81. CIEPAC: Chiapas Al Día, No. 185 or the “El tigre” dam in San Salvador or in Boruca, Costa Rica, Indigenouspeoples have been disproportionately plundered and affected by the savage http://www.ciepac.org/bulletins/ingles/ing395.htm

CIEPAC February 11, 2004 THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF PEOPLE AFFECTED BY DAMS Among the countries present at the Second Conference were:  Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Togo, Zimbabwe, China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Latvia, Laos, Holland, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, England, Ireland, Belize, Costa Rica, Mexico, Honduras, the United States, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Australia, New Zealand, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Greece and Colombia.  The theme is relevant now that the construction of hydroelectric dams in the region of Plan Puebla-Panama (PPP) is strengthening even as the resistance struggles intensify.  Today in Mexico, struggles against the Arcediano dam in Jalisco are being held while in Guerrero campesinos and indigenous peoples are opposing being displaced by the La Parota dam project.  In Oaxaca, campesinos that were displaced by the construction of the Benito Juarez dam years ago are again being threatened by its expansion and by the construction of a new highway under the PPP framework.

82. Eritrea 1920s Massawa developed into the largest port in East africa. 1958 EritreanPeople s Liberation Front (EPLF) was formed to fight for independence after http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/countryfacts/eritrea.html

// Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> From: www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/ ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Men's Health ... Wildlife Frames not supported Frames not supported Country Search Find a country's flag, map or national anthem here. Click on a letter to find the country: A B C D ... Z Or search for a country: Hutchinson Country Facts Eritrea General Information Government Economy and resources Population and society ... Chronology GENERAL INFORMATION National name Hagere Eretra al-Dawla al-Iritra/State of Eritrea Area 125,000 sq km/48,262 sq mi Capital Asmara Major towns/cities Assab, Keren, Massawa, Adi Ugri, Ed Major ports Assab, Massawa Physical features coastline along the Red Sea 1,000 km/620 mi; narrow coastal plain that rises to an inland plateau; Dahlak Islands back to top GOVERNMENT Head of state and government Issaias Afwerki from 1993 Political system nationalistic socialist Political executive unlimited presidency Administrative divisions six regions Political parties People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) (formerly Eritrean People's Liberation Front EPLF), left of centre, the only party recognised by the government; Eritrean National Pact Alliance (ENPA), moderate, centrist Armed forces 172,200; plus 120,000 reservists (2002 est)

83. E pennants and jack people s republic of albania other ensigns east andcentral africa cricket ccouncil east and central africa cricket council http://www.flag.de/FOTW/flags/keyworde.html

E List of keywords beginning with E Last modified: Keywords: web index keywords Links: FOTW homepage search write us mirrors Keywords beginning with a b c d ... z e-vexillology vexillological metadata schema e não menos por armas que por letras portuguese air force e pluribus unum sport lisboa e benfica (portugal) e verão! é portimão! portimão municipality (portugal) e. a. moreira house flags of portuguese shipping companies (d-l) e.b. aaby houseflags of norwegian maritime companies (e-g) e.i.n house flags of portuguese shipping companies (d-l) e esperanto flag imperial flag (russia, 1858-1883) ea air force ensign (spain) other house flags of shipping companies (country unknown) portuguese companies’ flags eagle's head (black) eagle's head (red) city of rathenow (havelland county, brandenburg, germany) eagle (black) alandroal municipality (portugal) albufeira municipality (portugal) austria-hungary: imperial coat of arms austria - first republic, 1918 - 1934 ... war ensigns and other naval flags 1817-1867 (prussia, germany) eagle (blue) bistrica ob sotli (municipality, slovenia) county of örebro (sweden) eagle (brown) artsakh (nagorno-karabakh) mexican empire (1821-1823) mexico - 1823-national flag "official" variant used in 1899-1917 mexico - 1823-national flag "official" variant used in 1917-1934 ... mexico (1823-1864/1823-1880) eagle (displayed eagle (gold) air defense command (japan) command and rank flags of the army 1933-1945 (germany) electorate of brandenburg 1356-1701 (germany) flags of the air force 1933-1945 (germany) ... reichsmarschall 1940-1945 (germany) eagle (golden)

84. Gosine - Introducton In addition, what needs to be noted is that most of the people who migrated to the Dr. Narine focuses on two foreign communities, El tigre in Venezuela, http://www.saxakali.com/indocarib/introduction.htm

SOJOURNER TO SETTLER: AN INTRODUCTION by Mahin Gosine Introduction The Indian Diaspora When one takes a careful look at the history books, one sees very quickly that migration has increased significantly since the invention of the steam engine in 1807. This trend continued throughout the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth century. Furthermore, beginning in the period following World War II, migration patterns around the world increased significantly (Motwani and Gosine, 1993; Schaefer, 1996). Moreover, beginning around the 1960's, when the world began to become more of a "global village", owing to such things as radical changes in international travel and innovations in the media, etcetera, (McCluhan, 1967), the numbers of people around the world migrating and traveling from one country to another reached an all-time high. This, of course, includes East Indians from both the sub-continent and other countries of the world where they have taken up permanent residence. Nevertheless one thing is certain, and that is that Indian migration has a long history, and with each passing day, the Indian presence around the world is becoming increasingly profound.

85. MSN Encarta - African Languages Encarta Search. Search Encarta about African Languages Print Preview of Section.African Languages, languages indigenous to the African continent. http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565449/African_Languages.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Search ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Afro-Asiatic Languages Linguistics Encarta Search Search Encarta about African Languages Advertisement African Languages Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 3 items Article Outline Introduction Language Groupings The Afro-Asiatic Family The Nilo-Saharan Family ... Other Language Families I Introduction Print Preview of Section African Languages , languages indigenous to the African continent. More than 2,000 different languages are spoken in Africa . Apart from Arabic , which is not confined to Africa, the most widely spoken African tongues are Swahili (35 million speakers) and Hausa (39 million), both of which are used over wide areas as lingua francas . Several languages (often inaccurately termed dialects simply because they have few users or are under-researched) are spoken by only a few thousand people. Although very few African languages have written literatures, the majority have long-standing traditions of oral literature. II Language Groupings Print Preview of Section According to the most recent and widely accepted scholarly practice, the languages of Africa are grouped into four language families:

86. Ethiopia (08/05) Facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, economy, Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in africa and one of the http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2859.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of African Affairs August 2005 Background Note: Ethiopia PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Geography Area: 1.1 million sq. km (472,000 sq. mi.); about the size of Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico combined. Cities: Capital Addis Ababa (pop. 2.6 million). Other cities Dire Dawa (237,000), Nazret (189,000), Gondar (163,000), Dessie (142,000), Mekelle (141,000), Bahir Dar (140,000), Jimma (132,000), Awassa (104,000). Terrain: High plateau, mountains, dry lowland plains. Climate: Temperate in the highlands; hot in the lowlands. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Ethiopian(s). Population (2003 est.): 70.5 million. Annual growth rate: 2.7%. Ethnic groups (est.): Oromo 35%, Amhara 30%, Tigre 6.3%, Somali 6%, Sidama 6%, Gurage 4%, Wolaita 4%, Afar 2%, other nationalities 6.7%. Religions (est.): Ethiopian Orthodox Christian 45%, Sunni Muslim 40-45%, Protestant 5%, remainder indigenous beliefs. Languages: Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Arabic, Guaragigna, Oromigna, English, Somali.

87. Argentina However, in practice, indigenous people did not participate in the management of In March, the courts convicted a man of threatening a woman of African http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27883.htm

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Releases Human Rights Western Hemisphere Argentina Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor February 25, 2004 Argentina is a federal constitutional democracy with an executive branch headed by an elected president, a bicameral legislature, and a separate judiciary. After protests in December 2001 led to the resignation of President Fernando de la Rua and a succession of interim presidents elected by the Legislative Assembly, presidential elections were held in April. No candidate gained sufficient votes to win the election in the first round; however, former President Carlos Menem withdrew his candidacy before the second round, and Nestor Kirchner was declared the President and assumed office on May 25. The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary, but it was often inefficient and at times subject to political influence. The President is the constitutional commander-in-chief, and a civilian Defense Minister oversees the armed forces. Several agencies share responsibility for maintaining law and order. The Federal Police (PFA) report to the Secretary of Security under the Ministry of Justice, Security, and Human Rights, as do the Border Police ("Gendarmeria") and Coast Guard. The PFA has jurisdiction in the Federal Capital and over federal crimes in the provinces. Provincial police are subordinate to the provincial governors. While civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces, there were instances in which elements of the security forces acted independently of government authority. Some members of the security forces committed human rights abuses.

88. Afaan Oromo Our people have a highly developed oral tradition which, 3.2 Semitic egArabic, Amharic 3.3 Berber languages in Northern africa - eg Kabyle of Algeria http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Hornet/Afaan_Oromo_19777.html

Afaan Oromo Date: Sun, 26 Jun 94 10:21:09 +0000 Reply-To: Ben_Parker@padis.gn.apc.org Subject: Afaan Oromoo - the Oromo language and the latin alphabet The Following paper was presented by Tilahun Gamta, Professor of Linguistic Studies at the University of Addis Ababa and author of Oromo/English dictionary, at the 1992 Oromo Studies Conference, and Published, among others, in the Journal of Oromo Studies. QUBE AFAAN OROMO The Oromo, the largest ethnic group, comprise 50%-60% or about 25 million of the population of the Ethiopian Empire State. They are "a very ancient race, the indigenous stock, perhaps, on which most other peoples in this part of Eastern Africa (the Horn of Africa) had been grafted" [1]. Their fertile country, Oromiyaa, located between 2 and 12 N and 34 and 44 East, is 600,000 square kilometers. Afaan Oromo, a highly developed spoken language, is at the top of the list [2] of the distinct and separate 1000 or so languages used in Africa, the most polyglot of the continents. It is classified [3] as one of the Kushitic [4] languages spoken in the Ethiopian Empire, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, and Kenya. Of the Kushitic languages spoken in the Ethiopian Empire State, Afaan Oromo, Somali, Sidama, Hadiya, and Afar-Saho are the languages with the greatest number of speakers.

89. Jane Plastow - ACD Directory - Drama - British Council - Arts UK, North africa and Middle East, SubSaharan africa. COMPANY POLICY Jane Plastowworks to train people in a range of approaches to arts and development http://www.britishcouncil.org/arts-acd-directory-jane-plastow.htm

Text only Print E-mail this page Add to favourites ... Arts for Development Homepage This page gives an overview of the UK's experience in arts work which has a social development aspect. Arts for Development Projects Read about our international projects in the performing arts that cover an arts for development agenda. Performing Arts: Dance Homepage Performing Arts: Drama Homepage Performing Arts: Music Homepage Drama Publications and Resources Quick links to drama entries: Acting Out Company Mojisola Adebayo Ali Campbell Cardboard Citizens ... People's Palace Projects Jane Plastow Pop-Up Theatre Project Phakama Rideout Small World Theatre ... Wolf + Water Arts Company Jane Plastow Arts and Culture for Development - Drama Company Information TYPE OF WORK Performance for rights, development, conflict resolution, young people and women. TARGET GROUPS Africa: street dwellers; national community arts development/training projects; work with marginalised communities, rural, urban, youth and women on development and human rights; training and awareness raising for NGOs and development organisations. GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT UK, North Africa and Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa

90. On Finfinnee Liberating the Oromo People for Stability and Development in the Horn of africa We plead to all peace loving people of the world to stand by our side http://www.oromoliberationfront.org/Oromo_appeal.htm

SBO/ Radio Liberating the Oromo People for Stability and Development in the Horn of Africa Oromo Appeal, from Oromia Since 1880s black colonizers (Abyssinians) waged campaign against Oromo entity by killing the broad masses of Oromo without discrimination (mass massacre) by mutilating mother's breast and castrating fatherhood, they overrun Oromo nation supported by European ammunition. It is an all known fact that during colonization at first, enemy kills soldiers, then after conquering they kill culture, traditional beliefs and values, in banning every right and reduce indigenous /native/people to the level of servitude and or to serfdom. These practical acts of Abyssinian colonial rulers is clearly seen by change of names in almost all Oromo places to Abyssinian traditional and religious names; for instance the heart land of Oromia, Finfinnee was re-named as Addis Ababa, Bishooftuu as Debre Zeit, Adaamaa as Nazret and the like. It was Minilik II who championed the colonization of Oromo and other nations and nationalities and deprived them all rights, snatched all property and power of belongingness by subduing the subjected indigenous people to speaking commodity where they are but did not dislocate them.

91. Africa:Forests Under Threat It has been shown that traditional systems of African culture, At all times,forest products play a crucial role in people s livelihoods. http://www.wrm.org.uy/countries/Africa/trouble5.html

Publications Africa: Forests under threat index By different means the World Bank is one of the major and most influential promoters of the prevailing monoculture tree plantation model. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) - a part of the World Bank Group, whose specific task is the promotion of private sector investment in "poor" countries - has been directly investing in projects linked to tree plantations, for example in Kenya and Brazil. The Liberian Agricultural Company (LAC) will receive a loan of US$ 3.5 million to develop a rubber plantation in its 120,000 hectares estate. Between 1961 and 1984 the company had planted rubber there in an area of 10,500 hectares, which was abandoned because of the civil war. According to its promoters, the project will create jobs, provide health and education, and improve rural infrastructure, benefiting 800 small holders. Increasing conflict between smallholders and oil palm estates This is not the first strike of this kind and there have been similar actions taken by outgrowers since the 1997 privatization of the previously state-owned Palmindustrie company. The assets of that company where bought by three large private enterprises:

92. E eagle doubleheaded (black) @people s republic of albania (1946-1992) east and central africa cricket ccouncil east and central africa cricket http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/keyworde.html

93. E-LAW Partners In The News Archive Struggle to Phase Out Leaded Gas in South africa (08/15/2003) Annie representsindigenous communities challenging logging companies in Papua New Guinea. http://www.elaw.org/news/partners/Default.asp?lang=es

94. Refugee Council The most important African languages are Umbundu, Ovimbundu and Kikongo. The predominant Muslim community in northern Eritrea speaks tigre. http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/publications/pub017.htm

Refugee Council online home about us publications news ... contact us publications Publications HOME Key titles: Information Service resources for teachers how to order Policy publications: briefings policy papers research reports Information publications: regional information for advisers information for refugee community organisations annual reports inexile (no longer available) Refugee languages by country of origin Afghanistan Pushto and Persian are the two official languages. In Afghanistan, the Persian language is known as Dari. Although standard written Persian is taught in schools, spoken Dari is a different dialect to Farsi. Most Afghan refugees in Britain speak Dari or Pushto as their first language. Algeria Arabic is the official language and is spoken by the majority of the population. Algerians speak a Magrebi dialect of Arabic. Magrebi is not understood by Arabic speakers from outside the region. However, standard modern Arabic is the form of written language that is taught in all Arabic speaking countries, and is taught to children in Algeria. French is widely spoken as second language. Some ten per cent of the population speak Berber languages, mostly Kabyle. Among Algerian refugees in Britain a small number speak Kabyle. Angola The official language in Angola is Portuguese. The most important African languages are Umbundu, Ovimbundu and Kikongo. All of these language are bantu languages, which use the Roman script in their written form. Educated Angolans are likely to speak French.

95. Eco-Index: Monthly Update The Southern Pacific Regional indigenous Council (Consejo Ind­gena Regional the meeting addressed important issues for indigenous people such as study http://www.eco-index.org/new/update/index.cfm

Skip navigation. September 2005 Below is a list of the projects added to the Eco-Index database in the past thirty days. They are listed in order by country, starting with regional projects.  Click on the links to go directly to the project description pages in the Eco-Index. Regional Project: Mitigating Threats to La Amistad International Park Through Community Nature Management and Sustainable Agriculture Responsible organizations: Fundaci³n Agroecol³gica Cotobruse±a (FAC), Costa Rica; Grupo Ecologista de Renacimiento Para la Protecci³n del Parque Internacional La Amistad, (GERPROPILA), Costa Rica. Principal funder(s): Conservation International, Regional; Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), United States. Summary: Through this project, the Fundaci³n Agroecol³gica Cotobruse±a (FAC) and the Grupo Ecologista de Renacimiento Para la Protecci³n del Parque Internacional La Amistad (GERPROPILA) will work in the buffer zone of the La Amistad International Park, in the border between Costa Rica and Panama, to create corridors by reforesting critical areas between existing forest patches with native forest species, and by protecting the biodiversity of La Amistad in both countries. We will supplement our reforestation activities with an environmental education program, construction of greenhouses, and by implementing best practices in the agricultural areas of the buffer zone. We aim to create awareness and empowerment in the local community, to foster a sense of ownership of the project’s activities, and to provide sustainable alternatives that will reduce the pressures on the La Amistad’s natural resources and increase the standard of living for the communities living in the buffer zone. By training local producers in sustainable management practices, we are working to create corridors within the buffer zone and La Amistad.

96. Gambella Region Of Ethiopia News Dec. 2003 To Feb. 2004 -- Prevent Genocide Inte The people killed in the recent clashes in Gambella, located some 800 km west of All africa.com 15 Dec 2003 100 Reported Dead After Soldiers Target http://www.preventgenocide.org/africa/ethiopia/gambella/2004.htm

Home Prevent Genocide International - Ethiopia (Gambella Region) Americas Europe Africa Asia-Pacific ... Global News Monitor (Current Month) News Monitor for Gambella Region of Ethiopia December 2003 to February 2004 Ethiopia ratified the Genocide Convention on July 1, 1949, the first nation to ratify the Convention. Ethiopia incorporated the crime of genocide into domestic penal law in 1957 as Article 281 of the Ethiopian Penal Code (see text) Ethiopia ratified the Geneva Conventions of 1949 on October 2, 1969 and ratified the Additional Geneva Protocols of 1977 on April 8, 1994. Ethiopia did not sign and has not yet become a party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court This Webpage: December 2003 January 2004 February 2004 Most Recent Previous Webpage: Gambella July 2002 - November 2003 GENOCIDE WATCH (www.genocidewatch.org): Genocidal massacres of Anuak people in Gambella, Ethiopia in December 2003 February 2004 BBC 4 February 2004 Western Ethiopia tense after clashes By Mohammed Adow BBC, Ethiopia

97. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents PEOPLE. Eritrea s population comprises nine ethnic groups, most of which speak The Tigrinya and tigre make up fourfifths of the population and speak http://www.traveldocs.com/er/people.htm

Eritrea Africa PEOPLE Eritrea's population comprises nine ethnic groups, most of which speak Semitic or Cushitic languages. The Tigrinya and Tigre make up four-fifths of the population and speak different, but related and somewhat mutually intelligible, Semitic languages. In general, most of the Christians live in the highlands, while Muslims and adherents of traditional beliefs live in lowland regions. Tigrinya and Arabic are the most frequently used languages for commercial and official transactions, but English is widely spoken and is the language used for secondary and university education. Nationality: Noun and adjective Eritrean(s). Population (2005 est.): 4.5 million. Annual growth rate: Ethnic groups: Tigrinya 50%, Tigre 31.4%, Saho 5%, Afar 5%, Beja 2.5%, Bilen 2.1%, Kunama 2%, Nara 1.5%, and Rashaida .5%. Religions: Christian 50%, mostly Orthodox, Muslim 48%, indigenous beliefs 2%. Education: Years compulsory none.

98. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents Most of its people speak a Semitic or Cushitic language. Oromo 35%, Amhara30%, tigre 6.3%, Somali 6%, Sidama 6%, Gurage 4%, Wolaita 4%, Afar 2%, http://www.traveldocs.com/et/people.htm

Ethiopia Africa PEOPLE Ethiopia's population is highly diverse. Most of its people speak a Semitic or Cushitic language. The Oromo, Amhara, and Tigreans make up more than three-fourths of the population, but there are more than 77 different ethnic groups with their own distinct languages within Ethiopia. Some of these have as few as 10,000 members. In general, most of the Christians live in the highlands, while Muslims and adherents of traditional African religions tend to inhabit lowland regions. English is the most widely spoken foreign language and is taught in all secondary schools. Amharic is the official language and was the language of primary school instruction but has been replaced in many areas by local languages such as Oromifa and Tigrinya. Nationality: Noun and adjectiveEthiopian(s). Population (2003 est.):

99. IAIA The Southern African IEA. Chair Peter Tarr. Session 1.14 (Room 310). IndigenousPeople, Industry and SIA Moving Towards the Development of Guidelines http://www.iaia.org/Members/Publications/Conference_Materials/iaia00/FP TS Detai

IAIA'00 - Technical Sessions Detailed Schedule (Note: Rooms are equipped with overhead and slide projectors; other needed equipment and supplies are the responsibility of the presenters.) Tuesday 20 June Session 1.1 (Room: 201) Strategic Environmental Assessment – Back to the Future, Where Will SEA Be in 10 Years and How Do We Get There? SEA – practice experience and new ideas – posters, presentations and discussion David Annandale; John Bailey; Warren Evans; Ely Ouano; Peter King, "The Role of SEA in the Activities of Multi-Lateral Financial Institutions" Clive Briffett, Jeff Obbard, Jamie Mackee, "Assessing the Potential for Strategic Environmental Assessment in Asia" Zhu Tan; Yan Yuhu; Xu Fan; Lin Lin; Jia Congrong, "The Retrospect and Prospect of Region Environmental Impact Assessment in China" W.T. Victor Yeung; C.F. Stanley Lau, "Strategic Environmental Assessment in Hong Kong - the Past, the Present and the Future" Ralf Aschemann, "The Next SEA Step: Policy Environmental Assessment"

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