the nobility. There are no political parties as such but, since the end of the 1980s, a movement led by a commoner, Akilisi Pohiva, has campaigned for a more democratic form of government.

37. Polynesia, 1800-1900 A.D. | Timeline Of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum Of Timeline of Art history World Map regional Map By 1900, tonga remainsthe only substantial independent political entity in Polynesia. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/10/ocp/ht10ocp.htm

Encompasses present-day Tonga, Independent Samoa, American Samoa, Fiji, French Polynesia, Hawai'i, Wallis and Futuna, and the Cook Islands See also Southeast Asia Australia Melanesia , and Micronesia During the nineteenth century, European and American cultural and political influences continue to spread throughout the widely separated islands of Polynesia. In the early 1800s, European explorers The latter part of the nineteenth century is marked by the increasing political control of the individual regions of Polynesia by European and American colonial powers. In the 1840s, the British and Maori sign the Treaty of Waitangi, establishing British law in New Zealand, and France begins to lay claim to Tahiti and other parts of present-day French Polynesia. During the 1870s and 1880s, the British annex Fiji and the Cook Islands, while Tahiti is formally ceded to France and Easter Island to Chile. Backed by U.S. Marines, a group of American businessmen depose the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893 and the United States and Germany divide the islands of Samoa between them in 1899. By 1900, Tonga remains the only substantial independent political entity in Polynesia. The tumultuous events of the nineteenth century have profound effects on Polynesian art. The conversion of Polynesian peoples to Christianity results in the destruction of much of Polynesia's rich sculptural heritage, which missionaries and recent converts condemn as "idols." A substantial number of the surviving Polynesian images are, ironically, collected by the missionaries themselves and sent back to Europe or America as evidence of their spiritual achievements. Others are acquired by explorers, colonists, and sailors and eventually make their way into Western museums and private collections. While the sculptural traditions associated with Polynesia's indigenous religions decline or cease altogether, many more secular artistic traditions continue. These include important women's art forms such as bark cloth and elaborately plaited mats as well as men's art forms such as the carving of headrests, food pounders, and bowls.

38. Polynesia, 1900 A.D.-present | Timeline Of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum Timeline of Art history World Map regional Map. Polynesia, 1900 ADpresentEncompasses present-day tonga, Independent Samoa, American Samoa, Fiji, http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/11/ocp/ht11ocp.htm

Encompasses present-day Tonga, Independent Samoa, American Samoa, Fiji, French Polynesia, Hawai'i, Wallis and Futuna, and the Cook Islands See also Southeast Asia Australia Melanesia , and Micronesia Coming of Age in Samoa , becomes an anthropological classic. Polynesian art and culture, however, endure. Artists continue to practice a variety of art forms for their own use, including the production of bark cloth and mats as well as the creation of nonfigural wood carvings such as bowls and headrests. What figurative sculpture is produced during the first half of the century, however, is almost universally made for sale. In the decades after World War II, as part of the larger global movement toward decolonization, parts of Polynesia achieve independence, including Western Samoa, Fiji, the Cook Islands, and Tuvalu. Others, such as the Austral, Tuamotu, Marquesas, and Society Islands, as well as American Samoa, remain under the authority of other nations or, as in the case of Hawai'i, become formally incorporated into them. Beginning in the 1970s, many Polynesian peoples, particularly Hawaiians and Maori who live among the majority settler populations of their original homelands, become increasingly active in asserting their cultural identity and seeking greater political autonomy. The same period witnesses a wider renaissance of Polynesian culture and art across the entire region. Some artists devote themselves to rejuvenating or reviving indigenous traditions such as wood carving and the making of bark cloth. Others use Western materials and techniques, integrating them into their own artistic and cultural traditions to create distinctively Polynesian forms of contemporary art.

39. LyricsVault: History Of Music; Cultural And Regional Genres Of Music Cultural and regional genres of music Cultural genres Music of tonga (lali,hiva usa) Music of Trinidad and Tobago (lavway, leggos, calypso, soca, http://www.lyricsvault.net/history/CulturalRegionalGenres.html

Cultural and regional genres of music Cultural genres By race or ethnicity Australian Aboriginal music (didgeridoo, Aboriginal rock) African American music (blues, gospel, soul, funk, jazz, rock 'n' roll, hip hop) Andean music (nueva cancion) Arab music (classical Arab music, rai, sout, gnawa, al-jil, chaabi) Ashkenazi music (klezmer) Basque music (trikitrixa, bersolari, shawm and drum, fasil, raks, calgia) Bedouin music (zajal) Berber music Blackfoot music Celtic music (jig, reel, strathspey, hornpipe) Garifuna music (punta, paranda, brukdown) Gypsy music (flamenco) Inuit music (katajjaq) Jewish music (piyyutim, klezmer) Kurdish music Lusophone music (fado, samba, Angolan merengue, semba, bossa nova, choro, lambada, MPB, baila, timbila, gumbe, marrabenta, morna) Maori music (kapa haka, waiata) Native American and First Nations music (chicken scratch, pow-wow, peyote song) Nordic music (pols, polska, runo, Scandinavian death metal, Finnish opera) Palestinian music (dabka, dalauna, meyjana)

40. History Of Tonga - MavicaNET regional Australia and Oceania tonga Path to the top tonga has aproud history stretching back for more than a 1000 years, but the written http://www.mavicanet.com/directory/eng/24228.html

selCatSelAlt="Deselect category"; selCatDesAlt="Select category"; selSitSelAlt="Deselect site"; selSitDesAlt="Select site"; MavicaNET - Multilingual Search Catalog MavicaNet Lite - Light version Catalog Belarusian Bulgarian Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian (cyr.) Serbian (lat.) Slovak Spanish Swedish Turkish Ukrainian Regional Australia and Oceania Tonga Culture ... History of Pacific Region History of Tonga Sites Sister categories ... History of American Samoa History of Cook Islands History of East Timor History of Easter Island History of Fiji History of Guam History of Hawaii History of Kiribati History of New Zealand History of Norfolk Island History of Papua New Guinea History of Samoa History of Solomon Islands History of Vanuatu Tongan Language Sites No filters selected ... Web Resources News Job Education Personalia Organizations References and Indices Humor and entertainment Publications Chats and Forums Shopping History of Tonga Sites total: 4 Categories No Sorting Quality Title Rating Language Last Edit Time - English URL: http://www.fiat.to/t1/to02-e.htm

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