41. Free Tibet Campaign - A Chronology Of Tibetan History Free tibet Campaign, based in The UK, campaigns for an end to the Chinese occupation of tibet and for the tibetans fundamental human rights to be respected http://www.freetibet.org/info/facts/fact18.html

Tibet Facts No.18: A Chronology of Tibetan History Namri Songtsen, lord of Yarlung, becomes the first king of Tibet. Reign of King Songsten Gampo; Tibet grows into an empire. Prolonged warfare between Tibet and Tang China begins. Tibet captures Changan, the Tang capital; tribute paid to Tibet. Tibetan king invites Buddhist teachers from India and China. Exponents of Indian and Chinese Buddhism debate at Samye monastery. China-Tibet Peace Treaty: "Tibetans shall be happy in Tibet and Chinese shall be happy in China". King Langdarma assassinated; Tibet splits into several states. Sakya monastery founded; start of Red Hat sect of Tibetan Buddhism. Chingis Khan elected first ruler of united Mongol clans. Mongols led by Ogodai Khagan defeat Junchen and conquer north China. Grand Lama of Sakya submits to Mongols; beginning of priest/patron relationship between lama and khan. Tibet reunited with the Grand Lama of Sakya as king. Final defeat of Sung by Mongols; Mongol conquest of China complete. King Changchub Gyaltsen ousts Sakya and founds a new secular dynasty.

42. Free Tibet Campaign File - The Legal Status Of Tibet At what point in history, then, did tibet cease to exist as a state to become an integral part of China? tibet s history is not unlike that of other states. http://www.freetibet.org/info/file/file18.html

Tibet File No.18: The Legal Status of Tibet Michael C. van Walt is an international legal scholar and a board member of the International Campaign for Tibet (based in Washington D.C.). This article - a discussion of Tibet's legal status and the basis of Chinese claims to ownership - first appeared in Cultural Survival Quarterly (Vol. 12, 1988), and is reproduced below by kind permission. Introduction Recent events in Tibet have intensified the dispute over its legal status. The People's Republic of China (PRC) claims that Tibet is an integral part of China. The Tibetan Government-in-Exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under unlawful occupation. The question is highly relevant for at least two reasons. First, if Tibet is under unlawful Chinese occupation, Beijing's large-scale transfer of Chinese settlers into Tibet is a serious violation of the fourth Geneva Convention of 1949, which prohibits the transfer of civilian population into occupied territory. Second, if Tibet is under unlawful Chinese occupation, China's illegal presence in the country is a legitimate object of international concern. If, on the other hand, Tibet is an integral part of China, then these questions fall, as China claims, within its own domestic jurisdiction. The issue of human rights, including the right of self-determination and the right of the Tibetan people to maintain their own identity and autonomy are, of course, legitimate objects of international concern regardless of Tibet's legal status.

43. Tibetan History A short introduction to tibetan history, some preparation before travelling to tibet. http://ihome.cuhk.edu.hk/~a014700/tibet/tibet_history.html

Back to Tibet Main Planning (AccuWeather) Itinerary (html) Tibetan History Items to bring (pdf) ... Revised Itinerary Tibetan History - a simple guide Year (A.D.) Significant Persons Events Songtsen Gampo (618-49) The history of Tibet in general began with him. Spread of Buddihism. Construction of a fort (no longer exists) on the site of now Potala Palace. Trisong Detse (755-97) Tibetan influence extended across Turkestan, northern Parkistan, Nepal and India. Established the first monasteric institution at Samye to carry out systematic translation of Buddhist scriptures and training of Tibetan monks. In 763, Tibetan army invaded then Tang (618-907) capital Changan. Trisong Detse Ralpanchen Trisong Detse Ralpanchen was assassinated by his brother, Langdharma, who launched an attack on Buddhism Langdharma Langdharma assassinated by monks Buddhism The first generation of Tibetan Buddhism was called the Red branch (Nying-ma-pa). · Different branches of Tibetan Buddhism, Black Hat (Ka-dams-pa), Flower branch (Sa-skya-pa), White branch (Ka-gyud-pa ) flourished in the different parts of Tibet. Red and Black Hat branches were not concerned with the temporal world matters, and were concentrated only on religion.

44. Tibet:Two Distinct Views Chinese history of tibet tibetan history of tibet tibet has a recorded history of statehood extending back to 127 BC In the seventh to ninth centuries http://www.rangzen.org/history/views.htm

Tibet and China: Two Distinct Views* Chinese History of Tibet Tibetan History of Tibet World Governments Do Not Recognize Tibet World Governments Do Recognize Tibet ... Tibet Was Not Liberated The Chinese History of Tibet The Tibetan History of Tibet Chinese History of Tibet Tibetan History of Tibet World Governments Do Not Recognize Tibet World Governments Do Recognize Tibet ... Tibet Was Not Liberated World Governments Do Not Recognize Tibet: China's Perspective China asserts that no country has ever recognized Tibet. China also contends that Britain masterminded the Simla Conference (1913-1914) in collusion with Tibetan pro-British individuals. Both wanted to separate Tibet from China. At the time of the Simla Conference, even though the "McMahon Line" was negotiated between Tibet and Britain, at the end of the tripartite conference on Tibet's status and boundaries, Chinese officials who were present refused to recognize the "Line" on the grounds that Tibet was subordinate to China and had no power to make any treaties. World Governments Recognize Tibet: The Tibetan Perspective Chinese History of Tibet Tibetan History of Tibet World Governments Do Not Recognize Tibet World Governments Do Recognize Tibet ... Tibet Was Not Liberated Tibet Was Liberated: Chinaºs Perspective Tibet Was Not Liberated: The Tibetan Perspective

45. WWW.TIBET-TOUR.COM Tibet Tour Expert Tibetan history can be traced thousands of years back. However, the written history only dates back to the 7th century when Songtsan Gampo, the 33rd Tibetan http://www.tibet-tour.com/abouttibet/history.htm

46. Tangka Tibet Travel/tour Experts From China Tibet Toursim Bureau Tangkas depict a wide range of themes taken from Tibetan history, Even tangkas depicting Tibetan history and science have a strong religious flavor. http://www.tibet-tour.com/tibet/thangka.html

47. Tibet Information Network - A Turning Point In Tibet's History: The 17 - Point A TIN Special Report / 21 May 2001. ISSN 33133315. A turning point in tibet s history the 17- Point Agreement. Celebrations in Lhasa Today http://www.tibetinfo.net/news-updates/nu210501.htm

TIN Special Report / 21 May 2001 ISSN: 3313-3315 A turning point in Tibet's history: the 17- Point Agreement Celebrations in Lhasa Today A historical "turning point" A "carrier" of propaganda The 17-Point Agreement - a summary ... Historical background Introduction: the "peaceful liberation" In October 1950 the People's Liberation Army (PLA) crossed the Drichu (Ch: Yangzi) and advanced on Chamdo (Ch: Changdu), cutting off the Tibetan Army's retreat. Chamdo, under the command of Ngabo Ngawang Jigme, was taken and the Tibetan troops surrendered. A Tibetan delegation, headed by Ngabo, was taken to Beijing the following spring to "negotiate" an Agreement whereby the Tibetan delegation would recognise the right of the PLA to continue their march westwards to "liberate" Tibet and the People's Republic of China (PRC) would recognise the right of the Tibetans to carry on with their own affairs without undue interference by China. The "17-Point Agreement" was signed on 23 May 1951. Over the next few years, relations between the Tibetans and the Chinese continued to decline, with a major revolt breaking out in eastern Tibet in 1956. As Tibetans from these areas fled westwards towards Lhasa, news of Communist reforms and the harsh suppression of the rebellion spread to central Tibet. In March 1959, an uprising against Chinese rule broke out in Lhasa, involving thousands of Tibetans and leading to the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama into exile. China announced that the Agreement had been effectively "torn up", and in June of that year, speaking at a press conference in Mussoorie, India, the Dalai Lama declared that it was not valid because it had been signed under duress.

48. Tibet Information Network, News Update 15 August 1997 history Book Banned, tibetan Culture Declared NonBuddhist . A play has been banned and a book withdrawn from sale in tibet in the run-up to a new campaign http://www.tibetinfo.net/news-updates/nu150897.htm

15 August 1997 Cultural Policy: History Book Banned, Tibetan Culture Declared "Non-Buddhist" A play has been banned and a book withdrawn from sale in Tibet in the run-up to a new campaign to "make socialist literature and art prosper". The campaign orders Tibetan writers to reflect the views of the working class, redefines Tibetan culture as non-Buddhist, and attacks resistance to Chinese cultural influence in Tibet. The banning of the two works, both of which were accounts of 17th century Tibetan history, came to light after they were publicly condemned in the speech which launched the literature campaign in the Tibet Autonomous Region, delivered by the region's Party Secretary on 11th July. The new campaign, which singles out for attack Tibetan historians and researchers at the University of Tibet, condemns the teaching of religion at the University and the inclusion of Buddhism in the study of Tibetan history and culture. The banned book and the play were both about the Potala Palace, formerly the seat of the Dalai Lamas' government in Lhasa, and included references to Sangye Gyatso, the chief minister of the 5th Dalai Lama (1617-82), who was responsible for constructing much of the Palace. "The political tendencies and ideological contents of literary and artistic works are not controlled strictly and accurately," said Party Secretary Chen in his 11th July speech, according to the text published in the official Tibet Daily on 16th July and issued in translation by the BBC Monitoring Service last week.

49. Tibet Online - Why Tibet? - HISTORY LEADING UP TO MARCH 10TH 1959 history LEADING UP TO MARCH 10TH 1959. Immediately after the communist party By October 1950 the People s Liberation Army had penetrated tibet as far as http://www.tibet.org/Why/march10.html

Search tibet.org Non-English Sites Why Tibet? An Introduction Tibet Support Group Global Directory Activism: Campaigns and Urgent Actions ... About Tibet Online Why Tibet? HISTORY LEADING UP TO MARCH 10TH 1959 Immediately after the communist party took power in China in 1949 it began asserting its claim that Tibet was part of Chinese territory and its people were crying out for "liberation" from "imperialist forces" and from the "reactionary feudal regime in Lhasa". By October 1950 the People's Liberation Army had penetrated Tibet as far as Chamdo the capital of Kham province and headquarters of the Tibetan Army's Eastern Command. The region was routed and the Governor, Ngawang Jigme Ngabo, taken prisoner. Chinese forces were also stealthily infiltrating Tibet's north-eastern border Province, Amdo, but avoiding military clashes which would alert international interest. That year the 15-year-old Dalai Lama, his entourage and select government officials, evacuated the capital and set up a provisional administration near the Indian border at Yatung. In July 1951 they were persuaded by Chinese Officials to return to Lhasa. On September 9, 1951, a vanguard of 3,000 Chinese "liberation forces" marched into the capital. By 1954, 222,000 members of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) were stationed in Tibet and famine conditions became rampant as the country's delicate subsistence agricultural system was stretched beyond its capacity.

50. U.s. Tibet Committee Tibetan history may be divided into four major periods; the rise and the fall of early kings from the 3rd century BC to the 13th century AD; http://www.ustibet.org/facts/history.html

Tibet is located in central Asia, surrounded by the highest mountains in the world. It is north of India, Nepal and Bhutan, west of China, and south of Russia, Mongolia, and East Turkestan, covering a land mass of three times the size of the state of Texas. Tibet is sparsely populated, but rich in minerals, and home to many many rare fauna and flora. The headwaters of Asia's major rivers are located in Tibet; such as the Indus in Pakistan, Sutlej, Ganges and Brahmaputra in India, Salween in Burma, Mekong in Laos and Thailand, and Yangtse and Yellow River in China. Tibet is made up of three regions, collectively known as the Chol-Kha-Sum. From Ngari Korsum in Western Tibet to Sokla Kyao, the region is known as U-Tsang; from Sokla Kyao to the upper bend of the Machu (Yellow River) it is known as Dotod or Kham, and from the bend of Machu to Chorten Karpo, it is called Domed or Amdo. Tibetan history may be divided into four major periods; the rise and the fall of early kings from the 3rd century B.C. to the 13th century A.D.; the rise and the fall of the Sakya rule from 1247 to 1368; the rise and the fall of the hegemony of 1368 to 1644; and the rise of the Dalai Lama's influence and rule from 1644 to the present. All through these periods, Tibet was not a part of China. The Chinese claim Tibet to have become a part of China when the Tibetan king, Songtsen Gampo took Princess Wen-ch'eng Kung-chu of the Chinese Emperor T'ai-tsung in marriage; at other times, the Chinese point to the Mongol rule (the Yuan Dynasty); and still other times, China states that Tibet came under Chinese rule at the time of the 5th Dalai Lama. With no historical foundation to support their claim, they jump from century to century, hoping to find a period in Tibetan history to legitimize their claim. But there is none.

51. Skidmore SFT - Tibet's History Skidmore College SFT. About tibet. tibet s history history 2. 641 CE The tibetan King Songsten Gampo married a Chinese princess thus making an alliance http://www.skidmore.edu/studentorgs/sft/history2.html

Tibet's History 641 C.E. The Tibetan King Songsten Gampo married a Chinese princess thus making an alliance with China. *China puts a lot of emphasis on this as being a time when close political, economic and cultural ties were made, signifying the beginning of the move towards unity. **What China doesn't mention is that at the same time Songsten Gampo also married a Nepalese princess, securing an alliance with that country as well. Nepal is an internationally recognized sovereign state, which disprooves that this event can be used to claim that it began to erode the independent nature of Tibet. When Gampo died that the alliance ended. China lost a war to Tibet and had to pay tribute. FROM THE TIBET GOVERNMENT IN EXILE Peace treaty between Tibet and China inscribed in three stone pillars, one in each nation's capital, and one on the border. "Tibet and China shall abide by the frontiers of which they are now in occupation. All to the east is the country of great China: and all to the west is, without question, the country of great Tibet. Henceforth, on neither side shall there be waging a war nor seizing a territory." *Not mentioned in the Chinese government website *Although Tibet has had influence from China up until the 1300s Tibet got most of its influence from India.

52. Skidmore SFT - Tibet's History Skidmore College SFT. About tibet. tibet s history It seems likely from this information that neither the claim that tibet has been completely http://www.skidmore.edu/studentorgs/sft/history3.html

Tibet's History It seems likely from this information that neither the claim that Tibet has been completely politically independent of China over the past 2000 years, or the claim that Tibet has been inseperable from China since ancient times are 100% true. Obviously China has played a role in influencing Tibet, but across the world there are examples of countries that have been influenced by their neighbors, but are still obviously their own nation. It should also be mentioned that the same claims China uses to state that Tibet is a part of China should also mean that Mongolia should be a part of China. During the Manchu Dynasty, Mongolia was also recognized by China as a part of their empire. In 1913 when Tibet declared their independence from China, Mongolia also declared their independence. Tibet and Mongolia signed agreements to recognize each others independence. The Republic of China did not recognize the independence of either country. The only difference between them is that Mongolia became part of the Soviet Union's sphere of influence, which China could not oppose, so they finally recognized their independence in 1946. Tibet and Mongolia have more in common religiously and culturally than either nation does with China.

53. My Tibet - History Buddhist Statues Thangkas, meditation tools prayer flags, jewelry from Nepal by Charities paying fair wages. Dharma teaching resource links, http://www.mehndiskinart.com/tibet_history.htm

Welcome Web Travelers to Tibet In the 7 th century Tibetan Buddhism was introduced into Tibet from India replacing Bon the indigenous religion of Tibet. During the Buddhist penetration Tibet grew into a strong kingdom but disintegration occurred in the 10 th century. Reintroduced in the 10 th and 11 th centuries Tibetan Buddhism took hold. Genghis Khan incorporated the area into his empire in the 13 th century. After the development of the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism in the 14 th century the Mongols named the leader of the Gelugpa the Dalai Lama "monk with an ocean of wisdom." In 1640 the Dalai Lama was granted political power. For the last two hundred years, China has controlled the region of Tibet. The British made attempts to colonize Tibet in the 19 th Home Henna Products Shopping Mall my Tibet

54. Entering The Door Of Tibetan History Home history • Culture. Entering the Door of tibetan history. byLIU SHENGQI 200503-09 155430. Print Comment Close, China tibet Magazine http://en.tibet.cn/en_index/hac/t20050309_46599.htm

55. Tibet -- History, Religion, And Modern Politics -- Bibliography Bibliography The early contacts with the west had a strong influence on the development of tibet through Buddhism, social customs and culture. http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/tibet.html

Tibet History, Religion, and Modern Politics Return to China Page and Main Menu Bibliography Index A B ... D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U ... V W X Y Z A Return to the top Allen, Charles. The search for Shangri-la: A journey into Tibetan history. Amdo Tibetans in Transition: Society and Culture in the Post-Mao Era. (ed. Huber, Toni ). Brill's Tibetan Studies Library, 2/5. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2002. Ardley, Jane. The Tibetan independence movement: political, religious and Gandhian perspectives. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002. B Return to the top Bass, Catriona. Education in Tibet: Policy and practice since 1950. Politics in Contemporary Asia Series. London: Zed Books, Limited, 1998. Bertsch, W. A Study of Tibetan Paper Money: With a Critical Bibliography. Dharmasala, HP, IND: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 1997. Boyd, Helen R. The future of Tibet: the government-in-exile meets the challenge of democratization. New York: Peter Lang, 2004. Buddhist Art and Tibetan Patronage: Ninth to Fourteenth Centuries. (ed. Klimburg-Salter, Deborah; Allinger, Eva ). Brill's Tibetan Studies Library, 2/7. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2002.

56. Modern Tibetan Studies Program At The Weatherhead East Asian Institute: Culture Courses in Modern tibetan history and Culture. (Academic year 20042005 courses will be announced shortly). Fall 2002 Biography, Memory and Modern tibet http://www.columbia.edu/cu/weai/tibetan-courses-culture.html

SEARCH BY KEYWORD: Courses in Modern Tibetan History and Culture Fall 2002 Biography, Memory and Modern Tibet: the Reading and Writing of Life-stories Studying oral history and learning to work with interviews Robert Barnett Spring 2003 Writing Tibet: "Tradition" and Change in Twentieth-Century Tibetan Literature Understanding Modern Tibet Exploring ways of "knowing" about the history, culture and politics of modern Tibet Robert Barnett Fall 2005 East Asian W4557 Robert Barnett HSEA W4866 Representing Chinese and Tibetan Relations in History: Competing Nationalisms in East Asia Gray Tuttle Spring 2006 Intro. to Asian Civilization: Tibet (undergraduate survey course) Gray Tuttle

57. The Dragon In The Land Of Snows; A History Of Modern Tibet Since 1947; Tsering S This definitive history of modern tibet—based entirely on unpublished primary sources and written by a Westerneducated tibetan author—shatters the po. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/catalog/data/023111/0231118147.HTM

Order Info F.A.Q. Help Advanced ... BUY ONLINE October, 1999 cloth 606 pages 17 photos; 9 maps ISBN: Columbia University Press New Book Bulletins The Dragon in the Land of Snows A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947 Tsering Shakya "A deeply insightful and thorough account that exposes the foibles of almost every major player involved. Drawing on Tibetan, Chinese, British, Indian and American sources, Shakya weaves an authoritative and easily readable narrative. 'The Dragon in the Land of Snows' is likely to be the definitive history of modern Tibet for a generation or more." The New York Times "An ocean of new material is presented from previously unpublished sources, making this the most significant entrant into the field of recent Tibetan history since Melvyn Goldstein's Snow Lion and the Dragon Tricycle "An important book that will encourage further research and discussion about Tibet." Choice "He has employed thorough research, a balanced view and a dispassionate tone in writing a tremendously informative, definitive history of his native land." Washington Post Dragon in the Land of Snows will undoubtedly take its place as the indispensable account of modern Tibetan history. . . . Shakya informs it with a cool and rigorous historical mind, with which he cuts through the thickets of polemic on both sides."

58. Tibet: News, History And Buddhism News on tibet and tibetan Buddhism from around the world. http://www.ycsi.net/users/reversespins/tibet.html

Padmasambhava Tibet News, History and Buddhism From Reverse Spins Buddhist Prophecy Jesus: The Teenage Years (Tibet) El Morya on Shambhala El Morya on Buddha, Maitreya and Buddhism ... Athena, Gollum and the Finer Points of the Dharma News Link Archives Buddhism, Travel and Human Interest Stories Tibetan Medicine a Tradition on its own-12/28 Jesus of the East-9/20 An Ex-Telemarketer's Other Life as a Buddhist Saint The Flying Mystics of Tibetan Buddhism ... The Shadow Circus: The CIA in Tibet Chinese Occupation China Blocks UN Scrutiny of Human Rights Violations, rest of Nations Morgan Stanley in Tibet and China China pulls the strings behind new boy lama Hearing on "U.S. Policy Considerations in Tibet" ... Kumbum Monastery's quiet resistance "Urusvati saw the so-called Wheel of Buddha. This is actually the teraph of the far-off worlds. Its essence is contained in the foundation of the Universe, which may be seen as a pestle. At its ends are the spheres of polarity corresponding to the two basic laws. At the center is the swastika-like wheel of psychic energy. And the circle of the whirling rainbow is the manifestation of all stages of Spatial Fire. Knowing this is a step toward the mastery of fire; by visualizing this structure the approach of fire can be evoked, and its dangerous essence transformed into a healing property." El Morya from Agni Yoga Om Mani Padme Hum Favorite Buddhist and Tibet Related Books at Amazon.com

59. HISTORY OF TIBET BRIEF history OF tibet. Inhabitants were in existence in tibet since the latter part of Age which is considered as the opening of the tibetan history. http://www.inspiration.com.np/tibet/brief.html

BRIEF HISTORY OF TIBET: Inhabitants were in existence in Tibet since the latter part of the Paleolithic Age which is considered as the opening of the Tibetan history. By the Neolithic Age these inhabitants had scattered to a wider range of circle whose result had gradually let to the Tibetan race of the present generation. In the 7th century a famous Tibetan King named Songtsen Gampo united the whole of Tibet and established the Tubo Dynasty. In the 7th and 8th centuries respectively two princesses from the Tang Dynasty had married Tibetan kings, as a consequence the two peoples, the Hans and Tibetans, became closer in relationship and further exchanges took place within political and economical affairs between the Tubo and Tang dynasties which gave creation to a beneficial condition for the development of the Tubo society. Tibet fell into a decentralization period for over three hundred years since the fall of the Tubo Dynasty caused by inner revolt of the common people. During these period the Tubo society took a change over from the slave society to the feudal society. In the mid-13th century Tibet became subject to the Yuan Dynasty, whose central administration, passed the power to the Sakya for the overlordship of Tibet. In the latter part of the Yuan Dynasty, the Sakya's rule over Tibet tottered and the Kagyupa Sect overtook the power and established Pagdu Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and at the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the 5th Dalai Lama by the help of the Mongolian prince, Gorshi Khan, became the ruler of Tibet and established the Ganden Podrang administration which was recognized by the Qing central administration. The Central Administration of China, the Qing Dynasty, gave the overlordship of Tibet to the 5th Dalai Lama and established its representative in Lhasa called the "Amban" to supervise political affairs of Tibet in order tostrengthen its control over Tibet. After 1911 Revolution the Republic of China established a working office in Lhasa to exercise its management over Tibet. In May 1951 People's Republic of China declared Tibet as its autonomous Region and took complete control over Tibet.

60. Students For A Free Tibet : A Brief Overview Of Tibetan History A Brief Overview of tibetan history The turning point of tibet s history came in 1949, when the People s Liberation Army of the PRC first crossed into http://www.studentsforafreetibet.org/article.php?id=373

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