61. MSN Encarta - Search View - African Languages African Languages, languages indigenous to the African continent. The tonallanguages of some African peoples are also represented by talking drums, http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761565449__1/African_Languages.html

Search View African Languages Article View To find a specific word, name, or topic in this article, select the option in your Web browser for finding within the page. In Internet Explorer, this option is under the Edit menu. The search seeks the exact word or phrase that you type, so if you don’t find your choice, try searching for a keyword in your topic or recheck the spelling of a word or name. African Languages I. Introduction African Languages , languages indigenous to the African continent. More than 2,000 different languages are spoken in Africa. Apart from Arabic, which is not confined to Africa, the most widely spoken African tongues are Swahili (35 million speakers) and Hausa (39 million), both of which are used over wide areas as lingua francas. Several languages (often inaccurately termed dialects simply because they have few users or are under-researched) are spoken by only a few thousand people. Although very few African languages have written literatures, the majority have long-standing traditions of oral literature. II.

62. Oromia Online - Oromia And The Oromo People that Oromo are indigenous to this part of africa, Abyssinian rulers, There are several groups of people in East africa very closely related to the http://www.oromia.org/OromiaBriefs/Oromo&Oromia.htm

Search this site for: Oromo Related Web Sites Sagalee Bilisummaa Oromoo Oromia Support Group (OSG) Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) Voice of America - Afaan Oromoo Other Links Sidama Liberation Front Sidama Concern Ogaden Online International News Stand BBC News Africa Daily Nation IRIN News VisAfric ... New York Times Oromia and the Oromo people The following summary information was adopted from the book by Gadaa Melbaa, Khartoum, Sudan 1988. Summary Information Overview The Oromo People Population ... References Summary Information People: Oromo Country: Oromia (also phonetically spelled as Oromiyaa) Area: 600,000 sq.km approx.

63. Amazon River -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article The rise of the (A person with dark skin who comes from africa (or whose ancestorscame The word Marañón is thought by some to be of indigenous origin. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/a/am/amazon_river.htm

Amazon River [Categories: Rivers of Peru, Rivers of Brazil] The Amazon River (occasionally River Amazon (The Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain) Spanish Río Amazonas (The Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil) Portuguese Rio Amazonas ) of (A continent in the western hemisphere connected to North America by the Isthmus of Panama) South America is one of the longest two (A large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)) river s on Earth, the (The world's longest river (4180 miles); flows northward through eastern Africa into the Mediterranean; the Nile River valley in Egypt was the site of the world's first great civilization) Nile River in Africa being the other. The Amazon has by far the greatest total flow of any river, carrying more water than the (A state in the Deep South on the gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate States during the American Civil War) Mississippi (The world's longest river (4180 miles); flows northward through eastern Africa into the Mediterranean; the Nile River valley in Egypt was the site of the world's first great civilization) Nile , and (The longest river of Asia; flows eastward from Tibet into the East China Sea near Shanghai)

64. Global Exchange : ForumReport040102.html tear gas, and water cannons at campesinos and indigenous peoples camped in front To confirm that the plan to displace people from the mountains of http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/mexico/biodiversity/forumReport040102.ht

Programs in the Americas Africa Americas Argentina Bolivia ... Biodiversity and Human Rights Report Back and Declaration from the Water, Light, And Land For All! Forum in Guatemala, March 2002 April 1, 2002 "WATER, LIGHT, AND LAND FOR ALL!" Reflections from the Mesoamerican Forum for Life On June 30th, 2001, security forces for Energisa Corporation murdered Carlos Roberto Flores, a Honduran community organizer protesting the construction of the Babilonia River Hydroelectric Project. Two weeks later, on July 18th, police forces fired rubber bullets, tear gas, and water cannons at campesinos and indigenous peoples camped in front of the National Congress of Honduras in Tegucigalpa, demanding justice for Flores and the suspension of the Central American Bank of Economic Integration (BCIE) supported dam. Along the Salvadoran-Honduran border, COPINH (the Civic Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras) is protesting against the proposed creation of the El Tigre Dam which would displace up to 20,000 people. This has led to the illegal detention, harrasment, and injury to those who have voiced resistance. On January 18th, 2002, Jacobo Martinez, leader of a community-based ecological group in El Salvador, evaded a murder attempt by supporters of the construction of the "El Chaparral" hydroelectric project . Upon completion, the project will displace over 1,500 families and effect more than 18,000 people.

65. Global Exchange : News Updates War on Terror Has indigenous People in Its Sights The ”war on terror”, Las Brisas, San Carlos, El tigre and Albania, in Putumayo department, http://www.globalexchange.org/countries/americas/ecuador/EcuadorNewsUpdates.html

Programs in the Americas Africa Americas Argentina Bolivia ... Ecuador August 23, 2005 Associated Press Ecuador Protest Leaders, Govt Officials Hold Tense Talks Protest leaders from two oil-rich Amazon provinces where violent demonstrations brought petroleum production to a halt last week started negotiations in the capital with President Alfredo Palacio's government. August 19, 2005 Inter Press Service New Defence Minister Takes Hard Line with Protesters Amidst Crisis Ecuador's new defence minister warned Friday that troops in the northeastern provinces of Sucumbíos and Orellana, where protests and a strike have brought the oil industry to a halt, had been given permission to use "maximum force" to protect strategic installations. July 21, 2005 Inter Press Service Sick of Globalisation Alternative reports on global health, presented at the second People's Health Assembly in Ecuador this week, question the free-market, neoliberal economic model and view it as the cause of many of the health problems facing humanity today. July 18, 2005

66. The Intercultural Center El tigre Merenguero and the En Las CASAS DJ’s, Tres Equis and XES), threedance floors and 3 dollars before 10pm indigenous People’s Day Celebration http://www.sonoma.edu/icc/pressreleases/unitythrudivmonth.html

We Appreciate and Celebrate Diversity ICC Home ICC Staff Events Calendar Archives ... Event Feedback Unity Through Diversity Month This year's eleventh anniversary celebration was an ambitious program that stands on the shoulders of past years. This year's series of events, entitled The People are We, promises to bring the campus community together on an multicultural level fostering dialogue through arts, discourse, and entertainment. The listing of events is as follows (admission free for all events unless otherwise listed): Spring Lake Barbecue Unity Through Diversity Month Opening Celebration 3D Jam Friday, October 3, 9pm - 1am - Student Union ($3 Before 10pm/$5 Thereafter) Monday October 13, 10am-4pm (Stevenson Quad) This event seeks to bring exposure and awareness of our indigenous community moving us closer to social awareness and social justice. Scheduled to perform is Anank Nunink, the Shuar indigenous group from Ecuador. They are the only group in Ecuador that was not colonized by the European colonial powers. They will be performing indigenous music from the Amazonian region. Unity Through Diversity Night Featuring (Students Free/$12 General Admission) Building on the past four years, Unity Through Diversity Night will be an enriching showcase of cultures to highlight the cultural diversity of Sonoma State University. This year’s featured performer, A Slice of Rice, Frijoles, and Greens is a humorous and poignant mix of stories that gives vivid insights into the Asian, Latino, African and Deaf American experience. Using theater, music and movement, these artists open windows to their own worlds through their personal tales. Though each slice may be different, "rice, frijoles, and greens" join to make a statement that entertains while enlightening, taking audiences beyond cultural borders.

67. Frontlines: CI Timeline A RAP survey of Guatemala s Laguna del tigre National Park focuses CI collaborateswith 18 indigenous communities in Guyana s Kanuku Mountains. http://www.conservation.org/xp/frontlines/protectedareas/focus24-2.xml

eNewsletter Contact Us Credits Search ... Print Edition A brief history of CI's work creating parks and protected areas Parks and protected areas have been a vital part of CI's strategy since the organization's inception. Following are some notable highlights: CI is founded. The first debt-for-nature swap starts a trend in conservation financing when CI purchases a portion of Bolivia's foreign debt. The debt is redirected to support conservation in the Beni Biosphere Reserve. More than $1 billion in similar deals worldwide follow this swap's example. CI's AMISCONDE project begins, providing sustainable economic and conservation initiatives for farmers living around La Amistad Biosphere Reserve bridging Costa Rica and Panama. The Rapid Assessment Program (RAP) is launched. A new twist on traditional field research, RAP's quick inventories of the biodiversity of unexplored, threatened areas have provided the biological justification for eight protected areas in four countries, covering more than 8 million acres (3.24 million hectares) of tropical forest. CI begins work in Madagascar's Zahamena National Park, helping to provide communities with sustainable economic alternatives and setting conservation goals before handing off park management to local authorities in 2002. CI continues to work with Malagasy partners to create and manage new protected areas that will anchor the Zahamena-Mantadia conservation corridor.

68. Al-Ahram Weekly | Heritage | Older Than Egypt Is Ethiopia The Semiticspeaking peoples entered Ethiopia at a later date. Ethiopia hasone of the longest continuous literate traditions in africa. http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/652/heritage.htm

21 - 27 August 2003 Issue No. 652 Heritage Current issue Previous issue Site map Published in Cairo by AL-AHRAM established in 1875 - NAVIGATION - Front page Egypt Region International Economy Opinion Press review Letters Culture Living Features Heritage Sports Chronicles Profile People Cartoons Crossword Listings/Timeout BOOKS SITE MAP ARCHIVES Text menu Comment Recommend Printer-friendly Older than Egypt is Ethiopia From distant past to the dawn of Islam, Gamal Nkrumah looks at the history of this African nation Ethiopia is old, even older than Egypt, but its antiquity is somewhat different. While Egypt was the world's first indisputable nation-state, unique in its complex politico-religious system augmented by magnificent material remains and a corpus of epic literature, in Ethiopia, the very cradle of mankind, the material evidence of its ancient civilisation alone attests to its former glory. The Ancient Egyptians, from the earliest times, kept records of their kings and this chronology is central to the chronological structure of the early Aegean, Levantine and Mesopotamian civilisations. It is, however, of no import to Ancient Ethiopia. If the Ethiopians did keep records, these have either been lost for ever or not yet discovered. The attempts by unnamed writers to compile an Ethiopian king-list the Kebra Negast or Book of the Glory of Kings from the Queen of Sheba to the rise of the Zagwe dynasty, is believed to be a 13th-century creation; its aim seems to have been to establish the political credentials of the so-called Solomonic dynasty, an Ethiopian king-list that traces the rulers of Ancient Axum to Menelik I (originally

69. CMI * Chiapas * IMC - Noticias, 1 Página(s) FR One of the main demands of indigenous People in the area are \ Agua e Luz\ , Also, COPIN will be speaking about the El tigre dam in Honduras and El http://chiapas.mediosindependientes.org/display.php3?article_id=102294

70. The 2003 CESNUR Conference - Disarming The Dream Police: The Case Of The Santo D relations with indigenous Indians and forming Africanstyle villages or This holds true from the megalithic peoples, to the Essenes of Christ’s time http://www.cesnur.org/2003/vil2003_trimble.htm

RELIGION AND DEMOCRACY: AN EXCHANGE OF EXPERIENCES BETWEEN EAST AND WEST THE CESNUR 2003 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE organized by CESNUR, Center for Religious Studies and Research at Vilnius University, and New Religions Research and Information Center Vilnius, Lithuania, April 9-12 2003 Disarming the Dream Police: The Case of the Santo Daime by Diana Rosalind Trimble, M.L.A. A paper presented at the CESNUR 2003 Conference, Vilnius, Lithuania. Preliminary version. Do not reproduce or quote without the consent of the author. This is a shortened version of a longer work by the same title approximating the presentation made at CESNUR 2003 in Vilnius, LT. For the full, complete text, please contact the author. Abstract Introduction For most of thousand plus years of history its use was limited to the inhabitants of the Upper Amazon, the Orinoco Plains and the Pacific Coast of Columbia and Ecuador. (Spruce 1908) Ayahuasca chacruna . which contains the chemical dimethyl tryptamine (DMT), a powerful psychoactive. Usually a certain enzyme: monoamine oxidase (MAO) would metabolize the DMT present in chacruna rendering the DMT ineffective if orally ingested. But by the mysterious MAO-inhibiting chemistry of the vine, the DMT is activated. As colonial developments grew in Brazil, starting back in the 15

71. SIM Canada The Swedish Evangelical Mission s indigenous churches serve between 1000 and 2000 Unreached People The tigre, Bilen, Saho, Nara, Kunama, Rashaida, Beja, http://www.sim.ca/index.php?section=WhereWeGo&view=25

72. HOME- Forum THE ETHNIC ISSUE AND ETHNIC POLICY IN ETHIOPIA Author The two peoples live in the northern part of the present day Ethiopia, The ethnic policy of EPRDF government has been unprecedented in africa, http://www.cass.net.cn/e_waishiju/InfoShow/Arcitle_Show_Conference_Show.asp?ID=3

73. The Passion Of The Christ: Was Jesus The Christ A Black Man? - Www.ezboard.com indigenous people of the United States, and their current existence in North of Ancient africa. Please know modern africa is only a fraction of the size http://p076.ezboard.com/fpoliticalpalacefrm21.showMessage?topicID=248.topic

74. Oromo  Unrepresented Nations and peoples Organisation Population The Oromo peopleare one of the most numerous in africa. Census data are not reliable but http://www.unpo.org/member.php?arg=61

75. Background Notes Archive - Africa Oromo 3540 percent, Amhara 20-25 percent, tigre 6-8 percent, Political partiesEthiopian People s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) and over 50 http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/af/ethiopia9607.html

Return to Africa Background Notes Archive Return to Background Notes Archive Homepage Return to Electronic Research Collection Homepage

76. African Tribes - Amhara People African Tribes about the Amhara tribal group of people. Injera is made froma tiny indigenous grain called teff (tyeff in Amharic), which is endemic http://www.africaguide.com/culture/tribes/amhara.htm

... where Africa comes to you ... HOME CONTACT US LINK TO US NEWS LETTER ... African Weddings AMHARA The Amhara are the politically and culturally dominant ethnic group of Ethiopia. They are located primarily in the central highland plateau of Ethiopia and comprise the major population element in the provinces of Begemder and Gojjam and in parts of Shoa and Wallo. In terms of the total Ethiopian population, however, the Amhara are a numerical minority. The national population has usually been placed at between 14 and 22 million. It is generally estimated that the Amhara, together with the closely related Tigre, constitute about one-third of this total population. One of the most recent estimates gives the number of native speakers of Amharic, the language of the Amhara, as approximately 7,800,000. (cf. Bender 1971:217) Their national clothes are basically white, whether the shawls and light blankets worn over the shoulders by the men or the white dresses and wraps worn by the ladies Life in the Amhara farming society is hard. Many Amhara live in the harsh and stark mountains, easy to defend, but making it difficult to travel and gain provisions. The men in the fields, the women around the house and the children at home and watching the sheepall work very hard. The fields are plowed with oxen, seeds are sown and harvested by hand, and the harvest is threshed by the feet of animals. In the home, the primary cooking fuel is the dried dung of the farm animals. Nothing is wasted.

77. Ayahuasca And It's Mechanisms Of Healing - Dobkin De Rios The details of this remarkably sophisticated indigenous psychoactive drugdelivery In shamanistic societies, people have always devoted considerable http://www.biopark.org/peru/metzner-visionvine.html

a public information service from Amazon SpiritQuest "Transformative workshop retreats exploring the essence of traditional shamanic ayahuasca healing practices and ethnobotany in the heart of the Peruvian Amazon" Amazonian Vine of Visions Excerpted from Introduction: Amazonian Vine of Visions IN Ayahuasca: Human Consciousness and the Spirits of Nature edited by Ralph Metzner, Ph.D. with contributions by J.C. Callaway, Ph.D., Charles Grob, M.D., Dennis McKenna, Ph.D., and others. 1999, Thunder's Mouth Press. New York. Conclusions, Reflections, and Speculations by Ralph Metzner, Ph.D. Banisteriopsis caapi is only one of two essential ingredients in the hallucinogenic brew, the other one being the leafy plant Psychotria viridis , which contain the powerful psychoactive dimethyltryptamine (DMT). It is the DMT, derivatives of which are also present in various other natural hallucinogens, including the magic mushroom of Mexico, that provides visionary experiences and thus access to the realm of spirits and the souls of deceased ancestors. But DMT is not orally active, being metabolized by the stomach enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). Certain chemicals in the vine inhibit the action of MAO and are therefore referred to as MAO-inhibitors: their presence in the brew makes the psychoactive principle available and allows it to circulate through the bloodstream into the brain, where it triggers the visionary access to otherworldly realms and beings. The details of this remarkably sophisticated indigenous psychoactive drug-delivery system, and the history of its discovery by science, will be described and explored in this volume.

78. Ethnicity And Race By Countries Liberia, indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Venezuela,Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0855617.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 26, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Texas Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips World Countries Ethnicity and Race by Countries Afghanistan Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) Albania Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2%: Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians (1989 est.) Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% Andorra Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other 6% (1998) Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Antigua and Barbuda black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian Argentina white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%; mestizo, Amerindian, other 3%

79. Matthew Patay Today, fewer than 200000 of Brazil s indigenous people survive, Most Brazilianspossess some combination of European, African, Amerindian, Asian, http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/NoteofMonth/matthew_patayApril2003Brazil.htm

Matthew Patay's Note of the Month April 2003 Map and flag images provided by Graphic Maps This month's featured note is from Brazil. The denomination is 50 Reais and the Standard Catalog of World Paper Money (SCWPM) Number is P-246c. The note is not dated but has been issued from (1994 to present). (obverse) The banknote is dark brown and red-brown on multicolored under print. Sculpture of the Republic is at center right. The following information was obtained from: http://www.geographia.com/brazil/brazihistory.htm Brazil (ca. 1500 to Present) The Portuguese were the first European settlers to arrive in the area, led by adventurous Pedro Cabral, who began the colonial period in 1500. The Portuguese reportedly found native Indians numbering around seven million. Most tribes were peripatetic, with only limited agriculture and temporary dwellings, although villages often had as many as 5000 inhabitants. Cultural life appears to have been richly developed, although both tribal warfare and cannibalism were ubiquitous. The few remaining traces of Brazil's Indian tribes reveal little of their lifestyle, unlike the evidence from other Andean tribes. Today, fewer than 200,000 of Brazil's indigenous people survive, most of whom inhabit the jungle areas. Other Portuguese explorers followed Cabral, in search of valuable goods for European trade but also for unsettled land and the opportunity to escape poverty in Portugal itself. The only item of value they discovered was the pau do brasil (brazil wood tree) from which they created red dye. Unlike the colonizing philosophy of the Spanish, the Portuguese in Brazil were much less focused at first on conquering, controlling, and developing the country. Most were impoverished sailors, who were far more interested in profitable trade and subsistence agriculture than in territorial expansion. The country's interior remained unexplored.

80. SIM Country Profile: Eritrea Unreached People The tigre, Bilen, Saho, Nara, Kunama, Rashaida, Beja, African People Groups ? Asian People Groups ? South American People Groups ? http://www.sim.org/country.asp?cid=25&fun=1

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